Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Honda Insight Hybrid Electric Car: (EV) That Use Motors For The Driving Source Hybrid Vehicles (HV) That
Honda Insight Hybrid Electric Car: (EV) That Use Motors For The Driving Source Hybrid Vehicles (HV) That
Honda Insight Hybrid Electric Car: (EV) That Use Motors For The Driving Source Hybrid Vehicles (HV) That
1. INTRODUCTION
Honda Insight hybrid electric car
Have you pulled your car up to the gas pump lately and been shocked by
the high price of petrol or diesel, maybe you thought about the vehicle
that gets better mileage. Or maybe you're worried that your car is
contributing to the greenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have
the coolest car on the block.
The auto industry now has the technology that might answer all of these
needs. It's the hybrid car, and a few manufacturers are selling their
versions in the United States. You're probably aware of hybrid cars
because they've been in the news a lot. In fact, most automobile
manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own versions
-- you can even expect some hybrid cars to hit the streets this year.
How does a hybrid automobile work? What goes on under the hood to
give you 20 or 30 more miles per gallon than the standard automobile?
And does it pollute less just because it gets better gas mileage? In this
report, we'll understand how this amazing technology works. We'll see
what is going on in the Toyota and Honda hybrids.
Dept of TE 1
HYBRID CARS PESIT
2. HYBRID STRUCTURE
Hybrid vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we see pulling
trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric
buses -- these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on
diesel when they are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often
diesel-electric hybrids. Submarines are also hybrid vehicles -- some are
nuclear-electric and some are diesel-electric. Any vehicle that
combines two or more sources of power that can directly or indirectly
provide propulsion power is a hybrid.
Dept of TE 2
HYBRID CARS PESIT
Dept of TE 3
HYBRID CARS PESIT
3) SERIES/PARALLEL HYBRID
SYSTEM
This system combines the series hybrid system with the parallel hybrid
system in order to maximize
the benefits of both systems.
It has two motors, and
depending on the driving
conditions, uses only the
electric motor or the driving
power from both the electric
motor and the engine, in
order to achieve the highest
efficiency level.
Furthermore, when necessary, the system drives the wheels while
simultaneously generating electricity using a generator. This is the system
used in the Prius and the Estima Hybrid.
Engine and Motor Operation in each system
The chart below shows how
the ratio of use between
engine and motor differs
depending on the hybrid
system. Since a series
hybrid uses its engine to
generate electricity for the
Dept of TE 4
HYBRID CARS PESIT
motor to drive the wheels, the engine and motor parallel hybrid uses the
engine as the main power source, with the motor used only to provide
assistance during acceleration. Therefore, the engine does about the same
amount of work is used much more than the motor. In a series/parallel
hybrid (THS in the Prius), a power split device divides to the generator is
continuously variable. Since the motor can run on this electric power as it
is generated, the motor is used more than in a parallel system.
2.4 Characteristics of Hybrid Systems
Hybrid systems possess the following four characteristics:
1) ENERGY-LOSS REDUCTION
The system automatically stops the idling of the engine (idling stop), thus
reducing the energy that would normally be wasted.
2) ENERGY RECOVERY AND REUSE
The energy that would normally be wasted as heat during deceleration
and braking is recovered as electrical energy, which is then used to power
the starter and the electric motor.
3) MOTOR ASSIST
The electric motor assists the engine during acceleration.
4) HIGH-EFFICIENCY OPERATION CONTROL
The system maximizes the vehicle’s overall efficiency by using the electric
motor to run the vehicle under operating conditions in which the engine’s
efficiency is low and by generating electricity under operating conditions
in which the engine’s efficiency’s high.
The series/parallel hybrid system has fuel efficiency and driving
performance. All of these characteristics and therefore provides both
superior
2.5 Evolution of the Hybrid
The hybrid is a compromise. It attempts to significantly increase the
mileage and reduce the emissions of a gas-powered car while overcoming
the shortcomings of an electric car.
Dept of TE 5
HYBRID CARS PESIT
A driver's desire for quick acceleration causes our cars to be much less
efficient than they could be. You may have noticed that a car with a less
powerful engine gets better gas mileage than an identical car with a more
powerful engine.
The amazing thing is that most of what we require a car to do uses only a
small percentage of its horsepower!When you are driving along the
freeway at 60 mph (96.6 kph), your car engine has to provide the power
to do three things:
• Overcome the aerodynamic drag caused by pushing the car through the air
• Overcome all of the friction in the car's components such as the tires,
transmission, axles and brakes
• Provide power for accessories like air conditioning, power steering and headlights
For most cars, doing all this requires less than 20 horsepower! So, why do
you need a car with 200 horsepower? So you can "floor it," which is the
only time you use all that power. The rest of the time, you use
considerably less power than you have available.
Dept of TE 6
HYBRID CARS PESIT
Let's compare a car like the Chevy Camaro, with its big V-8 engine, to our
hybrid car with its small gas engine and electric motor. The engine in the
Camaro has more than enough power to handle any driving situation. The
engine in the hybrid car is powerful enough to move the car along on the
freeway, but when it needs to get the car moving in a hurry, or go up a
steep hill, it needs help. That "help" comes from the electric motor and
battery -- this system steps in to provide the necessary extra power.
