CHAPTER 16

THE UNIFICATION OF FORCES

3D-SST makes an attempt to unify strong, superstrong (color), electric
and gravitational forces. A proof is provided below that when electric
charges of interacting elements are assumed to be distributed along
circles, the strong, superstrong (color), and gravitational forces can be
explained by applying the Coulombs law for electric charges.
ELECTRIC FORCES BETWEEN TORYCES
Conventionally, we make two assumptions to calculate electric forces
between elementary particles. Firstly, we assume that the entire electric
charge of a particle is concentrated within a dimensionless point located
at its center. We will call this electric charge the point charge.
Secondly, we assume that electric force Fe between two adjacent point
charges e1 and e2 follows the Coulombs law. As we described in
Chapter 5, this force is proportional to the product of electric charges and
inversely proportional to the distance S between them, as given by the
equation below in which 0 is the electric constant:
F
ke e
S
e e
S
e
= =
1 2
2
1 2
0
2
4tc
(16-1)
In application to the toryx, we do not assume that its entire electric
charge is concentrated within a dimensionless point located at its center,
but rather is evenly distributed along its leading string. Here is how this
approach works in application to two particles shown in Figure 16.1.
One particle is made of two concentric toryces, outverted toryx X and
inverted toryx x. Similarly, the other particle is made of two concentric
toryces, outverted toryx Y and inverted toryx y. For each toryx, we
divided its entire charge into n
e
electric mini charges and distributed
them evenly along the toryx leading string.
We calculated electric force between particles in two steps. First,
we determined horizontal components of electric forces F
h
between all
electric mini charges of the rings by using the Coulombs law. We then
found the total electric force between particles by summing up the
337
Chapter 16
horizontal components of electric forces applied to all the electric mini
charges of the charged rings.
Fig. 16.1. Electric force between circularly-distributed electric mini charges of
two adjacent toryces.
It is convenient to express electric forces in relative terms. In that
case, the horizontal components of relative electric forces f
h
between
electric mini charges located at the points a and b, a and B, A and b, and
A and B, are related to the absolute values of horizontal components of
electric forces F
h
(ab), F
h
(aB), F
h
(Ab), and F
h
(AB), by the equations:
f ab F ab
r
e
h h
i
( ) ( ) =
4
0
2
0
2
tc
(16-2)
f aB F aB
r
e
h h
i
( ) ( ) =
4
0
2
0
2
tc
(16-3)
1X
b
s
F
F
h
|

o
a
b
A
B
1x
j
k
b
1Y
b
1y
b
Toryx X
Leading String
of Toryx X
Leading String
of Toryx x
Leading String
of Toryx Y
Leading String
of Toryx y
Toryx x Toryx Y Toryx y
338 The Unification Of Forces
f Ab F Ab
r
e
h h
i
( ) ( ) =
4
0
2
0
2
tc
(16-4)
f AB F AB
r
e
h h
i
( ) ( ) =
4
0
2
0
2
tc
(16-5)
From Coulombs law and Fig. 16.1, relative electric forces fh between
electric mini charges of the toryces X, x and Y, y are equal to:
( )
f ab
n
s b b
s b b b b
h
x y
e
y k x j
y k x j y k x j
( )
cos cos
( cos cos ) ( sin sin )
/
=
+
+ +
c c | o
| o | o
2
1 1
1 1
2
1 1
2
3 2
(16-6)
( )
f aB
n
s b b
s b b b b
h
x Y
e
Y k x j
Y k x j Y k x j
( )
cos cos
( cos cos ) ( sin sin )
/
=
+
+ +
c c | o
| o | o
2
1 1
1 1
2
1
2
3 2
(16-7)
( )
f Ab
n
s b b
s b b b b
h
X y
e
y k X j
y k X j y k X j
( )
cos cos
( cos cos ) ( sin sin )
/
=
+
+ +
c c | o
| o | o
2
1 1
1 1
2
1 1
2
3 2
(16-8)
( )
f AB
n
s b b
s b b b b
h
X Y
e
Y k X j
Y k X j Y k X j
( )
cos cos
( cos cos ) ( sin sin )
/
=
+
+ +
c c | o
| o | o
2
1 1
1 1
2
1
2
3 2
(16-9)
In the above equations:
n
e
= the number of distributed electric mini charges in each ring
c
X
= e
X
/e
0
= relative electric charge of toryx X
c
Y
= e
Y
/e
0
= relative electric charge of toryx Y
c
x
= e
x
/e
0
= relative electric charge of toryx x
c
y
= e
y
/e
0
= relative electric charge of toryx y
b
1X
= r
1X
/r
i
= relative leading string radius of toryx X
b
1Y
= r
1Y
/r
i
= relative leading string radius of toryx Y
b
1x
= r
1x
/r
i
= relative leading string radius of toryx x
b
1y
= r
1y
/r
i
= relative leading string radius of toryx y
s = S/r
i
= relative distance between centers of two particles

