Can the Big Bang Singularity be avoided by a single scalar eld?

Taotao Qiu
Physics Department, Chung-Yuan Christian University, Chung-li, Taiwan 320 In this note, we investigate the possibility of avoiding the Big Bang singularity with a single scalar eld which couples non-minimally to gravity. We show that in the case that gravity couples linearly to the eld, some severe conditions on the elds potential have to be imposed. However, in non-linear case, it is quite generic to avoid the singularity with single scalar eld.

I.

INTRODUCTION

arXiv:1007.2929v2 [hep-ph] 15 Oct 2010

The Big Bang Singularity (BBS) is a notorious problem that present in Standard Big Bang Theory as well as ination theory [1]. People have made a lot of eorts in solving this problem, and lots of mechanisms have been carried out, among which there are scenarios from string theory, quantum gravity theory and so on. Either reduced from these theories, or directly arisen from the eective eld theory, we are able to obtain a bounce solution in 4dimensional space-time. Bouncing cosmologies, especially non-singular ones, has gained more and more development in many aspects [2]. As an alternative of the standard theory in the early universe, it can not only avoid BBS, but also gives well favored observational eects compared to the astronomical data, such as scale invariant power spectrum and suppression of CMB low quardrupole on large scales [3]. Besides, a scenario of bouncing cosmology can give rise to large nongaussianities [4]. If we take our universe to be at, thus within the framework of Einsteins General Relativity in 4 dimensional space-time, a bounce is usually realized by Quintom matter [5][28]. As has been briey proved in [5], in order for a bounce to happen, where the scale factor of the universe contracted to some value and then expanded, the Hubble parameter has to evolve from a negative value to a positive one. It will cause the equation of state of the universe will be less than 1, violating the Null Energy Condition (NEC). Generally, some Phantom part will get involved that makes the physics unclear [7]. However, this dilemma can be ameliorated in many ways, such as to introduce non-scalar elds, or higher derivative operators and so on. One of the simplest ways is to go with the help of non-minimal coupling to Gravity [8]. In quantum gravity in curved space-time, it is argued that the existence of the non-minimal coupling term is required by the quantum corrections and renormalization [9]. This coupling includes scalar-tensor theories where the Ricci scalar couples to the eld through the term F ()R [10] (as will be called linear coupling for convenience), which contains Brans-Dicke theory [11] or dilaton theory [12, 13], see [14] for a comprehensive review. Since the inclusion of non-minimal coupling term can drive cosmic acceleration with a wider class of potential than usually considered, it can also be utilized as inaton in the early time [15] and dark energy at current epoch [16]. With the help of the non-minimal coupling, a single scalar eld can also behave like systems of multi-degree-of-freedom without really involving a ghost eld, such as having its equation of state (EoS) cross the cosmological constant boundary as a Quintom matter [17][29]. Moreover, a great deal of non-minimal coupling theories can nd their equivalence to the modied gravity theories [20]. In this paper we study the possibility of realizing bouncing scenario with a single scalar eld non-minimally coupled to Gravity. We nd that generally speaking, it does work as expected, except that for some specic case where Gravity couples linearly, some constraints have to be imposed on the eld action. The paper is organized as follows: in section II we shortly demonstrate the general case for a non-minimal coupling eld to drive a bounce, in section III and IV we investigate the linear coupling case and non-linear coupling case respectively, while conclusions come in the last section.
II. GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR A SINGLE FIELD TO AVOID BIG BANG SINGULARITY

To begin with, let us consider the most general action containing one scalar eld and gravity, of which the two components are coupled in a very general form: S= f (R, ) d4 x g{ + P (X, )} , 22 (1)

qiutt@mail.ihep.ac.cn

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where 2 8G and the metric used here is g = diag[1, a2(t), a2 (t), a2 (t)]. X denotes the kinetic term of 1 the eld: X 2 . What were working throughout this note is under Jordan frame[30]. By variation of the action we can easily obtain the Friedmann Equations: f (R, ) 2 P (X, ) + 2 PX 2 + 3(H + H 2 )fR 3H f = 0 , R 2 f (R, ) + 2 P (X, ) fR (H + 3H 2 ) + f + 2H f = 0 , R R 2 (2) (3)

where fR

df dR ,

and the equation of motion for the eld is: PX 2 PXX X PX + P + f =0. 22 (4)

df where 2 = + 3H and similarly f d is the derivative of f (R, ) with respect to the eld . As mentioned before, for a at universe with standard Einstein Gravity in 4-dimensional space-time, a bounce happens only when the Null Energy Condition (NEC) is violated. We can learn from Einstein Equations that this leads to the vanishing of Hubble parameter H with a positive time derivative, namely H = 0 and H > 0 at the bounce point [5]. Substituting the rst condition to the above equations one gets:

