CHMY 171 Lab 1 Tom Kremic Ryan Firment James Hagerty

Testing Extensive and Intensive Physical Properties

Introduction: Physical Properties are those properties of a substance that can be measured or tested without creating a new substance. Physical properties can either; be dependent on the amount in question, these are called extensive properties or independent of amount and these are known as intensive properties. Commonly applied extensive properties include mass, length, weight, and volume. These properties are analyzed in multiple ways. Mass can be found by using a balance or a scale. The common unit used for mass is the gram. Length is most often measure using a known scale such as a meter stick. The common unit is meter. Weight is a measure similar to mass but it is dependent on the amount of gravity, while mass is not. Volume is a measure of how much 3 dimensional space the material displaces. A common test to find this is the water displacement test. The material is placed in a graduated cylinder that contains a known amount of water and the change in the water level displays the amount of volume the material has. The common unit for volume is the Liter. Intensive properties are much more various and tend to become a bit more complex in the methods used to test. Color, odor, luster, malleability, hardness, melting point, boiling point, density, and solubility represent only a few of the known intensive properties but they are those that hold import in the experiment. Color is a seemingly obvious characteristic. It is the physical appearance of the substance which can be tested with a photo spectrometer or by eye. The odor of a substance is the type and strength of scent it gives off. Be aware that it is dangerous to smell any chemical directly and it should be fanned toward the nose to give a diffused sample to the nose. Luster is most commonly applied to metals this refers to the shine or finish. This can range from a very bright shine to a very dull surface. Malleability is also a property most commonly applied to metals. This is a measure of how easy it is to bend and reform a metal. Hardness can be used for any solid. Hardness shows how tough it is to scratch a solid or cleave it. Melting and boiling point are both temperature dependent properties. They relate to the state changes of a substance, the melting point is the temperature in K that a substance changes from a solid to a liquid state. The boiling point similarly is the temperature in K at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas. Density is the amount of mass contained within a certain volume. This ratio remains the same no matter the amount of the substance. It can either be calculated by the formula D=m/v, or with a device that uses radio waves to determine the same figure. Solubility is a substances ability to be dissolved; this is commonly performed in water. Water is used because it is a universal solvent. The properties listed are not the only known but they are the most important for this experiment. Also the intensive properties remain true no matter how large or small the sample is.

Procedure: First with the powder (124) we checked its color and texture; it is a white grainy powder with very fine particles. Then we tested how soluble it is in water, after stirring it, it dissolved. Then we tested its melting point by putting it on the melting point device and waited until the powder started to melt and recorded where the temperature reached, it started to melt at 145C. The second thing we tested was a liquid (47). It was clear and had a thin viscosity. The smell was very strong almost compared to paint thinner. When we put it in water we discovered that it sank to the bottom meaning that it is denser than water. Then we tested the boiling point, using 2mL of our liquid. We placed the liquid in a flask which was placed in heated sand. We placed a thermometer into the opening of the flask and took the boiling point temperature reading as the liquid boiled. The final temperature reading we took was 99.8C. Lastly we tested our metal (216). It was very soft and malleable and it had dull a luster. Then we tested if it was magnetic and it was not. It was slightly oxidized and grey in color. We tested the density by first finding its water displacement to get the volume, and then finding the mass of the sample. We the divided the mass by the volume and found that the density was 9.131 g/mL. Data:
LIQUID Ethylene Glycol Water Toluene Cyclohexane 1,1,1Trichloroethane isopropanol ethanol Heptane Cinnamaldehyde Mineral oil 2-Octanone Acetophenone 3-Heptanone Butanol METALS nickel zinc cadmium DENSITY (g/mL) 1.132 1.03 0.8966 0.779 1.32 17.86 0.789 0.684 1.05 0.8 0.819 1.082 0.81 MAGNETIC yes no no ODOR odorles s odorles s paint thinner detergent-like sweet-smelling very strong odorles s gas-like tree bark gas-like odorles s odorles s fruity odorles s SOLUABILITY (in water) soluble soluble insoluble insoluble insoluble soluble soluble insoluble soluble insoluble insoluble soluble soluble soluble MALLEABILITY 7.81 7.14 7.996 Hard Hard Soft BOILING POINT (C) 197.3 100 110.6 80.74 74 82.5 78 98.42 248 360 173 202 148 118

DENSITY (g/mL)

copper aluminum tin

no no no

8.02 2.375 6.99

Soft Soft Soft

POWDERS benzoic acid biphenyl anthracene acetaminophen caffeine NaCl Na2CO3 Na2SO4

SOLUBILITY soluble insoluble insoluble soluble soluble soluble soluble soluble

MELTING POINT (C) 122.38 68.93 218 169 227.3 801 851 884

APPEARANCE colorless crystal colorless crystal colorless grain white powder white crystal colorless crystal colorless powder colorless crystal

All of the data in the charts above were collected to help see what out unknowns could possibly be. For the liquid we tested those categories to see what matched liquid-47, we tested Density, odor, solubility, and boiling point. The metal was tested on its density, malleability, and magnetism to see which one is best compared to metal-216. Lastly the powders were tested for solubility, melting point, and its appearance to see which one is best compared to powder-124. Conclusion: Based on the tests performed in this experiment the choices were narrowed down to at least a couple choices and then they were compared to all the options given in the lab. Liquid-47 is Toluene because the odor is the same and the density and boiling point was close to the exact number but of course there was some room for error and it was insoluble. Powder-124 is acetaminophen because it is soluble and its melting point was pretty close to the actual melting point but was a bit off and it looked powdery and was white. Metal-216 is cadmium because it was very soft and not very magnetic; however its density was a tad bit off but close to the actual number. There was some room for error in this experiment such as inaccurately testing, data collection error, other substances on the machines while testing or even unwashed beakers or test tubes.