j
= angular position of points A and a on leading strings of toryces X and x

k
= angular position of points B and b on leading strings toryces Y and y.
The horizontal components of electric forces F
h
(ab), F
h
(aB), F
h
(Ab), and
F
h
(AB) between the toryces Xx and Yy are calculated from Equations (16-
339
Chapter 16
2) (16-5). Finally, the total horizontal component of relative electric
force F
h
between the toryces X, x and Y, y is calculated from the
equation:
Fh = Fh(ab) + Fh(aB) + Fh(Ab) + Fh(AB) (16-10)
CRITICAL DISTANCES BETWEEN CHARGED RINGS
When the distance between two interacting elements is much greater than
the radii of charged rings, the total electric force between the rings is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance, as prescribed by the
Coulombs law given by Equation (16-1). The electric force between the
charged rings, however, deviates explicitly from the Coulombs inverse
square relationship when the distance between the centers of the rings is
comparable the ring radii. This distance is conveniently described in
relative term by a so-called relative critical distance s
c
= b
1A
b
1B
.
Similarly to the other relative dimensions, the relative critical distance s
c
is calculated in respect to the inversion radius of toryx trailing string r
i
.
Figure 16.2 shows the charged rings A and B at various relative
distances between the ring centers s. The ring A (solid line) is charged
negatively, while the ring B (dotted line) is positively charged. When the
relative distance between the ring centers s is much greater than the
relative critical distance s
c
, (s >> s
c
) as shown in Figure 16.2a, calculated
electric forces are practically the same as these calculated from Equation
(16-1) applied to the point electric charges.
The results of calculations, however, change significantly when s
becomes comparable with s
c
. When s is equal to the relative critical
distance s
c
= b
1A
+ b
1B
(Fig. 16.2b), the attraction electric force is
maximum. When s is equal to the relative critical distance s
c
= b
1A
- b
1B
(Fig. 16.2c), the ring B is inside the ring A. In that case, the electric
forces will try to hold the rings together. This would produce the
maximum repulsion electric force which will decrease as the distance
between the ring centers decreases. Finally, at s = 0 (Fig. 16.2d), the
electric forces will hold both rings in equilibrium at a common central
point.
Depending on the sizes of charged rings and the distances between
their centers, 3D-SST identifies three kinds of electric forces: Coulombs
forces, strong forces, and superstrong forces. For all three kinds of
electric forces we can use a general equation, in which the relative
electric force f
h
is a function of relative distance s:
f a
b
s
h
x
= + (16-11)
where a, b are constants.
340 The Unification Of Forces
Figure 16.2. Electric forces between two oppositely charged rings.
Coulombs forces - Coulombs forces are inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between centers of the charged rings. Thus,
for Coulombs forces, the exponent of Equation (16-11) x = 2. This
relationship is valid when the relative distance between the ring centers
is much greater than the relative critical distance (s >> sc).
Strong forces There are two conditions for developing strong
forces. Firstly, the relative distances between the ring centers s must be
comparable with the relative critical distances sc. Secondly, the radii of
the charged rings must be comparable with the inversion radius of toryx
trailing string ri, such as for the cases when b1 1, 2, 3. . .. The above
two conditions may exist, for instance, during interaction between
matched toryces of harmonic a-trons, electrons and positrons that form
nucleon shells.
Superstrong forces There are two conditions for developing
superstrong forces. Firstly, the relative distances between the ring
centers s must be comparable with the relative critical distances sc.
Secondly, the radii of the charged rings must be much smaller than the
1A
b
1B
1B 1A c
c
b
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
s = b + b
1B 1A
s = b - b
s
s
s >> s
s
s = 0
s = 0
B
a)
b)
c)
d)
341
Chapter 16
inversion radius of toryx trailing string r
i
(b
1
<< 1). The above two
conditions may exist, for instance, during interaction between matched
toryces making up z-trons that form nucleon cores.
For both strong and superstrong forces, the exponent x > 2, and it
