Pedro Frazão - Cosmological Perturbations in A New Type of Chaplygin Gas

Introduction
Cosmological Perturbations
In A New Type Of Chaplygin Gas
Pedro Frazo
(Master Student)
CENTRA (Lisbon, Portugal)
Instituto Superior Tcnico
Work in collaboration with
Mariam Bouhmadi-Lpez and Alfredo B. Henriques
Pedro Frazo Cosmological Perturbations and Chaplygin Gas
Introduction
Outline
1
Introduction
Ination
Models
Introduction
Ination
Models
Outline
1
Introduction
Ination
Models
Introduction
Ination
Models
Early Universe
Why Ination?
Horizon problem
Flatness problem
...
A stage of accelerated expansion,

a > 0, in the early universe.
The Hubble radius, (aH)
1
, decreases in the inationary phase.
Observation: Ination is supported by CMB data (WMAP, ...).
Introduction
Ination
Models
Outline
1
Introduction
Ination
Models
Introduction
Ination
Models
Modied Chaplygin Gas
Model: Ination is driven by a modied Chaplygin Gas (Kamenshchik et al.
01, Bento et al. 02)
The idea is to extend the Chaplygin Gas model to the early universe;
How? Modied Chaplygin Gas that interpolates between inationary
era and a radiation dominated universe;
Simplest option through a perfect uid.
=
_
A +
B
a
4(1+)
_ 1
1+
p =
1
3

4
3
A

Introduction
Ination
Models
Modied Chaplygin Gas
Model: Ination is driven by a modied Chaplygin Gas.
=
_
A +
B
a
4(1+)
_ 1
1+
, 1 + < 0
=
_
A + B a
4|1+|
_ 1
1+
= = A
1
1+
=
B
1
1+
a
4
p =
1
3

4
3
A
= + 3 p < 0 =

a > 0
Introduction
Ination
Models
Modied Chaplygin Gas - Analytical results
The Friedmann equation, H
2
=
8 G
3
, can be analytically integrated,
involving hypergeometric functions.
In cosmic time:
2
8G
3
A
1
2(1+)
(t t
) = (y + 1)
r
F
1, r ; 1 r ;
1
1 + y
F (r , r ; 1 r ; 1)
In conformal time:
a
A
1
2(1+)
8G
3
(
) = F
r ,
r
2
; 1
r
2
; 1
r
2
(1+y)
r
F
r , 1; 1
r
2
;
y
1 + y
Were y = (a/a
)
4(1+)
and a
is the end of ination.

The Friedmann equation doesnt have an exact solution and the scale
factor is implicitly dened by these equations.
Introduction
Ination
Models
Background Equations I
Evolution of the universe:
The Einsteins equations with the FRW metric in conformal time give:
a
a
=
4 G
3
( 3p) ,
a
a
=
_
8 G
3

1/2
For the gravitational wave power spectrum it is necessary to solve X():
X
+
_
k
2
a
_
X = 0
The scale factor doesnt have an explicit expression for this model, then
the power spectrum must be calculated using numerical methods.
Introduction
Ination
Models
Background Equations II
Including Reheating through a description in terms of a scalar eld .
Inationary dynamics: a homogeneous scalar eld , drives ination,
=

2
2 a
2
+ V() , p =

2
2 a
2
+ V()
The Klein-Gordon equation, including reheating through a transfer of energy
between the scalar eld and the radiation uid,
r
, described by a
phenomenological parameter
, is:
+ 2
a
+ a
2
V
() =
a
With the equation to the radiation uid:
r
+ 4
a
a

r
=
2
a
Introduction
Ination
Models
Early Universe
Model 1
1
All the transition ination-radiation is given by the Modied Chaplygin
Gas for the early time;
2
For late time we use LCDM.
The transition ination-radiation is smooth, fact that will be clear in the
gravitational wave power spectrum.
Introduction
Ination
Models
Early Universe
Model 2
1
Until the end of ination the equivalent scalar eld potential for the modied
Chaplygin Gas is
V
1
() =
V
10
3
_
cosh
2
1+
(k(1 + )) + 2 cosh
2
1+
(k(1 + ))
_
2
Reheating through a potential of a quadratic form, leading to oscillations of the
scalar eld around the minimum of the potential
0
:
V
2
() = V
20
(
0
)
2n
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0
5. 10
13
1. 10
12
1.510
12
2. 10
12
2.510
12
V
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0
1. 10
12
2. 10
12
3. 10
12
4. 10
12
5. 10
12
6. 10
12
V
Introduction
Ination
Models
Early Universe
Model 2
1
All the ination is given by the Modied Chaplygin Gas for the early time.
2
Transition from ination to radiation through a transfer of energy between the
scalar eld and the radiation uid.
3
For late time we use LCDM.
The transition ination-radiation has many oscillations, witch can imply signicant
variations in the high-frequency range of gravitational wave power spectrum.
Introduction
Ination
Models
Quadratic scalar eld potential
This model, V
2
() = V
20
(
0
)
2n
, is important because of
taylor-series expansions of scalar eld potentials:

