Physics 7D 2011 Summer Session II

Outline
Chapter 21: Electric charge / force between charges / electric field Chapter 22: Flux / Gauss law Chapter 23: Electric Potential / potential energy Chapter 24.1: Capacitors

Midterm
Chapter 27: Static magnetic field / force exerted by field Chapter 28: Sources of static magnetic field (Currents) / Amperes law Chapter 29: Electrodynamics / EM induction / Faradays Law / Lenzs law Induced electric field / Maxwells equations

Final

SKIP:

Chapter 25: Current / resistance / EMF Chapter 26: DC circuits --- these are covered in P7LD lab
P7D Lecture 1 1

Electric charge: Electrons, protons, neutrons

Proton: Electron: Neutron: where In SI Units: Charge +e Charge - e Charge 0 Mass: mp = 1.6726 x 10-27 kg Mass: me = 9.109 x 10-31 kg Mass: mn = 1.6749 x 10-27 kg

e = 1.6022 x 10-19 C 1 Coulomb [C] is 6.241 x 1018 e

CONSERVATION OF CHARGE:
Basically, electrons and protons cannot be created or destroyed, so the total charge in a closed system remains constant

P7D Lecture 1

Electric charge: atoms and ions

Neutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and neutrons Positively charged ions have one or more electrons removed Negatively charged ions have one or more electrons than protons

P7D Lecture 1

 Forces between charged objects

Two positive charges REPEL each other Two negative charges REPEL each other A positive and a negative charge ATTRACT each other Two pointlike charged objects subject each other to an electric force via COULOMBS LAW

We will often use the symbol k for the constant 1/40 In SI units, the fundamental constant has the value k = 1/40 = 8.988 x 109 Nm2/C2
P7D Lecture 1 4

The force is directed along the line between the two charges. It falls off as the inverse of the square of the distance between the charges The force on q1 due to q2 is equal and opposite to the force on q2 due to q1 (Newtons third law)

If q1 and q2 have the same sign, then F is positive and the force is repulsive.
If q1 and q2 have the opposite sign, then F is negative and the force is attractive

P7D Lecture 1

Insulators: The charges cannot move freely. (Plastics, glass, etc.) Conductors: The charges can move freely. (Metals)

Static electricity
Rub PVC on felt: Electrons move ON to the PVC which becomes negatively charged Rub polycarbonate on felt Electrons move OFF the polycarbonate, which becomes positively charged

P7D Lecture 1

Lecture1 Clicker question 1 A charged plastic rod is brought near to an empty soda can. What will happen? A) The can will not move B) The can will be repelled away from the rod C) The can will be attracted towards the rod

P7D Lecture 1

Induced charge:
When the positively charged rod is brought near the metal can, the electrons in the can are attracted towards the rod. The electrons move freely so that there is a deficiency of electrons at the far end of the can and an excess at the near end. By the 1/R2 force law, because the near end is closer to the rod the attraction of the negative charges at the near end is stronger than the repulsion of the positive charges at the far end. So, the can is attracted towards the rod.

P7D Lecture 1

Electric force versus gravitational force

Alpha particles: doubly ionized helium atom: m = 6.64*10-27 kg e = 2e = 3.20*10-19 C Calculate the both the electric and the gravitational forces between the alpha particles when they are separated by a distance r = 1nm =1.00*10-9 m

Electric force between the alpha particles: Fe = (1/4 0) *q1q2/r2 1/(4 0 ) = 9.00 * 109 Nm2/C2 q1q2 = ( e )2

Fe = 9.00*109 * (3.20*10-19)2 / (1.00*10-9)2 = 9.00*3.20*3.20*(10-38+9/10-18) = 92.2 * 10-11 N = 9.22*10-10 N

P7D Lecture 1

Gravitational force: between the alpha particles:

Fg = G m1m2/r2 m1m2 = (m)2 G = 6.67*10-11 Nm2/kg2

Fg= 6.67*10-11 * (6.64*10-27)2 / (1.00*10-9)2 = 6.67*6.64*6.64*(10-65/10-18) = 294 * 10-47 N = 2.94*10-45 N

Ratio of electric to gravitational force between the alpha particles:

Fe/Fg = 9.22*10-10/2.94*10-45 = 3.14*1035 REALLY BIG RATIO!!

P7D Lecture 1

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Force between two different point charges:

Q1 = 20 nC Q2 = - 30 nC R = 5.0 cm

Fe = (1/4 0) *Q1Q2/R2 = 9.00*109 * (20*10-9*30*10-9)/(5*10-2)2 = [9.00*20*30/25]*109-9-9/10-4 216*10-5 = 2.16*10-3 N

P7D Lecture 1

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Superposition of Forces
When more than two point charges are involved, the total force on any given charge is the VECTOR SUM of the forces on that charge due to each of the other charges
Example 21.3 Three forces in a line: Q3 = 5.0 nC at the origin; Q1 = 1.0 nC at x1 = 2.0 cm; Q2 = -3.0 nC at x2 = 4.0 cm What is the magnitude and direction of the total force on Q3?

P7D Lecture 1

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Fe = (1/4 0) *Q3Q1/x12 + (1/4 0) *Q3Q2/x22 = (1/4 0) *Q3*[Q1/x12 + Q2/x22 ]

= 9.0*109 *5.0*10-9 * [(1.0*10-9/(2.0*10-2)2 + (-3.0*10-9/(4.0*10-2)2)]

= 9.0*5.0*[(1/4) (3/16)]*10-9/10-4 = + 2.8*10-5 N Here, since the total force on Q3 is positive, i.e. repelled to the left

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Example similar to Ex 21.4: Three point charges in a plane

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Q21.4

Three point charges lie at the vertices of an equilateral triangle as shown. All three charges have the same magnitude, but Charge #1 is positive (+q) and Charges #2 and #3 are negative (q).
The net electric force that Charges #2 and #3 exert on Charge #1 is in

Charge #2 q

Charge #1
+q y q x Charge #3

A. the +x-direction.
C. the +y-direction. E. none of the above

B. the x-direction.
D. the y-direction.