further increases as the relative distance between the ring centers s
becomes closer to the relative critical distances s
c
.
STRONG FORCES
We will analyze now the strong forces between both toryces and
elementary particles.
Strong forces between toryces - As an example, let us review a
graph presented in Figure 16.3. This graph shows the calculated relative
strong forces f
h
between two toryces, real positive toryx A
0 1 0
1 4
, ,
/ +
and real
negative toryx A
0 1 0
1 4
, ,
/
, making up a neutral harmonic a-tron a
0 1 0
0
, ,
as a
function of relative distance between the toryx centers s. In this case, we
can identify two critical distances: s
c
= 2 (point a) and s
c
= 1 (point
b).
Figure 16.3. Relative strong force fh between toryces of a neutral a-tron a
0 1 0
0
, ,
.
When the relative distance between the toryx centers s decreases and
approaches the first critical distance sc = 2, the rel ative strong
attraction (positive) force fh increases exponentially, reaching its
maximum positive value at sc = 2. As the relative distance between the
Relative distance between toryces, s
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4
-0.2
-0.16
-0.12
-0.08
-0.04
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.2
a
b
Toryx X
Toryx Y
b = 2.0
1X
c = -1/4
X
b = 2/3
1y
c = +1/4 y
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
r
o
n
g
f
o
r
c
e
,
f
h
342 The Unification Of Forces
toryx centers s continues to decrease, the attraction force sharply
decreases and becomes a repulsion (negative) force. Within the distance
range between toryces from the first critical distance sc = 2 to t he
second critical distance sc = 1, the relative strong force fh oscillates up
and down, acting intermittently as either attraction or repulsion force. At
the second critical distance sc = 1, the relative strong force reaches it s
last negative value and then exponentially reduces and becomes
negligibly small as the distance between the toryx centers reduces to
zero.
When the relative distances between toryces s > 25, the exponent x
of Equation (16-11) is close to 2. Thus, the strong force reduces to a
conventional Coulombs force. For s < 25, the exponent x increases as
the distance between the toryx centers decreases and approaches the first
relative critical distance sc = 2, as shown in Table 16.1.
Table 16.1. Parameters of Equation (16-11) for relative strong
force fh between toryces of a neutral a-tron a
0 1 0
0
, ,
.
Range of s Parameters of Equation (16-11)
From To a b x
20.000 15.000 0.074314 4.509 10
-6
2.06434
15.000 12.640 0.077369 7.461 10
-6
2.08316
12.640 10.100 0.084727 1.716 10
-5
2.12884
10.100 7.490 0.100549 4.867 10
-5
2.22556
7.490 5.000 0.147782 1.815 10
-4
2.47843
5.000 3.960 0.350112 7.803 10
-4
3.16774
3.960 3.040 4.836712 2.919 10
-3
5.54774
3.040 2.843 31529.51 8.799 10
-3
14.22765
2.843 2.660 103818480 1.116 10
-2
22.26000
Strong forces between elementary particles - As an example, let us
review a graph presented in Figure 16.4. The graph shows the calculated
relative strong forces fh between two neutral harmonic a-trons a
0 1 0
0
, ,
as a
function of relative distance between centers of a-trons s. In that case,
we can identify three relative critical distances between a-trons: sc = 4.0
(point a), sc = 2 (point b), and sc = 1 (point c). When s > 4.0, f h is a
repulsion (negative) force that increases as s decreases, reaching its
maximum negative value at sc = 4.0. As s continues to decrease, the
repulsion strong force decreases and then becomes attraction (positive)
force that increases exponentially until it reaches its maximum positive
value at sc = 2. Wi thin the distance range bet ween the two relative
critical distances sc = 2 and sc = 1, the relat ive strong force fh
oscillates up and down, acting intermittently as either attraction or
repulsion force. At sc = 1, the force reaches its last maximum negative
343
Chapter 16
value and then sharply decreases. Subsequently, it approaches slowly a
zero value as the distance between the centers of a-trons gets closer to
zero.
Figure 16.4. Relative strong force f
h
between harmonic neutral a-trons a
0 1 0
0
, ,
.
SUPERSTRONG FORCES
We will analyze below the superstrong forces between toryces and
between elementary particles.
Superstrong forces between toryces - As an example, let us review a
graph presented in Figure 16.5. The graph shows the calculated
superstrong forces f
h
between two imaginary toryces, positive toryx

