Standarization of Civil Engineering Works of SHP

Standardization of civil engineering works of small hydropower plants
(development of an optimisation tool)
Dr Erik Bollaert Porto 19.10.2004

C OLE P OLY TEC H NIQU E FDRALE DE LAUS ANNE
SE.
SECTIONS
1- Purpose 2- Scope of work 3- Typical small hydro 4- Sand trap design 5- Results of sand trap 6- POPEHYE tool
CO L E PO LY T EC H N IQ U E F D RA LE D E L AUSAN N E
PURPOSE
Purpose Scope of work Typical small hydro Sand trap design Results of sand trap
Standardization of main structures of a small hydropower plant as a function of the design parameters (discharge, head, ) with focus on high head power plants Development of parameterised, design drawings of the main structures and construction cost functions Implementation of the standardized structures in a general applicable optimisation tool for the layout of the hydropower plant: POPEHYE tool
SCOPE OF WORK
Design criteria for civil engineering works and structural and hydraulic design of:
Intake (Tyrolian weir, side intake) Desilting basin and rock trap Free surface flow canals (open air and buried) Forebay and transition to pressure flow Penstock with fixed points (anchor blocks)
SCOPE OF WORK
Standardization of structures as a function of the design parameters

Standardized geometries (concrete dimensions, constructions details, steel dimensions, ) Parameterised design drawings with excavation concrete volume, formwork surface and reinforcement Construction cost functions (based on design parameters and unit prizes)
SCOPE OF WORK
Implementation of optimisation tool
Review and generalisation of existing optimisation tool POPEHYE Implementation of standardized structures and cost functions in optimisation strategies Derivation of general rules for optimisation strategies
TYPICAL SMALL HYDRO

T Y .
Sand trap
Intake
Forebay
Weir
Small hydro
Turbine & Generator
k stoc Pen
Network
SAND TRAP DESIGN

Purpose
q To separate the undesired sediment carried by the flow from the water.
Conventional type
q Longitudinal settling tank : It consists of one or more chambers of sufficient length to allow the sediment particles to settle down.
Sand traps with continuous flushing (system DUFOUR)

SAND TRAP DESIGN

Design Criteria (Scheuerlein)

o Identification of the maximum grain size which has to be excluded. The range of design grain size lays between 0.1 mm and 1 mm. Uniform approach flow conditions to the basin which is particularly important when several parallel basins are to be used. Uniform flow conditions in the basin itself to facilitate the settling process. Sufficient length to allow all particles of design grain size to settle down. Installation of a device to clear the basin when necessary.
o o o
SAND TRAP DESIGN

Main part of sand trap : Desanding chamber

For proper design, the dimensions of this chamber must correspond to the settling characteristics of the design grain size: = 0 - = 0 - 0.04 Vmc (CAMP formula for the settling velocity in a sand trap) = Settling velocity of sand in flowing water (m/s) Vmc = 0.44 * (dsc)0.5 Critical mean flow velocity (m/s) dsc = Design grain size (mm) 0 = Settling velocity of sand in quiescent water (m/s) = d sc *g/ *(s-)/18 s = Specific mass of the particle = Specific mass of the fluid = dynamic viscosity of fluid
For application the next fiqure shows , 0 and Vmc as functions of dsc.
SAND TRAP DESIGN

Vmc 1 : Critical mean flow velocity (Vmc) 2 : Settling velocity of sand in quiescent water (0) 3 : Settling velocity of sand in flowing water ()
SAND TRAP DESIGN

Design of Desanding chamber: Length L, width B and depth H of the chamber must fullfil the following conditions: L>= Vmc/ *H B= Q/(Vmc*H) Q= design flow (m3/s) B=H/1.25 B<= L/8 Recommendations: Extension of the calculated basin length by 10% to 20% in order to compensate for excessive turbulence in approach flow. Decision upon having two or more basins instead of one in order to be more flexible to react upon undesired effects without taking the plant out of operation (particularly important with respect to flushing)
RESULTS OF SAND TRAP

6
Geometry of sediment trap

Width (B) and Height (H) of sediment trap for different discharges (0.5 to 5.0 m3/s).
Width [m]
B_d=0.1 B_d=0.2 B_d=0.5 B_d=1.0
8 7 6 5 4 3
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

3
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Discharge (m /s)
Height [m]
H_d=0.1 2 1 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

3
H_d=0.2 H_d=0.5 H_d=1.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Different design grain sizes from 0.1 to 1.0 mm have been considered.
Discharge (m /s)

Geometry of sediment trap

Length (L) of sediment trap for different discharges (0.5 to 5.0 m3/s).
60
Different design grain sizes (d=0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 mm) have been considered.
L
50 40
Lenght [m]
30 L_d=0.1 L_d=0.2 10 L_d=0.5 L_d=1.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
20
Discharge (m 3/s)

Volume of concrete [m3]

Volume of concrete is estimated for different designs based on discharges (0.5 to 5.0 m3/s).
1400 1200
Vcon
Con_d=0.1 Con_d=0.2 Con_d=0.5 Con_d=1.0
Concrete volume [m 3]
1000 800 600 400 200 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Discharge (m3/s)

Weight of steel bars [kg]

Reinforcement in concrete has been estimated for different discharges (0.5 to 5.0 m3/s).
180,000 160,000 140,000
Steel weight [kg]
St_d=0.1 St_d=0.2 St_d=0.5 St_d=1.0
Wst
120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Discharge (m /s)

Excavation volume [m3]