3fR + 2 ( + 3P ) + f = 0 , f + 22 >0. H= 6fR

(5) (6)

In following sections, we will analyze in detail the application of these conditions to the non-minimal coupling scalar eld. Before starting, we would like to classify the coupling term into two categories according to its properties: one is a more specic case that the Gravity couples linearly to the eld, and the other is a more general case which refers to non-linear coupling. Actually, these two categories are very dierent due to the dierent numbers of degree of freedom in the background equations. Due to this reason, it may cause very dierent conclusions.
III. CATEGORY I: GRAVITY COUPLING LINEARLY TO THE FIELD A. general solution

Among the various possible forms the coupling terms may have, it is the simplest to study the one that Ricci scalar couples linearly to the eld, which is easy to get a renormalizable theory without any suppression. Moreover, as dier from its non-linear counterpart, in this case the higher order derivative of R is zero, thus higher order time derivatives of H will not get involved into the background equations. To study the general solution of this case, let us assume that f (R, ) = R(1 F ()), where the rst term in the bracket denotes the standard term from General Relativity, and the second comes from the non-minimal coupling. From Eqs. (2) and (3), one can get: R(1 F ()) + 2 + 3H(1 F ()) = 0 , 2 R(1 F ()) + 2 P (X, ) H(1 F ())F() = 0 , 2 which can be furtherly simplied to a very neat form: 3H 2 (1 F ) + 2 + 3H F = 0 , 2 2 XPX + 2H(1 F ()) 2XF F = 0 . (9) (10) (7) (8)

In deriving these equations, we have made use of the fact = 2XPX P and X = . The last one of the above equations gives
2 2 XPX + 2H(1 F ()) 2XF . = F

(11)

CYCU-HEP-10-09 For H = 0, we have = 0, X (22 XPX 2XF ) + F H = 2 . 2 3F + 22 X (1 F )

(12) (13)

In deriving the last equation we also made use of Eq. (4). We can see from above that for case of gravity coupling linearly to scalar eld, a bounce requires the rhs of the above equation to be larger than 0 as well as the energy density equals to 0. This can be viewed as a general condition for this case.
B. single scalar eld with canonical form

At rst let us consider the simplest case in which the eld has a standard canonical form: 1 V () , (14) 2 where V () is its potential. Thus the energy density of the eld = 1 2 + V (). The condition of = 0 requires 2 1 2 1 2 that at the bounce point 2 + V () = 0, or equivalently V () = 2 . It can be straightforwardly seen that as long as = 0 at this point, one needs V () < 0, namely, a potential containing negative values at least at some region is required, while a positive-denite potential as usual doesnt work. But is that the case even for the possible case where = V () = 0, though it refers to a very specic point in (, ) space and needs strong ne-tuning? To see > 0, which then indicates: this, lets take a look at the other condition of H P (X, ) = V F <0. 2 3F + 22 (1 F ) (15)

where we used = V as well as X = 1. From this equation we notice that V can be either larger or less than 0, depending on the form of F (). For example, if we assume that F () = 2 2 , then the condition is V < 0. But anyway, as long as V = 0 at the bouncing point where V () = 0, there will inevitably be some region where V () < 0. So this will be a generic constraint on the potential of the eld. In usual case, this will break down the positive-denition of the energy density, which causes unphysics. However, here it is ne both because of the positive kinetic term and the eects of gravity. Thus, after some proper choice of parameters, we can still get a self-consistent system. As a further study, we also derived the second derivative of H with respect to t at the bouncing point. It appears to be: 1 2 2 2 2 2 H = 2 {[2 (1 F ) + 3F ][ (2 4H F 4H F 4H F [22 (1 F ) + 3F ]2 2 V F V F + F 3 + 2F ) 12H HF 12H 2 F F ] 2 +(22 F 6F F )[2 (2 2 4H F V F + F 2 ) 6H 2 F ]} . (16)