Z
1 1 0
1
, ,
+
and negative toryx

Z
1 1 0
1
, ,

, making up an excited neutral z-tron z

0 1 0
0
, ,
as a function of relative distance between the toryx centers s. There are
two relative critical distances in this case: s
c
= 0.000026626 (not shown),
and s
c
= 0.00729745 (see point a). At the di stances s > 0.00729745,
relative superstrong attraction (positive) force f
h
increases exponentially
with the decrease of the distance. At s = 0.00729745, f
h
reaches its peak
value. After a sharp initial decrease, f
h
then gradually reduces to zero,
while oscillating with increasing amplitude.
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 4.4
Relative distance between a-trons, s
a
b
c
b = 2.0
1X
c = -1/4
X
b = 2/3
1x
c = +1/4
x
b = 2.0
1Y
c = -1/4
Y
b = 2/3
1y
c = +1/4
y
Toryces X andx
Toryces Y and y
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
r
o
n
g
f
o
r
c
e
,
f
h
344 The Unification Of Forces
Figure 16.5. Relative superstrong force f
h
between toryces of an excited
neutral z-tron z
1 1 0
0
, ,
.
Figure 16.6. Relative superstrong force f
h
between two excited neutral
z-trons z
1 1 0
0
, ,
.
-1.0E+09
-5.0E+08
0.0E+00
5.0E+08
1.0E+09
1.5E+09
2.0E+09
2.5E+09
3.0E+09
3.5E+09
4.0E+09
0.006 0.0064 0.0068 0.0072 0.0076 0.008
Relative distance between toryces, s
a
Z-tron toryx X
b = 0.003662038
1X
c =-137.035999
X
Z-tron toryx Y
b = 0.003635412
1Y
c =+0.137.035999
Y
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
s
u
p
e
r
s
t
r
o
n
g
f
o
r
c
e
,
f
h
-1.6E+09
-1.2E+09
-8.0E+08
-4.0E+08
0.0E+00
4.0E+08
8.0E+08
1.2E+09
1.6E+09
2.0E+09
2.4E+09
0.006 0.0064 0.0068 0.0072 0.0076 0.008
Relative distance between z-trons, s
a
Z-tron X
Z-tronY
b = 0.003662038
1X
b = 0.003635412
1x
c = -137.035999
X
c = +137.035999
x
b = 0.003662038
1Y
b = 0.003635412
1y
c = -137.035999
Y
c = +137.035999
y
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
s
u
p
e
r
s
t
r
o
n
g
f
o
r
c
e
,
f
h
345
Chapter 16
Superstrong forces between elementary particles - As an example,
let us review a graph presented in Figure 16.6. The graph shows the
calculated relative superstrong forces f
h
between two excited neutral z-
trons as a function of relative distance between the z-trons centers s. In
this case, when s > 0.00735, f
h
is a repulsion (negative) force that
increases as s decreases, reaching its maximum negative value at s =
0.00735. As the relative distance between z-trons s continues to
decrease, the repulsion force decreases and then becomes attraction
(positive) force that increases sharply until it reaches its maximum value
at s 0.00730. The attraction force then sharply decreases, and then,
after passing a crossover point a, it becomes a repulsion (negative) force.
After reaching its maximum negative value at s 0.00726, the repulsion
force first sharply decreases and then exponentially approaches zero,
while oscillating with increasing amplitude.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ELECTRONS
The following example shows the electric forces between two harmonic
electrons e
0 1 0
1
, ,