The gas engine on a conventional car is sized for the peak power
requirement (those few times when you floor the accelerator pedal). In
fact, most drivers use the peak power of their engines less than one
percent of the time. The hybrid car uses a much smaller engine, one that
is sized closer to the average power requirement than to the peak power.
Dept of TE 7
HYBRID CARS PESIT
• Sometimes shut off the engine - A hybrid car does not need to
rely on the gasoline engine all of the time because it has an
alternate power source -- the electric motor and batteries. So the
hybrid car can sometimes turn off the gasoline engine, for example
when the vehicle is stopped at a red light.
• Use advanced aerodynamics to reduce
drag - When you are driving on the
freeway, most of the work your engine
does goes into pushing the car through
the air. This force is known as
aerodynamic drag. This drag force can The frontal area profile of a small
be reduced in a variety of ways. One sure and large car
way is to reduce the frontal area of the car (Figure 5). Think of how
a big SUV has to push a much greater area through the air than a
tiny sports car.
Dept of TE 8
HYBRID CARS PESIT
The Honda Insight price starts around $19,570, and the Toyota Prius
starts around $20,510. Both cars have a gasoline engine, an electric
motor and batteries, but that is where the similarities end.
The Honda Insight, which was introduced in early 2000 in the United
States, is designed to get the best possible mileage. Honda used every
trick in the book to make the car as efficient as it can be. The Insight is a
small, lightweight two-seater with a tiny, high-efficiency gas engine.
The Toyota Prius, which came out in Japan at the end of 1997, is
designed to reduce emissions in urban areas. It meets California's super
ultra low emissions vehicle (SULEV) standard. It is a four-door sedan that
seats five, and the powertrain is capable of accelerating the vehicle to
speeds up to 15 mph (24 kph) on electric power alone. The Prius was
honored as the 2004 North American Car of the Year.
Dept of TE 9
HYBRID CARS PESIT
Motor
The motor has been developed based on the technologies that Toyota has
nurtured while working on electric vehicles. THS II uses an AC
synchronous-type motor, which is a high-efficiency DC brushless motor
with AC current. Neodymium magnets (Permanent magnets) and a rotor
made of stacked electromagnetic steel plates form a high-performance
motor. Furthermore, by arranging the permanent magnets in an optimum
Dept of TE 10
HYBRID CARS PESIT
V-shape, the drive torque is improved and the output is increased. This,
combined with a larger power supply chieved by an increase in the power
supply voltage, has increased power output by approximately 1.5 times
from THS, i.e., to 50 KW from 33 kW, even with a motor of the same size,
iroducing the
highest output
per unit of
weight and
volume in the
world. For motor
control, a newly
developed over-
modulation
control system
has been added
to the medium-speed range, in addition to the existing low- and high-
speed control methods. By improving the pulse width modification
method, the output in the medium-speed range has been increased by a
maximum of approximately 30%.
Generator
Like the motor, the generator is also an AC synchronous type. In order to
supply sufficient power to the high-output motor, the generator is rotated
at high speeds, increasing its output. Measures such as rotor strength
enhancement have increased the rpm range for the maximum possible
output from 6,500 (in the conventional type) to 10,000 rpm. This high
rpm has significantly increased the power supply up to the medium-speed
range, improving the acceleration performance in the low/medium-speed.
As a result, an optimum combination of a high-output motor and an
engine has been achieved.
Semiconductor Switching Device (IGBT)
Dept of TE 11
HYBRID CARS PESIT
Dept of TE 12
HYBRID CARS PESIT
The power split device is a planetary gear set The electric motor is
connected to the ring gear of the gear set. It is also directly connected to
the differential which drives the wheels. So, whatever speed the electric
motor and ring gear spin at determines the speed of the car.
Dept of TE 13
HYBRID CARS PESIT
The generator is connected to the sun gear of the gear set, and the
engine is connected to the planet carrier. The speed of the ring gear
depends on all three components, so they all have to work together at all
times to control the output speed.
Dept of TE 14
HYBRID CARS PESIT
3. Sudden acceleration
Extra power is supplied from the
battery (A), while the engine and high-
output motor provide smooth response
(B+C) for improved acceleration
characteristics
4. Deceleration, braking
The high-output motor acts as a
high- output generator, driven by the
vehicle’s wheels. This
regenerative braking system
recovers kinetic energy as
electrical energy, which is stored in the high-performance battery. (D)
5 Battery recharging
Dept of TE 15
HYBRID CARS PESIT
Dept of TE 16
HYBRID CARS PESIT
that the vehicle can be operated safely and comfortably at the highest
possible efficiency.
System Start-up and Stop
Like modern jet planes, THS II hybrid vehicles use by-wire control, in
which the driver’s instructions are converted into electrical signals
(through wires) to be used in integrated control. In by-wire control,
system reliability is the highest control priority.
When a smart key sends information indicating that the driver has gotten
inside the vehicle, the system power supply is turned on. First, whether or
not the hybrid computer itself is functioning normally is monitored, and an
operational check is performed before the ignition button is pressed.
