CHAPTER 1.

BASIC CONCEPTS Electric circuit an interconnection of electrical elements Elements component of a circuit

3. Vo l tag e
Voltage or potential difference known as emf, is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V)

element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current

Note: Dependent sources have usually a symbol of a diamond. Types are (1) A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS), (2) A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS), (3) A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS), and (4) A current-controlled current source (CCCS).

1. System o f Un i ts
SI Units (International System of Units) adopted in 1960 Quantity Length Mass Time Electric current Temperature Luminous Intensity Charge Basic Unit meter kilogram second ampere Kelvin candela coulomb Symbol m kg s A K Cd C

where w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulombs (C) and v in volts (V=1J/C)
Note: For positive sign convention, electron must flows from positive to negative

CHAPTER 2. BASIC LAWS

Alessandro Antonio Volta (17451827) an Italian physicist, invented the electric batterywhich provided the first continuous flow of electricityand the capacitor

1. O h m s L aw
Resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow of electric current; it is measured in ohms ()

4. Po w er an d En erg y
Power the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W)  where p is power in watts (W), or where is known as the resistivity of the material in ohm-meters, with length, l Resistor a circuit element used to model the current-resisting behavior of a material Ohms law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the current i flowing through the resistor

2. Ch arg e an d Cu rren t
Charge an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C). -19 Electron charge -1.602x10 C, where   Law of Conservation of charge states that charge can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred. Thus the algebraic sum of the electric charges in a system does not change. Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A). where unit is in Ampere,A (Coulomb/s), while charge transfer is defined as
Note: + for power absorbed

Passive sign convention satisfied when the current enters through the positive terminal of an element and p=+vi. If the current enters through the negative terminal, p=-vi Law of conservation of energy energy is neither created nor destroyed, but tranforms from one form to another Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J)

Benjamin Franklin American inventor who introduced the convention of electric current flow of positive charge where negative flows in opposite direction Andre-Marie Ampere (17751836) a French mathematician and physicist, laid the foundation of electrodynamics. He defined the electric current and developed a way to measure it in the 1820s direct current (dc) a current that remains constant with time alternating current (ac) a current that varies sinusoidally with time

1 Wh=3,600 J

So that, eorg Simon Ohm (17871854) a German physicist, in 1826 experimentally determined the most basic law relating voltage and current for a resistor Short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching zero Open circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching infinity Linear resistor resistors that obeys ohms law Conductance, G - is the ability of an element to conduct electric current; it is measured in mhos or siemens (S).

5. Ci rcu i t El emen ts
Types: Active elements capable of generating energy. (e.g. battery, generator) Types: Passive elements not capable of generating energy (e.g. resistors, capacitors, and inductors) Types of sources: a. Ideal independent source an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit elements. b. Ideal dependent (or controlled) source an active

2. No d es, Bran ch es an d L o op s
Branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor Node is the point of connection between two or more branches Loop is any closed path in a circuit

Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively share a single node and consequently carry the same current. Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes and consequently have the same voltage across them.

For current, For voltage, Equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is equal to the product of their resistances divided by their sum Equivalent conductance of resistors connected in parallel is the sum of their individual conductances

3. Ki rch o ff s L aw s
Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero. In KCL,

where N is the number of branches connected to the node Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (18241887) a German physicist, stated two basic laws in 1847 concerning the relationship between the currents band voltages in an electrical network. Kirchhoffs laws, along with Ohms law, form the basis of circuit theory KCL The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the node Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero

Techniques in Solving 1. Elongate wires by using curves instead of cornered shapes. Play with the given figure. 2. Simplify the figure by using series and parallel combination. 3. Use KVL and KCL in solving for unknowns. 4. Aside from Kirchoffs Law, use nodal or delta wye transformations.

KVL - Sum of voltage drops= Sum of voltage rises

4. Seri es Re si sto rs an d Vo l tag e Di vi si o n

Equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in series is the sum of the individual resistances For current, For resistance, For voltage, Ratio and proportion in voltage division,

5. Paral l el Resi sto rs an d Cu rren t Di vi si o n

For resistance,