calculated based on two methods. According to the first

method, the electrons are presented as the point charges. According to
the second method, the electrons are presented as the charged rings
substituting the harmonic electron toryces.
Figure 16.7. Electric forces between two electrons calculated for the point and
circularly-distributed electric charges.
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Relative distance between electrons, s
Distributed charges
Point charges
Critical distance
b = b = 2.0
c = c = -1.0
n = 360
-0.6
1X 1Y
X Y
e
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
f
o
r
c
e
,
f
h
346 The Unification Of Forces
According to Table 14.5 of Chapter 14, each harmonic electrone
0 1 0
1
, ,

is
made of one negative real and one negative imaginary harmonic toryx.
In this case, there are two critical distances: s
c
= 0 and s
c
= 4.
Figure 16.7 illustrates the results of calculations for the range of s
from 1 to 5. As expected, for the point charges the electric repulsion
(negative) force increases inversely proportional to the square of the
distance s between the point charges. For the charged rings, however,
the electric force changes with distance s in a completely different
manner. Within the range of s from 5 to 4, the rate of change of electric
force with distance s becomes noticeably greater than for the point
charges, and no longer follows the inverse square relationship. As the
distance s decreases and approaches the critical distance s
c
= 4, the rate
increases exponentially. At s = 4, the electric force reaches a peak value,
and then decreases abruptly and becomes even less than the force
calculated for the point charges at the same distances.
Figure 16.8. Electric forces between two electrons calculated for point and
distributed electric charges (0 < s < 0.4).
Within the range of s from 0 to 0.4, a difference between the results
of calculations based on two methods is also very explicit. As shown in
Figure 16.8, within this range of s the electric repulsion force between
the point charges increases smoothly inversely proportional to the square
of s. For the charged rings, however, the electric force no longer
increases with the decrease of s. Instead, it oscillates around its zero
value with increasing amplitude as the distance s decreases. Thus, when
the relative distance s between electrons becomes less than 4, the
0
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.4
Relative distance between electrons, s
Point charges
Distributed charges
b = b = 2.0
c = c =-1.0
n = 360
1X 1Y
X Y
e
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
f
o
r
c
e
,
f
h
347
Chapter 16
electrons are no longer rejecting one another but get into a state of
oscillating equilibrium. This may explain the reported existence of
electron clusters.
ELECTROMASS DENSITY
As we described in Chapter 5, scientists noticed in the mid-eighteenth
century a close correlation between gravitational and electric forces.
This notion was supported by a seeming similarity between the equations
describing the two forces. According to Newtons law of universal
gravitation, the gravitational force F
g
between two adjacent bodies is
proportional to the product of masses m
1
and m
2
of these bodies and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance S between them:
F
m m G
S
g
=
1 2
2
(16-12)
But, in spite of the similarity between the above equation and the
equation for the Coulombs electric force defined by Equation (16-1),
physical meaning of these forces is different. The gravitational force is
known as an attraction (positive) force, always pulling the bodies
together. The electric force, however, works both ways. It can be either
attraction (positive) force or repulsion (negative) force. 3D-SST ties the
electric and gravitational forces together by introducing a term called the
universal electromass density O
u
. As follows from Equations (16-1) and
(16-12), when gravitational force F
g
is equal to electric attraction force
F
e
, the electromass density is equal to:
O
u
e
m
e
m
G = = =
1
1
2
2
0
2 t c (16-13)
Since both the gravitational constant G and the electric constant c
0
do
not vary, one may conclude from Equation (16-13) that the ratio of
electric charge e to gravitational mass m is constant for all bodies. In
electron and positron the electromass density reaches its maximum value
defined as the elementary electromass density O
0
:
O
0
0
0
=
e
m
(16-14)
From Equations (16-13), (16-14), and Equation (14-18) of Chapter 14,
