Emilio Elizalde - Cosmological Casimir Effect and Beyond

ICE
Cosmological Casimir effect

and beyond
EMILIO ELIZALDE
ICE/CSIC & IEEC, UAB, Barcelona
web: google emilio elizalde
DSU2006, UAM, Madrid, June 20, 2006
5thICMMP, CBPF, Rio, April 2006 p. 1/29
Outline of the talk
Zeta Function
A
(s) and Determinant det
A
Outline of the talk
Zeta Function
A
A
The Wodzicki Residue
Outline of the talk
Zeta Function
A
A
Multiplicative (or Noncommutative) Anomaly
Outline of the talk
Zeta Function
A
A
Vacuum Fluctuations and the Cosmol Const
Outline of the talk
Zeta Function
A
A
New CC Theories & Cosmo-topol Casimir Effect
Outline of the talk
Zeta Function
A
A
A Simple Model with large & small dimensions
Outline of the talk
Zeta Function
A
A
Realistic Models: dS & AdS Braneworlds
Supergraviton Theories
Outline of the talk
Zeta Function
A
A
Realistic Models: dS & AdS Braneworlds
Supergraviton Theories
Conclusions
Existence of
A
for A a DO
A a positive-denite elliptic DO of positive order m R
A acts on the space of smooth sections of
E, n-dim vector bundle over
M closed n-dim manifold
Existence of
A
for A a DO
(a) The zeta function is dened as
A
(s) = tr A
s
=
j

s
j
, Re s >
n
m
s
0
j
ordered spect of A, s
0
= dimM/ord A abscissa of converg of
A
(s)
Existence of
A
for A a DO
A
(s) = tr A
s
=
j

s
j
, Re s >
n
m
s
0
j
0
A
(s)
(b)
A
(s) has a meromorphic continuation to the whole complex plane C
(regular at s = 0), provided the principal symbol of A, a
m
(x, ), admits a
spectral cut: L
= C[ Arg = ,
1
< <
2
, Spec A L
=
(Agmon-Nirenberg condition)
Existence of
A
for A a DO
A
(s) = tr A
s
=
j

s
j
, Re s >
n
m
s
0
j
0
A
(s)
(b)
A
m
(x, ), admits a
spectral cut: L
= C[ Arg = ,
1
< <
2
, Spec A L
=
(c) The denition of
A
(s) depends on the position of the cut L

Existence of
A
for A a DO
A
(s) = tr A
s
=
j

s
j
, Re s >
n
m
s
0
j
0
A
(s)
(b)
A
m
(x, ), admits a
spectral cut: L
= C[ Arg = ,
1
< <
2
, Spec A L
=
(c) The denition of
A
(s) depends on the position of the cut L
(d) The only possible singularities of

A
(s) are simple poles at
s
k
= (n k)/m, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n 1, n + 1, . . .
Denition of Determinant
H DO operator
i
,
i
spectral decomposition
H DO operator
i
,
i
iI

i
?! ln
iI

i
=
iI
ln
i
H DO operator
i
,
i
iI

i
?! ln
iI

i
=
iI
ln
i
Riemann zeta func: (s) =
n=1
n
s
, Re s > 1 (& analytic cont)
= Denition: zeta function of H
H
(s) =
iI

s
i
= tr H
s
As Mellin transform:
H
(s) =
1
(s)
_
0
dt t
s1
tr e
tH
, Re s > D/2
Derivative:
H
(0) =
iI
ln
i
H DO operator
i
,
i
iI

i
?! ln
iI

i
=
iI
ln
i
n=1
n
s
H
(s) =
iI

s
i
= tr H
s
H
(s) =
1
(s)
_
0
dt t
s1
tr e
tH
, Re s > D/2
Derivative:
H
(0) =
iI
ln
i
= Determinant: Ray & Singer, 67
det
H = exp [
H
(0)]
H DO operator
i
,
i
iI

i
?! ln
iI

i
=
iI
ln
i
n=1
n
s
H
(s) =
iI

s
i
= tr H
s
H
(s) =
1
(s)
_
0
dt t
s1
tr e
tH
, Re s > D/2
Derivative:
H
(0) =
iI
ln
i
= Determinant: Ray & Singer, 67
det
H = exp [
H
(0)]
Weierstrass denition: subtract leading behavior of
i
in i, as
i , until the series
iI
ln
i
converges
= non-local counterterms !!
Properties
The denition of the determinant det
A
only depends on the homotopy class of the cut
Properties
A
A zeta function (and corresponding determinant) with the same
meromorphic structure in the complex s-plane and extending the
ordinary denition to operators of complex order m CZ (they do
not admit spectral cuts), has been obtained [Kontsevich and Vishik]
Properties
A
Asymptotic expansion for the heat kernel
Properties
A
Asymptotic expansion for the heat kernel
tr e
tA
=
Spec A
e
t

n
(A) +
n=j0
j
(A)t
s
j
+
k1
k
(A)t
k
lnt, t 0
n
(A) =
A
(0),
j
(A) = (s
j
) Res
s=s
j

