Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Progress in Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 191-205, 2011
Progress in Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 191-205, 2011
2
= [sin
1
(n
1
/n
2
sin )] with amplitude 2 cos /(cos + cos
2
) and
an LCP wave at angle and amplitude (cos cos
2
)/(cos +cos
2
).
If we take < 1, then n
1
> n
2
and
2
> . If = 0 then only normal
reection take place, and if increases the dierence between the angle
and
1
,
2
increases. For > 1, we have negative reection for RCP
reected wave (shown as gray in Figure 2) [17].
3. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS FIELDS OF THREE
DIMENSIONAL CASSEGRAIN SYSTEM PLACED IN
CHIRAL MEDIUM
Cassegrain system consists of two reectors, one is paraboloidal main
reector and other is hyperboloidal subreector as shown in Figure 3.
194 Arshad, Mehmood, and Mughal
In this problem we are considering the receiving characteristics of 3D
Cassegrain system. When both RCP and LCP waves are incident on
the main paraboloidal reector, it cause four reected waves designated
as LL, RR, LR and RL [17]. These four waves are then incident on
the secondary hyperboloidal subreector and will cause eight reected
waves designated as LLL, RRR, LLR, RRL, RLR, RLL, LRR and LRL.
Only four waves(LLL, RRR, LLR, RRL) will converge in the focal
region while other four waves (RLR, RLL, LRR, LRL) will diverge. In
this paper we are considering only four converging rays after reection
from hyperboloidal subreector as shown in Figure 4. For > 1,
n
1
=
1
1
< 0 and n
2
=
1
1+
> 0, so LCP wave travels with NPV
and RCP wave with PPV. For < 1 RCP wave travels with NPV
and LCP wave with PPV. We have depicted here the case of > 1
only because for < 1, we can get the solutions from > 1 by
interchanging the role of LCP and RCP modes [18]. Cassegrain system
for > 1 is shown in Figure 5. LLL and RRR rays are reected at the
same angle while RRL and LLR rays have dierent response. It can be
seen that only two rays (LLL and RRR) are contributing to the focus,
while RRL and LLR rays are divergent. Equations for paraboloidal
and hyperboloidal reector of Cassegrain system are given by
1
=
2
1
4f
f + c,
2
=
a
b
_
2
2
+ b
2
1/2
, c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
(1)
where
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
,
2
1
=
2
1
+
2
1
,
2
2
=
2
2
+
2
2
, aR
2
= c
2
a
2
(2)
Figure 3. Three dimensional Cassegrain system.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 2011 195
Figure 4. 3D Cassegrain system in chiral medium for < 1.
Figure 5. 3D cassegrain system in chiral medium for > 1.
and (
1
,
1
,
1
) and (
2
,
2
,
2
) are the cartesian coordinates of the
points on the paraboloidal and hyperboloidal reectors, respectively.
Unit vectors normal to the paraboloidal and hyperboloidal surfaces are
as following, respectively
N
1
= sin cos a
x
+ sinsin a
y
cos a
z
(3a)
N
2
= sin cos a
x
sin sina
y
+ cos a
z
(3b)
196 Arshad, Mehmood, and Mughal
where
sin =
1
_
2
1
+ 4f
2
, cos =
2f
_
2
1
+ 4f
2
, tan =
1
1
(4a)
sin =
a
2
b
R
1
R
2
, cos =
b
2
a
R
1
R
2
, tan =
2
2
(4b)
while R
1
and R
2
are the distances from the point (
2
,
2
,
2
) on the
hyperboloidal reector to the caustic points z = c and z = c,
respectively. Incident waves on main paraboloidal reector having unit
amplitude are given by.