When the ignition button is pressed, the system checks whether or not
various sensors, the engine, the motor, the generator and the battery are
functioning normally. Then, the switches for the components in the high-
voltage system, such as the motor, the generator and the battery, are
turned on, making the vehicle ready to run. This is the start-up control
sequence. When the driver presses the ignition button again before
leaving the vehicle, the components in the high-voltage system are
disconnected and, after confirming that such systems are turned off, the
hybrid computer shuts down. Safety checks are also being carried out
while the vehicle is moving, and, based on various types of information
such as changes in driving conditions, the system controls the vehicle so
that it can operate in an emergency mode in the unlikely event of failure
in the hybrid system or lack of fuel.
Engine Power Control
Engine power control is the basic control mechanism of THS II for always
minimizing the energy consumption of the entire vehicle. Based on the
vehicle’s operating state, how far the driver has depressed the
acceleration pedal and the status signals from the battery computer,
energy management control determines whether to stop the engine and
run the vehicle using the electric motor only or to start the engine and run
Dept of TE 17
HYBRID CARS PESIT
the vehicle using engine power. When first started, the vehicle begins to
operate using the motor unless the temperature is low or the battery
charge is low. To run the vehicle using engine power, the engine is first
started by the generator and at the same time, the system calculates the
energy required by the entire vehicle. It then calculates the running
condition that will produce the highest efficiency for producing this energy
and sends an rpm instruction to the engine. The generator then controls
the engine revolution to that rpm. The power from the engine is controlled
by taking into account the direct driving power, the motor driving power
from electrical generation, the power needed by the auxiliary equipment
and the charging requirement of the battery.
Driving Control
The driving power of a vehicle with THS II is expressed as the
combination of the direct engine driving power and the motor’s driving
power. The slower the vehicle’s speed, the more the maximum driving
power is derived from the motor’s driving power. By increasing the
generator rpm, THS II has made it possible to use the engine’s maximum
power starting at slower speeds than was possible with the current THS.
It has also made it possible to significantly increase the maximum drive
power by using a high-voltage, high-output motor that successfully
improves power performance. Because the engine has no transmission
and uses a combination of the direct driving power from the engine and
the motor's driving power derived from electrical conversion, it can control
the driving power by seamlessly responding to the driver’s requirements,
all the way from low to high speeds and from cruising with a low power
requirement to full-throttle acceleration. (This is known as torque-on-
demand.) Additionally, the time required to start the engine during
acceleration from motor-only drive has been reduced by 40%, greatly
improving the acceleration response. In order to eliminate shock during
engine start-up, the generator also precisely controls the stopping position
Dept of TE 18
HYBRID CARS PESIT
of the engine’s crank. To ensure that the vehicle’s driving power is not
affected even when a large load is applied.
4 HYBRID MAINTAINENCE
Both the Honda and the Toyota have long warranties on the hybrid
systems. The Insight has an eight-year/80,000-mile warranty on most of
the powertrain, including batteries, and a three-year/36,000-mile
warranty on the rest of the car. The Prius has an eight-year/100,000-mile
warranty on the battery and hybrid systems and a three-year/36,000-mile
warranty on everything else.
The motors and batteries in these cars don't require any maintenance
over the life of the vehicle. And the engine doesn't require any more
maintenance than the one in any other car. And because both hybrids
have regenerative braking, the brake pads may even last a little longer
than those in most cars.
• Drive slower - The aerodynamic drag on the car increases dramatically the
faster you drive. For example, the drag force at 70 mph (113 kph) is about double
that at 50 mph (81 kph). So, keeping your speed down can increase your mileage
significantly.
• Maintain a constant speed - Each time you speed up the car you use energy,
some of which is wasted when you slow the car down again. By maintaining a
constant speed, you will make the most efficient use of your fuel.
Dept of TE 19
HYBRID CARS PESIT
• Avoid abrupt stops - When you stop your car, the electric motor in the hybrid
acts like a generator and takes some of the energy out of the car while slowing it
down. If you give the electric motor more time to slow the vehicle, it can recover
more of the energy. If you stop quickly, the brakes on the car will do most of the
work of slowing the car down, and that energy will be wasted.
5 PHOTO GALLERY
Dept of TE 20
HYBRID CARS PESIT
The Controller
The heart of an electric car is the combination of:
Dept of TE 21
HYBRID CARS PESIT
A simple DC controller connected to the batteries and the DC motor. If the driver
floors the accelerator pedal, the controller delivers the full 96 volts from the
batteries to the motor. If the driver take his/her foot off the accelerator, the controller
delivers zero volts to the motor. For any setting in between, the controller "chops"
the 96 volts thousands of times per second to create an average voltage somewhere
between 0 and 96 volts.
Charging System
Dept of TE 22
HYBRID CARS PESIT
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. OVERDRIVE
February 1999 (vol 1 No 6)
2. www.toyota.com
3. www.overdriveindia.com
Dept of TE 23
HYBRID CARS PESIT
4. www.autocarindia.com
5. www.toyota.co.jp/Irweb/special_rep/thsII
Dept of TE 24