A
(s), s
j
/ N
j
(A) =
(1)
k
k!
[PP
A
(k) +(k + 1) Res
s=k

A
(s)] ,
s
j
= k, k N
k
(A) =
(1)
k+1
k!
Res
s=k

A
(s), k N0
PP = lim
sp
_
(s)
Res
s=p
(s)
sp
_
The Wodzicki (or noncommutative) residue is the only extension of
the Dixmier trace to DOs which are not in L
(1,)
(1,)
Only trace one can dene in the algebra of DOs (up to multipl const)
(1,)
Denition: res A = 2 Res
s=0
tr (A
s
), Laplacian
(1,)
s=0
tr (A
s
), Laplacian
Satises the trace condition: res (AB) = res (BA)
(1,)
s=0
tr (A
s
), Laplacian
Important ! it can be expressed as an integral (local form)
res A =
_
S
M
tr a
n
(x, ) d
with S
M T
M the co-sphere bundle on M (some authors put a

coefcient in front of the integral: Adler-Manin residue)
(1,)
s=0
tr (A
s
), Laplacian
res A =
_
S
M
tr a
n
(x, ) d
with S
M T

If dim M = n = ord A (M compact Riemann, A elliptic, n N) it
coincides with the Dixmier trace, and Res
s=1
A
(s) =
1
n
res A
1
(1,)
s=0
tr (A
s
), Laplacian
res A =
_
S
M
tr a
n
(x, ) d
with S
M T

