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Civil & Environmental Engineering

Viscoelasticity of Concrete

Introduction Importance Materials Models Codes

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Introduction

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Reason

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Importance

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Effect of Mix Proportions

Water-to-cement ratio Aggregate Type Aggregate Content Time and Humidity Geometry Temperature Magnitude of the applied stress

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Effect of Geometry
2.5

50 % RH

RH

Creep Coefficient,

70 % RH

1.5

90 % RH

1 0 100 200 300 Theoretical Thickness (mm) 400 500

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Effect of Geometry on Shrinkage

Dry conditions (inside, RH = 50%) Humid conditions (outside, RH = 80%) 0.6

0.5

0.4

Ultimate Shrinkage ( 10

-3

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 50 150 Effective Thickness, mm 600

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Basic rheological models

Spring

(t)= E (t)

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Basic rheological models

Dashpot

& n = n (t )

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Basic rheological models

Maxwell Model
equilibrium equation

E (t) = (t) = (t)

compatibility equation

(t) = E(t)+ (t)

E (t) = E E (t)
& n = n (t )

constitutive relationship (spring) dashpot

& n (t ) = + E

&

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Maxwell Model

& n (t ) = + E
Note that for a rigid spring (E = ) the model reduces to a Newtonian fluid; likewise, if the dashpot becames rigid ( = ) the model reduces to a Hookean spring.

&

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Maxwell model
Creep test

(t) =

0 E

Relaxation test

(t)= E o e

Et /

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Maxwell model

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Relaxation time
The ratio T = h/E is called the relaxation time, and it helps to characterize the viscoelastic response of the material. A small relaxation time indicates that the relaxation process will be fast. In the extreme case of a purely viscous fluid, E = , equation (9) would indicate an infinetely fast stress relaxation, T=0; while for a elastic spring, h = , the stress would not relax at all, since T= .

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Basic rheological models

Kelvin Model
equilibrium equation

(t)= E (t)+ (t)

compatibility equation

(t) = E(t)= (t)

E (t) = E E (t)
& n = n (t )

constitutive relationship (spring) dashpot

& = E (t ) + (t )

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Kelvin Model

& = E (t ) + (t )
Note that the model reduces to a Hookean spring if = 0, and to a Newtonian fluid if E=0.

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Kelvin Model
Creep test
Et o (t ) = 1 e E

Relaxation test

CANT BE DONE!!

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Kelvin Model

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Basic rheological models

Standard Solid Model

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Generalized Rheological Models

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Generalized Rheological Models

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Generalized Rheological Models

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Concrete Creep

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Concrete Relaxation

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Principle of Superposition
McHenry principle: The strains produced in concrete at any time t by a stress increment at any time to are independent of the effects of any stress applied either earlier or later than to. The stresses which approach the ultimate strength are excluded.

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Time increments

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Mathematical Formulation
Breaking the stress history up into small intervals n

(t ) (i ) ,
i =0

n = t

(t) = o (t, )
or

The strain is given by

(t) ( i ) (t, )
i= 0
In the limit

(t) = (t, ) d (
t o

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Does it work for creep + shrinkage

Lets think

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Summary

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It has been observed that when concrete is under load and simultaneously exposed to low relative humidity environments, the total strain is higher than the sum of elastic strain, free shrinkage strain (drying shrinkage strain of unloaded concrete), and basic creep strain (without drying). The additional creep that occurs when the specimen under load is also drying is called drying creep.

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Summary

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Summary