It can be straightforwardly read o that for the = V () = 0 case (note that H = 0), H will vanish at the bouncing point. This means that in this case, the velocity of Hubble parameter always reaches its extreme value when passing through the bouncing pivot. This is a new property that hasnt been pointed out by other authors in the literature. In order to support our analytical calculation, we also try to nd some regions in parameter space which can give good numerical results. In order to satisfy the constraints on the potential, we take into account two forms of 2 potentials: 1) V () = 1 m2 2 V0 and 2) V () = V0 (e 1 ). We add some negative zero-point energy to the 2 2 potential to let it get some negative region. For the coupling term, we choose F () = 2 2 , where is some coupling constant. In Figs. 1 and 2 we show some numerical calculations on Hubble parameter H and scale factor a. We can see that a bounce can happen naturally with H crosses the zero divide line. This indicates that by this way, the Big Bang Singularity can be avoided.
C. single scalar eld with DBI form

Beside canonical ones, there is another form of scalar eld that is very common used in cosmology: the Dirac-BornInfeld (DBI) form. Actions of this form eectively describes tachyon dynamics, which can be obtained naturally in

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FIG. 1: The case of canonical single scalar eld and linear non-minimal coupling. The potential is chosen to be V () = 1 m2 2 V0 and the coupling term is RF () = 2 R2 . The parameter is chosen to be m = 0.1mpl , V0 = 0.005m4 and pl 2 = 1.0, and the initial conditions are i = 0.473mpl , i = 0.061m2 . pl

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0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

FIG. 2: The potential is chosen to be V () = V0 (e 1 ) and the coupling term is RF () = 2 R2 . The parameter is chosen 2 to be = 1.0m2 , V0 = 0.05m4 and = 1.0, and the initial conditions are i = 6.916 104 mpl , i = 3.215 104 m2 . pl pl pl

string theory [21]. Moreover, it can also drive the acceleration of the universe and can act as inaton [22] and dark energy [23]. As inationary models inspired by the string theory, the DBI action non-minimally coupled to gravity has also been investigated in the literature, cf. Ref. [24]. Here we study the last case to see whether it can avoid the Big-Bang Singularity. The DBI lagrangian containing non-minimal coupling term is: (17) P (X, ) = V () 1 2X , where is some positive constant. Its energy density can be calculated as = 2XPX P = obtain its equation of state and sound speed square by their denitions: w P = 2X 1 , c2 s PX = 1 2X , X
V () . 12X

One can also

(18)

which shows that this kind of action is stable under classical perturbations (0 < c2 < 1) with Quintessence-like s behavior (1 < w < 0).

CYCU-HEP-10-09 From (17) we obtain the equation of motion for the scalar eld: where we get:
1 2 2 = [2 (3HV + V ) + RF (1 2X) ](1 2X) 22 V

V (1 2X)
1 2

2 V (1 2X)
3 2

RF 2 V 1 2X =0, 22 (1 2X) V
1 2

(19)

(20)

and the Friedmann equation: V () (21) + 3HF , 3H 2 (1 F ()) = 2 1 2X 2 2 3 2 2 [2 2 V X1 + V HF + F (1 2X)(3H V + V ) 2F XV ] 6H 2 F (1 2X) 2 (12X) 2 H= . (22) 3 2 22 (1 F )V + 3F (1 2X) 2 From above we can see that the rst condition at the bounce point = 0 only requires V = 0, which is looser than that of the canonical scalar eld case. Moreover, F V < 0 is still required by the second condition H > 0. Therefore, in order to have a bounce, a region of negative value of V () is also inevitable. 2 1 We also make the numerical calculations, with the potential of the form V () = V0 (e 2 ) and some proper parameter choice. The bounce happens naturally from the view of the plots. As a side remark, one may notice that due to dierent initial conditions, the model may present various behaviors. From Fig. (3) we can see that, the hubble parameter varies very fast after the bounce, from increasing to decreasing, indicating that the universe will enter into a moderate accelerating or decelerating expansion phase soon. While from Fig. (4), one may note that the hubble parameter experienced a period of slow variation. This indicates that it is also possible to give rise to an inationary period after bounce, although we will not discuss in detail as it goes beyond current topic.

0.4

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FIG. 3: The potential is chosen to be V () = V0 (e 1 ) and the coupling term is RF () = 2 R2 . The parameter is chosen 2 to be V0 = 1.0m4 , = 1.0m4 , = 1.0m2 and = 1.0, and the initial conditions are i = 0.407mpl , i = 0.776m2 . pl pl pl pl

IV.

