MAXWELLS EQUATIONS & THEIR APPLICATIONS

BY,
GUIDE : PROF. MEHUL NAIK

09BEC035 09BEC036

INDEX
BASIC

CONCEPTS MAXWELLS EQUATIONS ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SPEED OF ELECROMAGNETIC WAVES APPLICATIONS OF MAXWELLS EQUATION

GUIDE : PROF. MEHUL NAIK

BASIC CONCEPTS
(1) There are two kinds of charges. These have been labeled positive charge and negative charge. (2) Electrical charge is quantized. (3) Equality of the positive and the negative charge quantum: (4) In any closed system charge is conserved. (5) Charges generate electric and magnetic fields.

GUIDE : PROF. MEHUL NAIK

(6) The electromagnetic forces on a charged particle, q, can be obtained from a knowledge of the fields E, B generated at the position of q by all other charges. The force in Newton is given by F = q[E + ( V*B )] (7) Superposition: E=E1+E2 ; B=B1+B2. (8) A Stationary Charged Particle(q): E=k q(R/{|R|^3} ); B=0.

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(9) The Fields generated by a Moving Charged Particle(q): E=[k q{R/(|R|^3) }]; B=[{V*E(c^2)}].

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Maxwells Equations
We

have been examining a variety of electrical and magnetic phenomena James Clerk Maxwell summarized all of electricity and magnetism in just four equations Remarkably, the equations predict the existence of electromagnetic waves

GUIDE : PROF. MEHUL NAIK

GUIDE : PROF. MEHUL NAIK

 The

first is Gausss Law which is an extended form of Coulombs Law The second is the equivalent for magnetic fields, except that we know that magnetic poles always occur in pairs (north & south)

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 The

third is Faradays Law that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field The fourth is that a changing electric field produces a magnetic field The latter is a bit of a stretch. We knew that a current produces a magnetic field

GUIDE : PROF. MEHUL NAIK

 Start

with Amperes Law

B l = I
|| 0
Earlier, we just went on a closed path enclosing surface 1. But according to Amperes Law, we could have considered surface 2. The current enclosed is the same as for surface 1. We can say that the current flowing into any volume must equal that coming out.

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 Suppose

we have a charged capacitor and it begins to discharge

Surface 1 works but surface 2 has no current passing through the surface yet there is a magnetic field inside the surface.

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Same problem here. Surface 1 works, but no current passes through surface two which encloses a magnetic field. What is happening???

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 While

the capacitor is discharging, a current flows The electric field between the plates of the capacitor is decreasing as current flows Maxwell said the changing electric field is equivalent to a current He called it the displacement current

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 B l = (I
|| 0

+ ID )

A Q = CV = 0 (Ed ) = 0 AE d Q E = ID = 0 A t t E = AE E ID = 0 t E B||l = 0 I C + 0 0 t
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Electromagnetic Waves
So,

a magnetic field will be produced in space if there is a changing electric field But, this magnetic field is changing since the electric field is changing A changing magnetic field produces an electric field that is also changing We have a self-perpetuating system

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Close switch and current flows briefly. Sets up electric field. Current flow sets up magnetic field as little circles around the wires. Fields not instantaneous, but form in time. Energy is stored in fields and cannot move infinitely fast.
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Picture a shows first half cycle. When current reverses in picture b, the fields reverse. See the first disturbance moving outward. These are the electromagnetic waves.
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Notice that the electric and magnetic fields are at right angles to one another! They are also perpendicular to the direction of motion of the wave.

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Speed of EM Waves
Now

that we have shown how the waves are formed from oscillating charges, we need to see if we can predict how fast the move We move far away from the source so that the wave fronts are essentially flat Just like dropping a rock in a pond and looking at the waves a few hundred feet away from the impact point
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This picture defines the coordinate system we will use in our discussion. Wave propagates along the x-axis. The electric field varies in the y-direction and the magnetic field in the z-direction.
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We are going to apply Faradays Law to the imaginary moving rectangle abcd. Compute the magnetic flux change

B BA By0 vt = emf = = = By0 v t t t

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 We

can say the emf around the loop is the sum of the individual emfs going along each straight line segment in the loop We look at the work done in moving a test charge around the loop emf = W/q = Fd/q = Ed emf = Ey0 = By0v E = Bv

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Now we are going to look at the change in electric flux. Set a new imaginary rectangle and play the same game as before.
Ez0 vt E B||l = 0 0 t = 0 0 t = 0 0 Ez0v
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Bz0 = 00 Ez 0v B = 00 Ev E = Bv B = 00 (Bv)v 1 = 00v 2 1 v= v=

00
1

8.85 1012 4 107 v = 3 10 8

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THANK YOU

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