Excavation volume is estimated for different discharges (0.5 to 5.0 m3/s).
2,500 Exc_d=0.1 2,000
3 Excavation volume [m ]
Exc
Exc_d=0.2 Exc_d=0.5 Exc_d=1.0
1,500
1,000
500
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

3
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Discharge (m /s)

Purpose
400,000
Concrete cost [CHF]
Scope of work Typical small hydro Sand trap design Results of sand trap
Concrete cost [CHF]

Concrete cost is estimated for different discharges (0.5 to 5.0 m3/s) and different grain size diameters (d=0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 mm)
350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000
PrCon_d=0.1 PrCon_d=0.2 PrCon_d=0.5 PrCon_d=1.0
Con
500,000 450,000 400,000 350,000

Steel cost [CHF]
Prst_d=0.1 Prst_d=0.2 Prst_d=0.5 Prst_d=1.0
St.
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

3
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Discharge (m /s)
300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
3
Steel cost [CHF]

Reinforcement cost of concrete is estimated for different discharges (0.5 to 5.0 m3/s) and different grain size diameters (d=0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 mm)
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Discharge (m /s)

Purpose
30,000 200,000 Pg_d=0.1 25,000 Pg_d=0.2 Pg_d=0.5 Pg_d=1.0
Gate cost [CHF]
Site equipement cost [CHF ]
Scope of work Typical small hydro Sand trap design Results of sand trap
Gate
180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000
Sit_d=0.1 Sit_d=0.2 Sit_d=0.5 Sit_d=1.0
Site
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

3
0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
3
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Discharge (m /s)
Discharge (m /s)
90,000 Prexc_d=0.1 80,000 Prexc_d=0.2 Prexc_d=0.5 Prexc_d=1.0 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
3
For different discharges (0.5 to 5.0 m3/s) and different grain size diameters (d=0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 mm)
Excavation cost [CHF]
Excavation, gate and site equipment cost [CHF]
Exc
70,000
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Discharge (m /s)

Total cost [CHF]

Concrete Reinforcement
Total cost [CHF]
1,200,000 tot_d=0.1 1,000,000 tot_d=0.2 tot_d=0.5 tot_d=1.0 800,000
Excavation Gate Site equipment .
600,000
400,000
200,000
For different discharges (0.5 to 5.0 m3/s) and different design grain sizes (d=0.1 to 1.0 mm)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Discharge (m3/s)
POPEHYE Dimensioning and optimisation of small hydropower plants

Objectives of POPEHYE - Facilitate feasibility studies of inexplored sites - Encourage studies with different possible solutions - Contribute to optimisation of chosen solution
POPEHYE
Computational phases
Hydrologic analysis of catchment area
Economical optimisation of equipped discharge
Predimensioning of main structural elements STANDARDIZATION
Surge tank Discharge Intake Trap Canal Forebay Penstock Power house
POPEHYE
Main structural elements
Intake Desilting basin Penstock
Forebay
Surge tank
Pressurized canal
Free surface canal
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS
Detailed design of all structural elements Construction drawings Economic optimisation Compilation of software in Visual Basic Language choice Etc
Thanks for your attention!

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Standardization of civil engineering works of small hydropower plants

(development of an optimisation tool)

Dr Erik Bollaert Porto 19.10.2004

Standardization of structures as a function of the design parameters

Implementation of optimisation tool

TYPICAL SMALL HYDRO

SAND TRAP DESIGN

Sand traps with continuous flushing (system DUFOUR)

SAND TRAP DESIGN

Design Criteria (Scheuerlein)

SAND TRAP DESIGN

Main part of sand trap : Desanding chamber

SAND TRAP DESIGN

SAND TRAP DESIGN

RESULTS OF SAND TRAP

Geometry of sediment trap

B_d=0.1 B_d=0.2 B_d=0.5 B_d=1.0

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

H_d=0.1 2 1 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

H_d=0.2 H_d=0.5 H_d=1.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

RESULTS OF SAND TRAP

Geometry of sediment trap

RESULTS OF SAND TRAP

Volume of concrete [m3]

1000 800 600 400 200 0 0.5 1.0 1.5

RESULTS OF SAND TRAP

Weight of steel bars [kg]

St_d=0.1 St_d=0.2 St_d=0.5 St_d=1.0

120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 0.5 1.0 1.5

RESULTS OF SAND TRAP

Excavation volume [m3]

Exc_d=0.2 Exc_d=0.5 Exc_d=1.0

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

RESULTS OF SAND TRAP

Concrete cost [CHF]

Concrete cost [CHF]

350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000

PrCon_d=0.1 PrCon_d=0.2 PrCon_d=0.5 PrCon_d=1.0

500,000 450,000 400,000 350,000

Prst_d=0.1 Prst_d=0.2 Prst_d=0.5 Prst_d=1.0

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Steel cost [CHF]

RESULTS OF SAND TRAP

Site equipement cost [CHF ]

180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000

Sit_d=0.1 Sit_d=0.2 Sit_d=0.5 Sit_d=1.0

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Excavation cost [CHF]

Excavation, gate and site equipment cost [CHF]

RESULTS OF SAND TRAP

Total cost [CHF]

1,200,000 tot_d=0.1 1,000,000 tot_d=0.2 tot_d=0.5 tot_d=1.0 800,000

Excavation Gate Site equipment .

POPEHYE Dimensioning and optimisation of small hydropower plants

Economical optimisation of equipped discharge

Predimensioning of main structural elements STANDARDIZATION

Free surface canal

Thanks for your attention!

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