CATEGORY II: GRAVITY COUPLES NON-LINEARLY TO THE FIELD

As a comparison, in this section, we will focus on a more general case where, in the coupling term, Gravity possesses a non-linear form. The most general form of basic equations comes from Eq. (2-4), However, for the sake of simplicity, we only discuss about the canonical eld (14). Therefore, we can derive the Friedmann equations and the equation

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-1 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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FIG. 4: The potential is chosen to be V () = V0 (e 1 ) and the coupling term is RF () = 2 R2 . The parameter is chosen 2 to be V0 = 1.0m4 , = 1.0m4 , = 1.0m2 and = 1.0, and the initial conditions are i = 0.500mpl , i = 0.548m2 . pl pl pl pl

of motion explicitly: 1 2 [(RfR f )/2 3HfR + 2 ( + V ()) 3fR H 2 ] 4H H , (23) 18HfRR 2 ... 1 [H(fRR R + fR ) 2fR H 2 2 fRRR R2 2fRR R fR 2 fR ] 4H H 4H 2 , (24) H = 6fRR H = where f + 3H + V 2 = 0 . 2 (25)

Since the non-linear term of Gravity has been involved, the higher order derivatives of H appears in the equation, which makes the equations dicult to solve analytically. But as the order of derivative increases, the number of eective degrees of freedom becomes more, and it will be easier to violate NEC and realize the bouncing process. Figs. 5 and 6 show that a canonical eld with coupling term contains logarithm function of R. The logarithm coupling may seem strange, however, one can nd the similar form in previous phenomenological studies, see e.g. [25]. We can see from the plot that with proper choice of parameter, this kind of coupling may also give rise to a bounce scenario. Fig. 7 is the plot of universe behavior for the coupling of R2 to some exponential potential of . This kind of potential looks like the dilaton potential in string theory [12]. With this kind of coupling, the universe can also pass through the bouncing point smoothly.
V. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this note we investigated the possibilities of a single scalar eld giving rise to a bouncing scenario in the very early universe, with some non-minimal coupling to gravity. Along with some explicit examples, we showed that it is quite possible. However, for the common case that Gravity couples linearly to the eld, the eld will suer from some severe conditions, such as abandoning the positive-denition of the potential. For other cases where Gravity couples non-linearly, it will be more free to get a bounce since more degrees of freedom have been evoked. The realization of bounce with non-minimal coupling eld is important in the sense that, with the involvement of Gravity, one no longer needs any ghost eld to violate NEC, which might cause problems. Recently there have been many works on construction of bouncing cosmologies within the framework of non-minimal coupling theories, which have some relation to our work while focus more on their fundamental origins [26]. Furthermore, it is expected that with proper choice of the coupling form, it is also possible to obtain right amount of observational signatures to meet the data, and to give rise to some new features and predictions for future experiments, for example, a recent work shows that the matter bounce scenario with non-minimal coupling will give rise to scale-invariant spectrum and large particle productions [27]. All these fancy topics are left for the forthcoming work.

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FIG. 5: The potential is chosen as V () =

R and the coupling term is chosen as f (R, ) = R 22 ln ( R0 )4 . The 2 parameter is chosen to be m = 1.0mpl , = 1.0 and R0 = 1.0mpl , and the initial conditions are i = 0.783mpl , i = 0.205m2 . pl

1 m2 2 2

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FIG. 6: The potential is chosen as V () =

R and the coupling term is chosen as f (R, ) = R 22 ln ( R0 )4 . The 2 parameter is chosen to be m = 1.0mpl , = 1.0 and R0 = 1.0mpl , and the initial conditions are i = 0.500mpl , i = 0.036m2 . pl

1 m2 2 2

Acknowledgments

The author thanks Kazuharu Bamba, Prof. Je-An Gu, Prof. Anupam Mazumdar, Prof. Yunsong Piao and Yi Wang for useful suggestions at the beginning of the work. The research is supported in parts by the National Science Council of R.O.C. under Grant No. NSC96-2112-M-033-004-MY3 and No. NSC97-2811-033-003 and by the National Center for Theoretical Science.

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30

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1 FIG. 7: The potential is chosen as V () = 2 m2 2 and the coupling term is chosen as f (R, ) = R 22 R2 e . The parameter is chosen to be m = 0.1mpl , = 0.5 and = 5 103 m1 , and the initial conditions are i = 0.621mpl , i = 0.039m2 . pl pl

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