If dim M = n = ord A (M compact Riemann, A elliptic, n N) it
coincides with the Dixmier trace, and Res
s=1
A
(s) =
1
n
res A
1
The Wodzicki res makes sense for DOs of arbitrary order. Even if
symbols a
j
(x, ), j < m, are not coordinate invariant, the integral is,
and denes a trace
Multiplicative Anomaly (or Defect)
Given A, B, and AB DOs, even if
A
,
B
, and
AB
exist,
it turns out that, in general,
det
(AB) ,= det
A det
B
A
,
B
, and
AB
exist,
det
(AB) ,= det
A det
B
The multiplicative (or noncommutative) anomaly (or
defect) is dened as
(A, B) = ln
_
det
(AB)
det
A det
B
_
=
AB
(0) +
A
(0) +
B
(0)
A
,
B
, and
AB
exist,
det
(AB) ,= det
A det
B
The multiplicative (or noncommutative) anomaly (or
defect) is dened as
(A, B) = ln
_
det
(AB)
det
A det
B
_
=
AB
(0) +
A
(0) +
B
(0)
Wodzicki formula
(A, B) =
res
_
[ln (A, B)]
2
_
2 ord A ord B (ord A + ord B)
where (A, B) = A
ordB
B
ordA
Consequences of the mult. anom.
L(x) =
1
2
(x)
(x)
1
2
m
2
1
(x)
2
+V
1
((x))
1
2
(x)
(x)
1
2
m
2
2
(x)
2
+V
2
((x)) +V
3
((x), (x))
L(x) =
1
2
(x)
(x)
1
2
m
2
1
(x)
2
+V
1
((x))
1
2
(x)
(x)
1
2
m
2
2
(x)
2
+V
2
((x)) +V
3
((x), (x))
Partition function
e
Z
=
_
DD exp
_
_
d
d+1
x
_
1
2
(
2
+m
2
1
) +
1
2
(
2
+m
2
2
)
V
1
() V
2
() V
3
(, )]
where the x-dependence is no more explicitly depicted (for simplication)
L(x) =
1
2
(x)
(x)
1
2
m
2
1
(x)
2
+V
1
((x))
1
2
(x)
(x)
1
2
m
2
2
(x)
2
+V
2
((x)) +V
3
((x), (x))
Partition function
e
Z
=
_
DD exp
_
_
d
d+1
x
_
1
2
(
2
+m
2
1
) +
1
2
(
2
+m
2
2
)
V
1
() V
2
() V
3
(, )]
Background quantization: =
0
+, =
0
+
L(x) =
1
2
(x)
(x)
1
2
m
2
1
(x)
2
+V
1
((x))
1
2
(x)
(x)
1
2
m
2
2
(x)
2
+V
2
((x)) +V
3
((x), (x))
Partition function
e
Z
=
_
DD exp
_
_
d
d+1
x
_
1
2
(
2
+m
2
1
) +
1
2
(
2
+m
2
2
)
V
1
() V
2
() V
3
(, )]
Background quantization: =
0
+, =
0
+
Gaussian approximation (one loop)
e
Z
1
=
_
DD exp
_
_
_
_
d
d+1
x
_
_
( )
_
_
A C
C B
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
det
_
_
A C
C B
_
_
1/2
with
A
2
+m
2
1
V
1
(
0
)
2
1
V
3
(
0
,
0
),
B
2
+m
2
2
V
2
(
0
)
2
2
V
3
(
0
,
0
),
C
1
2
V
3
(
0
,
0
).
with
A
2
+m
2
1
V
1
(
0
)
2
1
V
3
(
0
,
0
),
B
2
+m
2
2
V
2
(
0
)
2
2
V
3
(
0
,
0
),
C
1
2
V
3
(
0
,
0
).
After some calculations it turns out that the determinant can be
expressed as:
det
_
AB C
2
_
= det
_
(
2
+)(
2
+)
,
with
A
2
+m
2
1
V
1
(
0
)
2
1
V
3
(
0
,
0
),
B
2
+m
2
2
V
2
(
0
)
2
2
V
3
(
0
,
0
),
C
1
2
V
3
(
0
,
0
).
expressed as:
det
_
AB C
2
_
= det
_
(
2
+)(
2
+)
,
with
a
_
b
2
+c
2
, a +
_
b
2
+c
2
,
with
A
2
+m
2
1
V
1
(
0
)
2
1
V
3
(
0
,
0
),
B
2
+m
2
2
V
2
(
0
)
2
2
V
3
(
0
,
0
),
C
1
2
V
3
(
0
,
0
).
expressed as:
det
_
AB C
2
_
= det
_
(
2
+)(
2
+)
,
with
a
_
b
2
+c
2
, a +
_
b
2
+c
2
,
and
a
c
1
+c
2
2
, b
c
1
c
2
2
,
c
1
m
2
1
V
1
(
0
)
2
1
V
3
(
0
,
0
), c
2
m
2
2
V
2
(
0
)
2
2
V
3
(
0
,
0
),
c
1
2
V
3
(
0
,
0
).
This situation has been considered by us before, in much detail.
It gives rise to the multiplicative (or non-commutative) anomaly
(or defect), namely the fact that, generically,
det
_
(
2
+)(
2
+)
,= det(
2
+) det(
2
+)
det
_
(
2
+)(
2
+)
,= det(
2
+) det(
2
+)
The anomaly (logarithm of the quotient) is expressed as a
perturbative series of the difference = 2
b
2
+c
2
=
n
a
n
( )
n
=
n
(2)
n
a
n
(b
2
+c
2
)
n/2
det
_
(
2
+)(
2
+)
,= det(
2
+) det(
2
+)
b
2
+c
2
=
n
a
n
( )
n
=
n
(2)
n
a
n
(b
2
+c
2
)
n/2
= Note that b depends on the mass difference, the difference in
the second derivatives (at the background) of the individual
potentials and on the difference between the two partial, second-
order derivatives of the double potential, while c is given by the
cross derivative of this potential.
det
_
(
2
+)(
2
+)
,= det(
2
+) det(
2
+)
b
2
+c
2
=
n
a
n
( )
n
=
n
(2)
n
a
n
(b
2
+c
2
)
n/2
= Note that b depends on the mass difference, the difference in
the second derivatives (at the background) of the individual
potentials and on the difference between the two partial, second-
order derivatives of the double potential, while c is given by the
cross derivative of this potential.
= In some cases the anomaly proves to be genuine: it persists
after renormalization is performed.
Zero point energy
QFT vacuum to vacuum transition: 0[H[0)
Zero point energy
Spectrum, normal ordering:
H =
_
n +
1
2
_
n
a
n
a
n
Zero point energy
H =
_
n +
1
2
_
n
a
n
a
n
0[H[0) =
(c)
2
n
=
1
2
tr H
Zero point energy
H =
_
n +
1
2
_
n
a
n
a
n
0[H[0) =
(c)
2
n
=
1
2
tr H
gives physical meaning?
Zero point energy
H =
_
n +
1
2
_
n
a
n
a
n
0[H[0) =
(c)
2
n
=
1
2
tr H
Regularization + Renormalization ( cut-off, dim, )
Zero point energy
H =
_
n +
1
2
_
n
a
n
a
n
0[H[0) =
(c)
2
n
=
1
2
tr H
Regularization + Renormalization ( cut-off, dim, )
Even then: Has the nal value any meaning??
The Casimir Effect
vacuum
BC
F
CasimirEffect
The Casimir Effect
vacuum
BC
F
CasimirEffect
BC e.g. periodic
The Casimir Effect
vacuum
BC
F
CasimirEffect
BC e.g. periodic
= all kind of elds
The Casimir Effect
vacuum
BC
F
CasimirEffect
BC e.g. periodic
= all kind of elds
= curvature or topology
The Casimir Effect
vacuum
BC
F
CasimirEffect
BC e.g. periodic
= all kind of elds
Universal process:
The Casimir Effect
vacuum
BC
F
CasimirEffect
BC e.g. periodic
= all kind of elds
Universal process:
Sonoluminiscence (Schwinger)
Cond. matter (wetting
3
He alc.)
Optical cavities
Direct experim. conrmation
The Casimir Effect
vacuum
BC
F
CasimirEffect
BC e.g. periodic
= all kind of elds
Universal process:
3
He alc.)
Optical cavities
Van der Waals, Lipschitz theory
The Casimir Effect
vacuum
BC
F
CasimirEffect
BC e.g. periodic
= all kind of elds
Universal process:
3
He alc.)
Optical cavities
Van der Waals, Lipschitz theory
Dynamical CE
Lateral CE
Extract energy from vacuum
CE and the cosmological constant
Vacuum energy density and the CC
The main issue:
energy ALWAYS gravitates, therefore the energy density of the
vacuum, more precisely, the vacuum expectation value of the
stress-energy tensor T
) cg