n
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0
1. 10
12
2. 10
12
3. 10
12
4. 10
12
5. 10
12
6. 10
12
V
The scalar eld oscillates in turn of the minimum of the potential.
Possible signicant imprint in the high frequency range of the
gravitational wave power spectrum.
Introduction
Ination
Models
Late Time
To explain late time expansion through dark energy LCDM:
H
2
= H
2
0
_
r
_
a
0
a
_
4
+
m
_
a
0
a
_
3
+
_
Generalised Chaplygin Gas using two different forms:
1
As a unied model:
H
2
= H
2
0
_
r
_
a
0
a
_
4
+
b
_
a
0
a
_
3
+
8G
3H
2
0
_
A
2
+
B
2
(a/a
0
)
3(1+
2
)
_ 1
1+
2
_
2
As a dark energy model:
H
2
= H
2
0
_
r
_
a
0
a
_
4
+
b
_
a
0
a
_
3
+
ch
_
A
S
+
1A
S
(a/a
0
)
3(1+
2
)
_ 1
1+
2
_
The power spectrum is not affected by
2
parameter.
Introduction
Ination
Models
Outline
1
Introduction
Ination
Models
Introduction
Ination
Models
Observational Constraints
Cosmological perturbations:
The most general linear perturbation of the FRW metric can be
expressed as
ds
2
= a
2
_
(1 + 2 A) d
2
+ 2 B
i
dx
i
d + (
ij
+ h
ij
)dx
i
dx
j
_
Observational constraints:
Density Perturbations
Gravitational Waves
Introduction
Ination
Models
Cosmological Gravitational Waves
Quantum uctuations in the early universe create a spectrum of gravitational waves.
Perturbed metric of a at universe, in conformal time
ds
2
= a
2
()
_
d
2
+
_
ij
+ h
ij
(, x)
dx
i
dx
j
_
Tensorial perturbations h
ij
expanded in plane waves
h
ij
(,
x) =
8G
2
=1
_
d
3
k
(2)
3/2
a()
2k
_
k,
(,
k)
ij
(
k, p) e
i
x
(, k) + h.c.
_
Where k = |k| = 2 a/ = a is the comoving wave number.
The annihilation and creation operators change with time.
The mode function obeys the equation:
+
_
k
2
a
_
= 0
Introduction
Ination
Models
Gravitational Wave Power Spectrum
Bogoliubov transformation to time-xed annihilation operators through
bogoliubov coefcients and :
k,
= (, k) A
(k) +
(, k) A
(k)
The coefcient gives the number of gravitons created in a given time for a
mode k, ||
2
= N
K
(). The power spectrum is
P() =

3
2
c
3
||
2
With
GW
=
_
P() d, the dimensionless relative logarithmic energy spectrum
at the present time
0
is given by
GW
(,
0
) =
1
c
(
0
)
d
GW
d ln
=
8 G
3 c
5
H
2
(
0
)
2
(
0
)
Introduction
Ination
Models
Bogoliubov Coefcient
The Bogoliubov coefcients obey the set of differential equations
=
i
2 k
_
+ e
2i k(
i
)
_
a
a
,
=
i
2 k
_
+ , e
2i k(
i
)
_
a
a
That, with the change of variables
=
1
2
(X + Y)e
ik(
i
)
, =
1
2
(X Y)e
ik(
i
)
And X
= i k Y becomes
X
+
_
k
2
a
_
X = 0
For a de Sitter universe, within an inationary period, a() =
1
H(
1
)
, when H
is approximately constant, H
8G
3
A
1
1+
for our model, has an exact solution,
X(
i
) =
_
1 +
i a(
i
) H
k
_
e
i k
a(
i
) H
, Y(
i
) =
_
1 +
i a(
i
) H
k

a
2
(
i
) H
k
_
e
i k
a(
i
) H
Introduction
Ination
Models
Numerical Integration
We integrate from the early universe until late-time:
The limits of integration are determined by the crossing of the horizon.
Introduction
Ination
Models
Results - Gravitational Wave Power Spectrum
Modied Chaplygin Gas Including Reheating
Introduction
Ination
Models
Scalar Perturbations
Slow-roll aproximation:
Power spectrum:
P
S
(k) =
128
3
V()
3
V
()
2
=
c
Slow-roll parameters:
=
1
16
_
V
()
V()
_
2
, =
1
8
V
()
V()
, =
1
64
2
V
() V
()
V()
Spectral parameters:
n
s
= 1 6 + 2 ,
s
= 16 24
2
2
Experimental values for k
c
= 0.05 Mpc
1
:
P
S
(k
c
) = (2.450.23)10
9
, n
S
(k
c
) = 1.00.1 , |
S
(k
c
)| < 0.04
Through this picture we can constrain the value: Work in progress.
Introduction
Ination
Models
Conclusions
New model for the ination to radiation transition
We have included the reheating through a toy model
Work in Progress: higher orders of the second potential in
the second model
Work in Progress: Scalar perturbations

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Introduction

Pedro Frazo Cosmological Perturbations and Chaplygin Gas

is the end of ination.

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