Q
L
= exp(jkn
1
z), Q
R
= exp(jkn
2
z) (5)
Consider the case of normal incidence such that these waves are
incident at an angle with surface normal N
1
as shown in Figure 3
to Figure 5. The reected wave vectors will be LL, RR, RL and LR as
given in [12]. We will take two, RR and LL, waves that will incident on
hyperboloidal subreector and converge as well after reection. The
wave vectors of these (LLL, RRR, RRL and LLR) reected waves by
the hyperboloidal subreector are given as
p
LLL
= n
1
sin(2 2) cos a
x
n
1
sin(2 2) sin a
y
n
1
cos(2 2)a
z
(6a)
p
RRR
= n
2
sin(2 2) cos a
x
n
2
sin(2 2) sin a
y
n
2
cos(2 2)a
z
(6b)
p
RRL
= n
1
sin(
1
) cos a
x
n
1
sin(
1
) sin a
y
n
1
cos(
1
)a
z
(6c)
p
LLR
= n
2
sin(
2
) cos a
x
n
2
sin(
2
) sin a
y
n
2
cos(
2
)a
z
(6d)
The initial amplitudes for these four reected rays are
A
0LLL
=
_
cos cos
2
cos + cos
2
__
cos cos
2
cos + cos
2
_
(7a)
A
0RRR
=
_
cos cos
1
cos + cos
1
__
cos cos
1
cos + cos
1
_
(7b)
A
0RRL
=
_
cos cos
1
cos + cos
1
__
2 cos
cos + cos
1
_
(7c)
A
0LLR
=
_
cos cos
2
cos + cos
2
__
2 cos
cos + cos
2
_
(7d)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 2011 197
And the corresponding initial phases are
S
0LLL
= n
1
1
= n
1
_
2f
cos 2
1 + cos 2
c
_
(8a)
S
0RRR
= n
2
1
= n
2
_
2f
cos 2
1 + cos 2
c
_
(8b)
S
0RRL
= n
2
1
= n
2
_
2f
cos 2
1 + cos 2
c
_
(8c)
S
0LLR
= n
1
1
= n
1
_
2f
cos 2
1 + cos 2
c
_
(8d)
In the above equations R
1
and R
2
are the distances from the
point (
2
,
2
,
2
) to the focal points z = c and z = c, respectively
with c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
. The cartesian coordinates of the rays reected by
the hyperboloidal subreector are given by.
x
LLL
=
2
+ P
xLLL
t, x
RRR
=
2
+ P
xRRR
t (9a)
x
RRL
=
2
+ P
xRRL
t, x
LLR
=
2
+ P
xLLR
t (9b)
y
LLL
=
2
+ P
yLLL
t, y
RRR
=
2
+ P
yRRR
t (9c)
y
RRL
=
2
+ P
yRRL
t, y
LLR
=
2
+ P
yLLR
t (9d)
z
LLL
=
2
+ P
zLLL
t, z
RRR
=
2
+ P
zRRR
t (9e)
z
RRL
=
2
+ P
zRRL
t, z
LLR
=
2
+ P
zLLR
t (9f)
where
t
1
=
_
(
2
1
)
2
+ (
2
1
)
2
+ (
2
1
)
2
(10a)
t =
_
(x
2
)
2
+ (y
2
)
2
+ (z
2
)
2
(10b)
The Jacobian transformation of reected rays can be found using
_
J(t) =
D(t)
D(0
_
. The GO eld for each ray can now be written as
U(r)
LLL
= A
0LLL
[J
LLL
]
1/2
exp
_
jk
_
S
0LLL
+ n
2
1
t + n
1
t
1
_
(11a)
U(r)
RRR
= A
0RRR
[J
RRR
]
1/2
exp
_
jk
_
S
0RRR
+ n
2
2
t + n
2
t
1
_
(11b)
U(r)
RRL
= A
0RRL
[J
RRL
]
1/2
exp
_
jk
_
S
0RRL
+ n
2
1
t + n
1
t
1
_
(11c)
U(r)
LLR
= A
0LLR
[J
LLR
]
1/2
exp
_
jk
_
S
0LLR
+ n
2
2
t + n
2
t
1
_
(11d)
198 Arshad, Mehmood, and Mughal
where A
0
and S
0
are the initial amplitudes and phases respectively.
