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Chapter 10
Chapter 10
Surface Integrals
10.1
Parametric Surfaces
(1)
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10.1.1
Example (Planes)
r(u, v) = ui + vj +
1
(3u + 2v 6) k.
4
x2 + y 2.
r(u, v) = ui + vj + u2 + v 2k.
10.1.3
Example (Spheres )
10.1.4
We have a standard parametric representation for circular cylinder x2 + y 2 = a2 about the z-axis:
r(u, v) = (a cos u)i + (a sin u)j + vk.
Here u measures the angle from the positive x-axis
(about the z-axis) while v measures the height from
the xy-plane along the cylinder.
Similarly, for x2 +z 2 = a2 and y 2 +z 2 = a2 (cylinders
about y- and x-axes resp.), we have respectively
r(u, v) = (a cos u)i + vj + (a sin u)k
and
r(u, v) = vi + (a cos u)j + (a sin u)k.
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10.1.5
(2)
which is simply
ru
y
z
x
(u0, v0)i + (u0, v0)j + (u0, v0)k.
u
u
u
x
Both vectors ru and ru lie in the tangent plane to S
at P0. Therefore, the cross product ru rv , assuming
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Example
Example
10
10.2
Surface Integrals
Similar to line integrals, surface integrals involve integration over some (bounded) surfaces. Suppose S
is a surface and imagine a fluid with velocity v flows
through S. We wish to calculate the total volume of
fluid flowing out of S per unit time.
Case (i): The fluid velocity is constant over flat surface S and its direction is perpendicular to S. Then
the volume flow rate is given by distance traveled per
10
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11
12
n
X
(3)
ZZ
v(x, y, z) Nds
S
13
10.2.1
ZZ
f (x, y, z) dS =
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10.2.2
Example
ZZ
Evaluate
i
j
k
0
= 9 sin2 u cos vi + 9 sin2 u sin vj + 9 sin u cos uk.
Therefore, kru rv k = 9 sin u.
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Example
ZZ
Evaluate
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S :z=1
S :x +y =3
S :z=0
x
Solution: The surface integral is the sum of three
surface integrals:
ZZ
ZZ
z dS =
S
ZZ
z dS +
S1
ZZ
z dS +
S2
z dS.
S3
and kru rv k = 3.
Since S1 is a full cylinder, the range of u is given by
0 u 2.
16
17
ZZ
z dS =
S1
vkru rv k dA
D
Z 2 Z 1
Z
=
3v dvdu =
0
3
du
2
3.
17
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ZZ
2
dS = area of S3 = ( 3) = 3.
z dS =
S3
S3
Consequently,
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
z dS+
zdS+
zdS = (3+ 3).
ZZ
z dS =
S
10.2.4
S2
S1
S3
notation as
ZZ
F dS
S
19
ZZ
ru rv
F
dS
kru rv k
Z ZS
ru rv
kru rv k dA
=
F(r(u, v))
kr
r
k
u
v
Z ZD
=
F(r(u, v)) (ru rv ) dA.
F dS =
S
Therefore,
ZZ
ZZ
F dS =
S
10.2.5
Example
ZZ
Evaluate
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S : z =4x y
x
Solution:
20
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Therefore,
ZZ
ZZ
F dS =
(2u2 + 2v 2 + uv) dA
D
Z 2
Z 2
=
(2r2 + r2 cos sin ) rdrd = 16.
=
Note that as the region D is a circular disk, we compute the double integral in polar coordinates.
10.2.6
Example
ZZ
F dS,
S
22
=4/3.
22
dv
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10.2.7
Orientation of surfaces
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24
supply an orientation to S.
The opposite orientation is given by rv ru = ru
rv and the corresponding oriented surface is denoted
by S. Then
ZZ
ZZ
F dS =
S
10.2.8
F dS.
S
Example
25
10.2.9
Example
26
10.3.1
Curl
curl F =
P R
Q P
R Q
i+
j+
k
y
z
z
x
x
y
is a vector field.
10.3.2
Divergence
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27
10.3.3
Del operator
i + j + k.
x
y
z
Then
(i) taking the cross product of with a vector field
F = P i + Qj + Rk,
i j k
F = x y z
P Q R
R Q
i+
y
z
P R
j+
z
x
So
F = curl F
27
Q P
x
y
28
F =
i + j + k (P i + Qj + Rk)
x
y
z
P Q R
=
+
+
x
y
z
So F = div F.
10.3.4
Example
j
k
curl F = F = x
y
z
x2yz xy 2z xyz 2
= (xz 2 xy 2)i + (x2y yz 2)j + (y 2z x2z)k.
div F = F =
= 6xyz.
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10.3.5
Example
i j k
curl (f ) = x y z
f f f
x y z
2
2
2
f
2f
f
2f
f
2f
= yz zy i+ zx xz j+ xy yx k
=0
since fxy = fyx etc.
10.3.6
29
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10.3.7
Example
Example
Find the divergence of the velocity vector fields defined by (a) F1 = xi + yj, (b) F2 = yi + xj, (c)
F3 = x2i + y 2j.
Solution:
31
10.4
Stokes Theorem
ZZ
F dr =
C
(curl F) dS.
S
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10.4.1
Example
Z
F dr, where
C
33
y+z =3
D
x +y =4
x
We have ru rv = j + k, which is the upward normal
vector of S. This gives the orientation of S which
agrees with that
of C.
i
j
k
ZZ
F dr =
C
curl F dS
Z ZS
(6 + 2v) dA
D
34
coordinates:
Z
F dr =
C
(6 + 2r sin )rdrd
Z0 2
=
0
10.4.2
16
(12 + sin ) d = 24.
3
Example
ZZ
curl F dS,
S
34
35
Solution:
F(r(t)) = 10 sin ti +
5 cos tj +
35
36
By Stokes Theorem,
ZZ
Z
curl F dS =
F dr
ZC
F(r(t)) r0(t) dt
ZC2
=
36