we find that the ratio of the electromass density O
u
to the electromass
density O
0
is equal to the universal polarization factor u:
348 The Unification Of Forces
u
m
e
G
u
= =
O
O
0
0
0
0
2
t c (16-15)
In the past, a common way of explaining attraction gravitational
forces between two bodies A and B was by assigning, for instance, a
positive charge to the body A and a negative charge to the body B. But,
this idea works only for two adjacent bodies. Once you added one more
body, this logic falls apart. If, for instance, the third body has a negative
charge then it will be attracted by the body A and repulsed by the body B.
Reversing the sign of electric charge of the third body will not help,
because it will then be attracted by the body B and repulsed by the body
A. 3D-SST finds a solution to this problem by applying the concept of
helicola to gravity.
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
According to 3D-SST, gravitational field of a body is presented by the
matched charge-polarized toryces that form a so-called g-tron. One of
the toryces is outverted (negative), while the other one is inverted
(positive). Figure 16.9 shows two g-trons X and Y separated by a relative
distance s. Relative radii of leading strings of their constituent outverted
toryces are respectively equal to b
1X
and b
1Y
. Relative radii of leading
strings of their constituent inverted toryces are respectively equal to b
1x
and b
1y
.
To apply the same equations that are used to calculate electric forces
between toryces making up elementary particles, we expressed all the
dimensions related to the gtrons in relative terms in respect to the
inversion radius of the toryx trailing string r
i
:
r
e
m c
i
=
0
2
0 0
2
8tc
The outverted toryces forming the g-trons have the same structures
as the toryces making up excited electrons, while the inverted toryces
forming the g-trons have the same structure as the toryces making up
excited positrons. The properties of both outverted and inverted toryces
of the g-trons are also described by the same equations, except for the
inversion radii of trailing string r
j
that for the g-trons with gravitational
masses m
X
and m
Y
are given by the equations:
r
m G
c
jX
X
=
2
2
; r
m G
c
jY
Y
=
2
2
(16-16)
349
Chapter 16
Figure 16.9. Two adjacent g-trons.
It is worth to point out that the inversion radii r
iX
and r
iY
are two
times smaller than the Schwarzchild radius (see Chapter 10). There is a
principal difference between inversion radii r
jX
and r
jY
of the toryces
composing the g-tron and inversion radii r
i
of the excited toryces that
make up the elementary particles. Whereas, the inversion radius r
i
is
constant for all excited toryces making up elementary particles, the
inversion radii r
jX
and r
jY
are proportional to the gravitational masses m
X
and m
Y
of respective g-trons.
According to 3D-SST, each celestial body contains a black hole
which gravitational field is defined by the inverted toryx of the g-tron.
Thus, the outer radii of the black holes of the celestial bodies with the
masses m
X
and m
Y
are given by the equation (16-16). For instance, the
outer radii of the black holes of the Sun, the Jupiter, and the Earth are
equal to:
Celestial
body
Mass
kg
Outer radius of
black hole, m
Sun 1.9891 10
30
738.558
Jupiter 1.8997 10
27
0.70537
Earth 5.9760 10
24
0.00222
1X
b
G-Tron X
Inverted
(positive)
Toryx
Outverted
(negative)
Toryx
G-Tron Y
1Y
b
1x
b
s
1y
b
350 The Unification Of Forces
The procedure for calculation of forces between the toryces forming
two adjacent g-trons is similar to the procedure for calculation of forces
between the toryces making up two adjacent elementary particles. Here,
we also assumed that the electric charges of g-trons are evenly
distributed along the leading strings of their toryces. Figure 16.10 shows
the distribution of electric charges in the toryces of two g-trons X and Y
separated by a relative distance s.
For the two g-trons to represent properly the gravitational properties
of two adjacent bodies, three principal conditions must be met. Firstly,
relative spiral radii of leading strings b1X and b1Y of the outverted toryces
must be equal to the relative distance between interacting g-trons s:
b b s
X Y 1 1
= = (16-17)
Figure 16.10. Two adjacent g-trons with distributed electric mini charges.
Secondly, relative spiral radii of leading strings b1x and b1y of inverted
toryces must be equal to:
b
s
s
r
r
x
jx
i
1
2 1
=