Their expressions are given in Eqs. (7)(14). The phase functions are
given by
S
LLL
= S
0LLL
+ n
1
t
1
+ n
2
1
t x
LLL
P
xLLL
y
LLL
P
yLLL
+ xP
xLLL
+ yP
yLLL
(12a)
S
RRR
= S
0RRR
+ n
2
t
1
+ n
2
2
t x
RRR
P
xRRR
y
RRR
P
yRRR
+ xP
xRRR
+ yP
yRRR
(12b)
S
RRL
= S
0RRL
+ n
1
t
1
+ n
2
1
t x
RRL
P
xRRL
y
RRL
P
yRRL
+ xP
xRRL
+ yP
yRRL
(12c)
S
LLR
= S
0LLR
+ n
2
t
1
+ n
2
2
t x
LLR
P
xLLR
y
LLR
P
yLLR
+ xP
xLLR
+ yP
yLLR
(12d)
In these phase functions S
0
and t
1
are given above. While the extra
terms are given by
S
exLLL
= n
2
1
t x
LLL
P
xLLL
y
LLL
P
yLLL
+ xP
xLLL
+ yP
yLLL
= n
2
1
t (
2
+ P
xLLL
t)P
xLLL
+ (
2
+ P
yLLL
t)P
yLLL
+xP
xLLL
+ yP
yLLL
= (P
zLLL
)
2
t + (x
2
)P
xLLL
+ (y
2
)P
yLLL
= (x
2
)P
xLLL
+ (y
2
)P
yLLL
+ (z
2
)P
zLLL
= n
1
xsin(2 2) cos n
1
y sin(2 2) sin
n
1
z cos(2 2) + n
1
2
sin(2 2) cos
+n
1
2
sin(2 2) sin + n
1
2
cos(2 2) (13)
Similarly
S
exRRR
= n
2
xsin(2 2) cos n
2
y sin(2 2) sin
n
2
z cos(2 2) + n
2
2
sin(2 2) cos
+n
2
2
sin(2 2) sin + n
2
2
cos(2 2) (14)
S
exRRL
= n
1
xsin(
1
) cos n
1
y sin(
1
) sin
n
1
z cos(
1
) + n
1
2
sin(
1
) cos
+n
1
2
sin(
1
) sin + n
1
2
cos(
1
) (15)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 2011 199
S
exLLR
= n
2
xsin(
2
) cos n
2
y sin(
2
) sin
n
2
z cos(
2
) + n
2
2
sin(
2
) cos
+n
2
2
sin(
2
) sin +
2
cos(
2
) (16)
Since GO becomes innite at caustic region, so we found approximate
eld at the caustic by Maslovs method. To calculate the eld at caustic
region we need expression
_
J(t)
(P
x
,P
y
)
(x,y)
_
for all four rays, reected from
hyperboloidal subreector, which are given below.
_
J(t)
LLL
(P
xLLL
, P
yLLL
(x, y)
_
=
n
1
sin(22) cos
2
(22) cos()
R
2
2
cos
2
() cos(2)
(17a)
_
J(t)
RRR
(P
xRRR
, P
yRRR
(x, y)
_
=
n
2
sin(22) cos
2
(22) cos()
R
2
2
cos
2
() cos(2)
(17b)
_
J(t)
LLR
(P
xLLR
, P
yLLR
(x, y)
_
=
n
2
sin(
2
) cos
2
(
2
) cos()
R
2
2
cos
2
() cos(
2
)
_
n
1
cos()
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
cos()
[1
1
]
1
_
(17c)
_
J(t)
RRL
(P
xRRL
, P
yRRL
(x, y)
_
=
n
1
sin(
1
) cos
2
(
1
) cos()
R
2
2
cos
2
() cos(
1
)
_
n
2
cos()
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
cos()
[1
1
]
1
_
(17d)
where
= 1
2ac
R
1
(R
2
+ a)
_
cos
2
+
sin
2
(18a)
=
1 + tan(2) tan() cos
2
()
1 + tan(2) tan() cos
2
()
(18b)
=
1 + tan(2) tan() sin
2
()
1 + tan(2) tan() sin
2
()
(18c)
1
=
ac
R
1
(R
2
+ a)
_
cos
2
+
sin
2
(18d)
200 Arshad, Mehmood, and Mughal
After substituting all the required parameters and simplifying
them we will get the following nal expressions at caustic region.
