1st slides "I am what I am today because of the choices I made yesterday.

" Slides 8 "hired guns" is used to describe qualified expert engineer witnesses who will give expert testimony to support the cause of the plaintiff or defendant as the case may be. this minority has tainted the entire practice of serving as an expert witness.

attorneys to examine expert witnesses for any possible biases.

Slides 11 Technologies are always involved in decision about public policy-making and public planning.

Slides 9 Financial - obviously, the bias would be increase substantially if engineer were hired on the basis of contingency (luar jangka) fee paid only if the case is won. Attorneys are permitted to accept contingency fees because the fees are believed to strengthen their determination to serve their clients. ** contingency feea fee paid to a lawyer conducting a suit, especially a suit fordamag es, in the event that the suit is successful and generallybased on a percentage of the sum recovered. Ego- there is also the combination of desires to serve the interest of ones client and to be well regarded by the client. Slides 10 So that, One may feel great sympathy for the opposing attorneys client. Such biases capable of upsetting purely disinterested investigations of the facts. To overcome these, engineer must make... The courts must rely on the balance provided by having expert witnesses on both sides of the case. Combined with the responsibility of opposing

Slides 12 For example, by considering the debate over the nuclear energy should be expanded or whether the government should invest taxpayers money in supporting traditional energy sources such fossil fuels and alternative form such wind, water and solar energy. In this case, engineer hired by pronuclear or antinuclear group will invariably feel pressure to accent one side of the case. Even if engineers manage to set aside their own political and self-serving economics biases, as in most situations they must try to do, there are additional factors that make it easy for them to bend the truth in one direction.

Slides 13 - Some Assumption concern the extend of demand for future energy, population increases, lifestyles, economics estimates about projected cost, and risk acceptable to public. - But, client will pressure engineers to limits studies to assumptions favourable to them. They are not paying for such exhaustive studies and instead pressure engineers to use set of assumptions favourable to their side.

- if engineer forthright in their report about the restriction imposed by assumptions, report might be impartial only within limit. Slides 14 - If things go wrong, politician easily blame the consultants for failing to be impartial. - In context of court testimony, the answer turns largely on understanding about the role of policy analysis. - These models can distinguish how to balance these responsibilities.