; b
s
s
r
r
y
jy
i
1
2 1
=

(16-18)
1X
b
1x
b
s
1y
b
X
G-Tron
X
G-Tron
Y
e
x
e y
e
Y
e
1Y
b
351
Chapter 16
The third condition stipulates that the total electric charges distributed
along leading strings of both outverted and inverted toryces of the g-
trons X and Y with gravitational masses, m
X
and m
Y
, are respectively
equal to:
e e
m
k
x X
u X
d
= =
O
; e e
m
k
y Y
u Y
d
= =
O
(16-19)
In equation (16-19), k
d
is the electric charge density factor that depends
on the selected number of electric mini charges n
e
distributed along each
toryx leading string. We established that when n
e
> 20 000, the electric
charge density factor k
d
is approximately equal to:
k n
d e
=

3 10
5
exp( )
Thus, as ne , kd 3.
Notably, based on Equation (16-19), the total electric charge of each
g-tron X and Y is equal to zero. After establishing the radii of leading
strings of the toryces and the electric charges distributed along these
strings, we are able to calculate electric forces between the g-trons by
employing Equations (16-2) through (16-10) presented in the beginning
of this Chapter. We found that when using the above procedure, the
calculated gravitational forces between the g-trons are the same as the
gravitational forces calculated from Newtons Equation (16-1).
REAL, INVERTED &IMAGINARY STARS
According to 3D-SST, the stars are divided into three types: real,
inverted and imaginary. The type of the star depends on the ratio of its
outer radius rs to the inversion radii of the toryx trailing string of its g-
tron, or to the outer radius of its black hole rj:
b
r
r
s
s
j
=
Orbital velocity V
b
of a celestial body orbiting a star along a circular path
with relative orbital radius b
b
is defined by the equation:
V
b
b
c
b
b
b
=
2 1
(16-20)
To see more clearly a difference between various types of stars, let us
imagine an inversion sphere with the radius equal to the outer radius of
the star black hole r
j
:
352 The Unification Of Forces
Real star (bs > 1) In a real star, the inversion sphere is below its
surface, like, for instance, in the Sun. Since relative orbital radius bb of a
celestial body moving around the star is greater than relative radius of the
star surface bs, bb is also greater than 1. In that case, according to
Equation (16-20), orbital velocity Vb of a celestial body is subluminal
(Vb < c).
Inverted star (0.5 < bs < 1) This is a much denser star than the Sun.
Its inversion sphere expands outside of its surface. Therefore, relative
orbital radius bb of a celestial body moving around the inverted star can
become equal to 1. In that case, according to Equation (16-20), orbital
velocity Vb of the celestial body will be equal to velocity of light (Vb =
c). When bb < 1, the celestial body will be turned inside out, and its
orbital velocity Vb will decrease as bs approaches 0.5.
Imaginary star (bs < 0.5) This star has extremely high density. Its
inversion sphere expands two or more times beyond its surface.
Therefore, relative orbital radius bb of a celestial body orbiting the
imaginary star can be less than 0.5. In that case, according to Equation
(16-20), orbital velocity Vb of the celestial body will be expressed by the
imaginary number. It means that this body will absorb energy from the
imaginary star.
YOUR OWN IDEAS &QUESTIONS
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________