The main issue:
) cg
Appears on the rhs of Einsteins equations:

R

1
2
g
R = 8G(
cg
)
It affects cosmology:

T
excitations above the vacuum

The main issue:
) cg

R

1
2
g
R = 8G(
cg
)

T

Equivalent to a cosmological constant = 8Gc
The main issue:
) cg

R

1
2
g
R = 8G(
cg
)

T

Recent observations: M. Tegmark et al. [SDSS Collab.] PRD 2004
= (2.14 0.13 10
3
eV)
4
4.32 10
9
erg/cm
3
The main issue:
) cg

R

1
2
g
R = 8G(
cg
)

T

Recent observations: M. Tegmark et al. [SDSS Collab.] PRD 2004
= (2.14 0.13 10
3
eV)
4
4.32 10
9
erg/cm
3
Idea: zero point uctuations do contribute to the
cosmological constant
Cosmo-Topological Casimir Effect (I)
Zeta techniques used in calcul the contribution of the vacuum energy
of quantum elds pervading the universe to the cosmolog const [cc]
Direct calculations of the absolute contributions of the known elds
(all couple to gravity) lead to a value which is off by roughly
120 orders of magnitude [
obs
/(
Pl
)
4
10
120
]
= kind of a modern (and very thick!) aether
obs
/(
Pl
)
4
10
120
]
Observational tests see nothing (or very little) of it:
= (new) cosmological constant problem.
obs
/(
Pl
)
4
10
120
]
Very difcult to solve and we do not address this question directly
[Baum, Hawking, Coleman, Polchinsky, Weinberg,...]
obs
/(
Pl
)
4
10
120
]
Very difcult to solve and we do not address this question directly
[Baum, Hawking, Coleman, Polchinsky, Weinberg,...]
What we do consider with relative success in some different
approaches is the additional contribution to the cc coming from the
non-trivial topology of space or from specic boundary conditions
imposed on braneworld models:
= kind of cosmological Casimir effect
Cosmo-Topological Casimir Effect (II)
Assuming one will be able to prove (in the future) that the ground
value of the cc is zero (as many had suspected until recently), we will
be left with this incremental value coming from the topology or BCs
* L. Parker & A. Raval, VCDM, vacuum energy density
* C.P. Burgess, hep-th/0606020 & 0510123: Susy Large Extra Dims
(SLED), two 10
2
m dims, bulk vs brane Susy breaking scales
* T. Padmanabhan, gr-qc/0606061: Holographic Perspective, CC is an
intg const, no response of gravity to changes in bulk vac energy dens
(SLED), two 10
2
We show (with different examples) that this value acquires
the correct order of magnitude corresponding to the one
coming from the observed acceleration in the expansion of
our universe in some reasonable models involving:
(SLED), two 10
2
(a) small and large compactied scales
(SLED), two 10
2
(b) dS & AdS worldbranes
(SLED), two 10
2
(b) dS & AdS worldbranes
(c) supergraviton theories (discret dims, deconstr)
A. Simple model: large & small dims
Space-time:
R
d+1
T
p
T
q
, R
d+1
T
p
S
q
,
Space-time:
R
d+1
T
p
T
q
, R
d+1
T
p
S
q
,
Scalar eld, , pervading the universe
Space-time:
R
d+1
T
p
T
q
, R
d+1
T
p
S
q
,
contribution to
V
from this eld
=
1
2
i
=
1
2
k
1
_
k
2
+M
2
_
1/2
Space-time:
R
d+1
T
p
T
q
, R
d+1
T
p
S
q
,
contribution to
V
from this eld
=
1
2
i
=
1
2
k
1
_
k
2
+M
2
_
1/2
i
and
k
are generalized sums, mass-dim parameter,
= c = 1
Space-time:
R
d+1
T
p
T
q
, R
d+1
T
p
S
q
,
contribution to
V
from this eld
=
1
2
i
=
1
2
k
1
_
k
2
+M
2
_
1/2
i
and
k
are generalized sums, mass-dim parameter,
= c = 1
M mass of the eld arbitrarily small
(a tiny mass for the eld can never be excluded); see
L. Parker & A. Raval, PRL86 749 (2001); PRD62 083503 (2000)
For dopen, (p, q)toroidal universe:
=

d/2
2
d
(d/2)
p
j=1
a
j
q
h=1
b
h
_

0
dk k
d1
n
p
=
m
q
=
_
_
p
j=1
_
2n
j
a
j
_
2
+
q
h=1
_
2m
h
b
h
_
2
+k
2
d
+M
2
_
_
1/2
1
a
p
b
q
n
p
,m
q
=
_
_
1
a
2
p
j=1
n
2
j
+
1
b
2
q
h=1
m
2
h
+M
2
_
_
d+1
2
+1
For dopen, (p, q)toroidal universe:
=

d/2
2
d
(d/2)
p
j=1
a
j
q
h=1
b
h
_

0
dk k
d1
n
p
=
m
q
=
_
_
p
j=1
_
2n
j
a
j
_
2
+
q
h=1
_
2m
h
b
h
_
2
+k
2
d
+M
2
_
_
1/2
1
a
p
b
q
n
p
,m
q
=
_
_
1
a
2
p
j=1
n
2
j
+
1
b
2
q
h=1
m
2
h
+M
2
_
_
d+1
2
+1
For dopen, (ptoroidal, qspherical) universe:
=

d/2
2
d
(d/2)
p
j=1
a
j
b
q
_

0
dk k
d1
n
p
=
l=1
P
q1
(l)
_
_
p
j=1
_
2n
j
a
j
_
2
+
Q
2
(l)
b
2
+k
2
d
+M
2
_
_
1/2
[P
q1
(l) poly in l deg q 1]
1
a
p
b
q
n
p
=
l=1
P
q1
(l)
_
_
4
2
a
2
p
j=1
n
2
j
+
l(l +q)
b
2
+
M
2
4
2
_
_
d+1
2
+1
Regularize: zeta function
(s) =
1
2
s
i
=
1
2
k
_
k
2
+M
2
2
_
s/2
=
= (1)
(s) =
1
2
s
i
=
1
2
k
_
k
2
+M
2
2
_
s/2
=
= (1)
No further subtraction or renormalization needed here
[E.E., J. Math. Phys. 35, 3308, 6100 (1994)]
(s) =
1
2
s
i
=
1
2
k
_
k
2
+M
2
2
_
s/2
=
= (1)
[E.E., J. Math. Phys. 35, 3308, 6100 (1994)]
Here spectrum of the Hamiltonian op. known explicitly.
Corresponds to generalized Chowla-Selberg expression
[E.E., Commun. Math. Phys. 198, 83 (1998)
E.E., J. Phys. A30, 2735 (1997)]
(s) =
1
2
s
i
=
1
2
k
_
k
2
+M
2
2
_
s/2
=
= (1)
[E.E., J. Math. Phys. 35, 3308, 6100 (1994)]
Here spectrum of the Hamiltonian op. known explicitly.
Corresponds to generalized Chowla-Selberg expression
[E.E., Commun. Math. Phys. 198, 83 (1998)
E.E., J. Phys. A30, 2735 (1997)]
For the zeta function (Re s > p/2):
A,c,q
(s) =
nZ
p
_
1
2
(n +c)
T
A(n +c) +q
_
s
nZ
p
[Q(n +c) +q]

s
Prime means that point n =
0 is excluded from sum (not important)


Gives (analyt cont of) multidim zeta function in terms of an
exponentially convergent multiseries, valid in the whole complex plane

Exhibits singularities (simple poles) of meromorphic continuation
with corresponding residua explicitly

Only condition on matrix A: corresponds to (non negative) quadratic
form, Q. Vector c arbitrary, while q (for the moment) positive constant
A,c,q
(s) =
(2)
p/2
q
p/2s
det A
(s p/2)
(s)
+
2
s/2+p/4+2
s
q
s/2+p/4
det A (s)
mZ
p
1/2
cos(2 m c)
_
m
T
A
1
m
_
s/2p/4
K
p/2s
_
2
_
2q m
T
A
1
m
_

Only condition on matrix A: corresponds to (non negative) quadratic
form, Q. Vector c arbitrary, while q (for the moment) positive constant
A,c,q
(s) =
(2)
p/2
q
p/2s
det A
(s p/2)
(s)
+
2
s/2+p/4+2
s
q
s/2+p/4
det A (s)
mZ
p
1/2
cos(2 m c)
_
m
T
A
1
m
_
s/2p/4
K
p/2s
_
2
_
2q m
T
A
1
m
_
K
modied Bessel function of the second kind and the subindex 1/2
in Z
p
1/2
means that only half of the vectors m Z
p
are summed over.
That is, if we take an m Z
p
we must then exclude m (as simple
criterion one can, for instance, select those vectors in Z
p
0 whose
rst non-zero component is positive).
Calcul. of vacuum energy density
Analytic continuation of the zeta function:
(s) =
2
s/2+1
a
p(s+1)/2
b
q(s1)/2
(s/2)
m
q
=
p
h=0
_
p
h
_
2
h
n
h
=1
_

h
j=1
n
2
j
q
k=1
m
2
k
+M
2
_
s1
4
K
(s1)/2
_
_
2a
b
_
_
h
j=1
n
2
j
_
_
1/2
_
q
k=1
m
2
k
+M
2
_
1/2
_
_
Calcul. of vacuum energy density
Analytic continuation of the zeta function:
(s) =
2
s/2+1
a
p(s+1)/2
b
q(s1)/2
(s/2)
m
q
=
p
h=0
_
p
h
_
2
h
n
h
=1
_

h
j=1
n
2
j
q
k=1
m
2
k
+M
2
_
s1
4
K
(s1)/2
_
_
2a
b
_
_
h
j=1
n
2
j
_
_
1/2
_
q
k=1
m
2
k
+M
2
_
1/2
_
_
Yields the vacuum energy density:
=
1
a
p
b
q+1
p
h=0
_
p
h
_
2
h
n
h
=1
m
q
=
q
k=1
m
2
k
+M
2
h
j=1
n
2
j
K
1
_
_
2a
b
_
_
h
j=1
n
2
j
_
_
1/2
_
q
k=1
m
2
k
+M
2
_
1/2
_
_
Now, from K
(z)
1
2
()(z/2)
, z 0
Now, from K
(z)
1
2
()(z/2)
, z 0
when M is very small
=
1
a
p
b
q+1
_
M K
1
_
2a
b
M
_
+
p
h=0
_
p
h
_
2
h
n
h
=1
M
_
h
j=1
n
2
j
K
1
_
_
2a
b
M
_
h
j=1
n
2
j
_
_
+ O
_
q
_
1 +M
2
K
1
_
2a
b
_
1 +M
2
___
Now, from K
(z)
1
2
()(z/2)
, z 0
=
1
a
p
b
q+1
_
M K
1
_
2a
b
M
_
+
p
h=0
_
p
h
_
2
h
n
h
=1
M
_
h
j=1
n
2
j
K
1
_
_
2a
b
M
_
h
j=1
n
2
j
_
_
+ O
_
q
_
1 +M
2
K
1
_
2a
b
_
1 +M
2
___
Inserting the and c factors
=
c
2a
p+1
b
q
_
1 +
p
h=0
_
p
h
_
2
h
_
+O
_
qK
1
_
2a
b
__
Now, from K
(z)
1
2
()(z/2)
, z 0
=
1
a
p
b
q+1
_
M K
1
_
2a
b
M
_
+
p
h=0
_
p
h
_
2
h
n
h
=1
M
_
h
j=1
n
2
j
K
1
_
_
2a
b
M
_
h
j=1
n
2
j
_
_
+ O
_
q
_
1 +M
2
K
1
_
2a
b
_
1 +M
2
___
=
c
2a
p+1
b
q
_
1 +
p
h=0
_
p
h
_
2
h
_
+O
_
qK
1
_
2a
b
__
some nite constant (explicit geometrical sum in the limit M 0)
Now, from K
(z)
1
2
()(z/2)
, z 0
=
1
a
p
b
q+1
_
M K
1
_
2a
b
M
_
+
p
h=0
_
p
h
_
2
h
n
h
=1
M
_
h
j=1
n
2
j
K
1
_
_
2a
b
M
_
h
j=1
n
2
j
_
_
+ O
_
q
_
1 +M
2
K
1
_
2a
b
_
1 +M
2
___
=
c
2a
p+1
b
q
_
1 +
p
h=0
_
p
h
_
2
h
_
+O
_
qK
1
_
2a
b
__
some nite constant (explicit geometrical sum in the limit M 0)
= Sign may change with BC (e.g., Dirichlet): a problem
Matching the obs. results for the CC
b l
P(lanck)
a R
U(niverse)
a/b 10
60
Matching the obs. results for the CC
b l
P(lanck)
a R
U(niverse)
a/b 10
60
p = 0 p = 1 p = 2 p = 3
b = l
P
10
13
10
6
1 10
5
b = 10l
P
10
14
[10
8
] 10
3
10
b = 10
2
l
P
10
15
(10
10
) 10
6
10
3
b = 10
3
l
P
10
16
10
12
[10
9
] (10
7
)
b = 10
4
l
P
10
17
10
14
10
12
10
11
b = 10
5
l
P
10
18
10
16
10
15
10
15
Table 2: Vacuum energy density in units of erg/cm
3
, for p large com-
pactied dimensions a, and q = p + 1 small compactied dimensions b,
p = 0, . . . , 3, for different values of b, proportional to the Planck length l
P
Results of this simple model
* Precise (in absolute value) coincidence with the observational
value for the cosmological constant with
[ ]
[ ]
* Approximate coincidence ( )
[ ]
* b 10 to 1000 times the Planck length l
P
[ ]
P
* q = p + 1: (1,2) and (2,3) compactied dimensions,
respectively
[ ]
P
respectively
* Everything dictated by two basic lengths:
Planck value and radius of observable Universe
[ ]
P
respectively
* Both situations correspond to a marginally closed universe
[ ]
P
respectively
* Both situations correspond to a marginally closed universe
= To examine couplings in GR
alternative theories
B. Realistic models: dS & AdS BW
Elizalde, Nojiri, Odintsov, PRD70 (2004) 043539
Elizalde, Nojiri, Odintsov, Ogushi, PRD67 (2003) 063515
Bulk Casimir effect may play a role in radion stabilization of BW
Bulk Casimir effect (eff. pot.) for a conformal or massive scalar eld
Bulk: 5-dim AdS or dS space with 2/1 4-dim dS brane (our universe)
Consistent with observational data even for large extra dimension
Two dS
4
branes in dS
5
background; becomes a one-brane as L
Two dS
4
branes in dS
5
= Casimir energy density and effective potential for a de Sitter (dS)
brane in a ve-dimensional anti-de Sitter (AdS) background
Two dS
4
branes in dS
5
= Casimir energy density and effective potential for a de Sitter (dS)
brane in a ve-dimensional anti-de Sitter (AdS) background
= Action for conformally inv massless scalar with scalar-gravit coupling
o =
1
2
_
d
5
x
g
_
g
+
5
R
(5)
2
_
5
= 3/16 R
(5)
5-dim scalar curvature
= Euclidean metric of the 5-dim AdS bulk
ds
2
= g
dx
dx
=

2
sinh
2
z
_
dz
2
+d
2
4
_
d
2
4
= d
2
+ sin
2
d
2
3
is the AdS radius, related to cc of AdS bulk
d
3
metric on the 3-sphere
ds
2
= g
dx
dx
=

2
sinh
2
z
_
dz
2
+d
2
4
_
d
2
4
= d
2
+ sin
2
d
2
3
d
3
CASIMIR ENERGY
ds
2
= g
dx
dx
=

2
sinh
2
z
_
dz
2
+d
2
4
_
d
2
4
= d
2
+ sin
2
d
2
3
d
3
CASIMIR ENERGY
(a) One-brane Casimir energy = 0
ds
2
= g
dx
dx
=

2
sinh
2
z
_
dz
2
+d
2
4
_
d
2
4
= d
2
+ sin
2
d
2
3
d
3
CASIMIR ENERGY
(b) Bulk Casimir energy (L brane separation, 1 brane radius)
(s[L
5
) =

2s
6
n,l=1
(l + 1)(l + 2)(2l + 3)
_
_
n
L
_
2
+1
2
_
l
2
+ 3l +
9
4
__
s
ds
2
= g
dx
dx
=

2
sinh
2
z
_
dz
2
+d
2
4
_
d
2
4
= d
2
+ sin
2
d
2
3
d
3
CASIMIR ENERGY
(s[L
5
) =

2s
6
n,l=1
(l + 1)(l + 2)(2l + 3)
_
_
n
L
_
2
+1
2
_
l
2
+ 3l +
9
4
__
s
The Casimir energy density (pressure) follows (non-trivially!)
ds
2
= g
dx
dx
=

2
sinh
2
z
_
dz
2
+d
2
4
_
d
2
4
= d
2
+ sin
2
d
2
3
d
3
CASIMIR ENERGY
(s[L
5
) =

2s
6
n,l=1
(l + 1)(l + 2)(2l + 3)
_
_
n
L
_
2
+1
2
_
l
2
+ 3l +
9
4
__
s
The Casimir energy density (pressure) follows (non-trivially!)
c
Cas
=
c
2L1
4
1
2
[L
5
_
=
c
3
36L
6
_

2
315

1
240
_
L
1
_
2
+O
_
L
1
_
4
_
C. Supergraviton Theories
= Cognola, Elizalde, Zerbini, PLB624 (2005) 70
= Cognola, Elizalde, Nojiri, Odintsov, Zerbini, MPLA19 (2004) 1435
= Boulanger, Damour, Gualtieri, Henneaux, NPB597 (2001) 127
= Sugamoto, Grav. Cosmol. 9 (2003) 91
= Arkani-Hamed, Cohen, Georgi, PRL86 (2001) 4757
= Arkani-Hamed, Georgi, Schwartz, Ann. Phys. (NY) 305 (2003) 96
= Hill, Pokorski, Wang; Damour, Kogan, Papazoglou; Deffayet, Mourad
Effective potential for a multi-graviton model with
supersymmetry (discretized dims, deconstruction)
The bulk is a at manifold with torus topology R T
3
= shown the induced cosmological constant could be
positive due to topological contributions
The bulk is a at manifold with torus topology R T
3
= shown the induced cosmological constant could be
positive due to topological contributions
Previously considered in R
4
= Allow for non-nearest-neighbor couplings
= Multi-graviton model dened by taking Ncopies of elds, with
graviton h
n
and Stckelberg elds A
n
,
n
graviton h
n
n
,
n
= Lagrangian of theory generalization of Kan-Shiraishi
L =
N1
n=0
_
1
2
h
n
n
+
h
n
+
1
2
h
n
h
n
1
2
_
m
2
h
n
h
n
(h
n
)
2
_
2
_
m
n
+
n
_
(
h
n

h
n
)
1
2
(
A
n

A
n
) (
n
)
_
,
difference operators
graviton h
n
n
,
n
L =
N1
n=0
_
1
2
h
n
n
+
h
n
+
1
2
h
n
h
n
1
2
_
m
2
h
n
h
n
(h
n
)
2
_
2
_
m
n
+
n
_
(
h
n

h
n
)
1
2
(
A
n

A
n
) (
n
)
_
,
operate on the indices n as
N1
k=0
a
k
n+k
,
N1
k=0
a
k
nk
,
N1
k=0
a
k
= 0,
a
k
are N constants and
n
can be identied with periodic elds on a lattice
with N sites if periodic boundary conditions,
n+N
=
n
, are imposed
graviton h
n
n
,
n
L =
N1
n=0
_
1
2
h
n
n
+
h
n
+
1
2
h
n
h
n
1
2
_
m
2
h
n
h
n
(h
n
)
2
_
2
_
m
n
+
n
_
(
h
n

h
n
)
1
2
(
A
n

A
n
) (
n
)
_
,
operate on the indices n as
N1
k=0
a
k
n+k
,
N1
k=0
a
k
nk
,
N1
k=0
a
k
= 0,
a
k
are N constants and
n
can be identied with periodic elds on a lattice
with N sites if periodic boundary conditions,
n+N
=
n
, are imposed
( becomes usual differentiation operator in properly dened continuum limit)
In the multi-graviton model the induced cosmological constant can be
positive only if # of massive gravitons is sufciently large
In the supersymmetric case the cosmological constant can be positive
if one imposes anti-periodic BC in the fermionic sector
Topological effects discussed may also be relevant in the study of
electroweak symmetry breaking in models with a similar type of
non-nearest-neighbour couplings, for the deconstruction issue
Case of the torus topology: top. contributions to the eff. potential have
always a xed sign, depending on the BC one imposes
They are negative for periodic elds
They are positive for anti-periodic elds.
Topology provides a natural mechanism which permits to have a
positive cc in the multi-supergravity model with anti-periodic fermions
Topology provides a natural mechanism which permits to have a
positive cc in the multi-supergravity model with anti-periodic fermions
The value of the cc is regulated by the corresponding size of the torus
(one can most naturally use the minimum number, N = 3, of copies of
bosons and fermions), and are not far from observational values
Conclusions
At terrestrial scales, vacuum energy
uctuations are becoming important
(MEMs, NEMs, nanotubes)
Conclusions
Topology + Vacuum energy may prove
to be a fundamental driving force at
cosmological scale
Conclusions
cosmological scale
Zeta functions provide a ne, precise, and
powerful tool to perform the calculations
Conclusions
cosmological scale
Zeta functions provide a ne, precise, and
powerful tool to perform the calculations
Thank You !

Emilio Elizalde - Cosmological Casimir Effect and Beyond

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Cosmological Casimir effect

5thICMMP, CBPF, Rio, April 2006 p. 3/29

(d) The only possible singularities of

M the co-sphere bundle on M (some authors put a

M the co-sphere bundle on M (some authors put a

M the co-sphere bundle on M (some authors put a

5thICMMP, CBPF, Rio, April 2006 p. 13/29

Appears on the rhs of Einsteins equations:

excitations above the vacuum

Appears on the rhs of Einsteins equations:

excitations above the vacuum

Appears on the rhs of Einsteins equations:

excitations above the vacuum

Appears on the rhs of Einsteins equations:

excitations above the vacuum

[Q(n +c) +q]

0 is excluded from sum (not important)

0 is excluded from sum (not important)

0 is excluded from sum (not important)

0 is excluded from sum (not important)

0 is excluded from sum (not important)

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