U(r)
LLL
=
jk
2
__
A
2
A
1
+
_
A
1
A
2
_ _
2
0
A
0LLL
()
R
3
2
cos
3
() sin(4)
f
2
_
n
3
1
sin(2 2) cos(2 )
2 cos
_
1/2
exp[jk{S
0LLL
+ n
1
t
1
+ S
exLLL
}]d()d() (19a)
U(r)
RRR
=
jk
2
__
A
2
A
1
+
_
A
1
A
2
_ _
2
0
A
0RRR
()
R
3
2
cos
3
() sin(4)
f
2
_
n
3
2
sin(2 2) cos(2 )
2 cos
_
1/2
exp[jk{S
0RRR
+ n
2
t
1
+ S
exRRR
}]d()d() (19b)
U(r)
RRL
=
jk
2
__
A
2
A
1
+
_
A
2
A
1
_ _
2
0
A
0RRL
()
R
3
2
cos
3
() sin(4)
2f
2
_
n
3
1
sin(
1
) cos(
1
)
cos()
_
1/2
_
_
n
2
cos()
1
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
()
+
1
1
_
_
1/2
exp[jk{S
0RRL
+ n
1
t
1
+ S
exRRL
}]d()d() (19c)
U(r)
LLR
=
jk
2
__
A
2
A
1
+
_
A
2
A
1
_ _
2
0
A
0LLR
()
R
3
2
cos
3
() sin(4)
2f
2
_
n
3
2
sin(
2
) cos(
2
)
cos()
_
1/2
_
_
n
1
cos()
1
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
()
+
1
1
_
_
1/2
exp[jk{S
LLR
+ n
2
t
1
+ S
exLLR
}]d()d() (19d)
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Field pattern around the caustic of a Cassegrain system are determined
using Eqs. (19a)(19d) by using Maslovs method. Values for dierent
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 2011 201
parameters of Cassegrain system are: kf = 25, ka = 8, kb = 9, kd = 6,
kD = 18. Limits of integration for Eqs. (19a)(19d) are selected using
the following relations [19].
A
1
= 2 tan
1
_
D
2f
_
, A
2
= tan
1
_
d
2c
_
(20)
Equations of caustic for LLL and RRR rays are given by Eq. (19a) and
Eq. (19b). These are similar as in the case of ordinary medium [19].
LLL and RRR rays coincide for all values of . As the value of
increases, magnitude of the eld at caustic increases. This behavior is
depicted in Figures 6 and 7. For = 0, n
1
= n
2
= 1 and
U
LLL
= U
RRR
= 0 (21)
Figure 6. |U
LLL
| of 3D Cassegarin system at kx = 0, ky = 0, for
= 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01.
Figure 7. |U
RRR
| of 3D Cassegrain system at kx = 0, ky = 0, for
= 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01.
202 Arshad, Mehmood, and Mughal
Figure 8. |U
RRL
| of 3D cassegrain system at kx = 0, ky = 0, for
= 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01.
Figure 9. |U
LLR
| of 3D Cassegrain system at kx = 0, ky = 0, for
= 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01.
Equations of caustic for RRL and LLR rays are given by Eq. (19c) and
Eq. (19d). As the value of increases, gap between the focal points
of RRL and LLR rays increases as shown in Figures 8 and 9. It is
due to the fact that enlarging the value of chirality parameter causes
reduction in the phase velocity of LLR ray, i.e., it slows down. While
by increasing the value of , phase velocity of RRL ray increases. This
is why the gap between RRL and LLR rays continues to increases with
increase in the value of as shown in Figure 9. For = 0, n
1
= n
2
= 1
and
U
RRL
= U
LLR
= 0 (22)
Equations (21) and (22) explains that for zero chirality parameter,
1
= and
2
= , i.e., LL and RR rays reduce to zero amplitude.
Since LLL, RRR, LLR and RRL rays are reected as the result of
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 2011 203
Figure 10. |U
LLL
| of 3D Cassegrain system at kx = 0, ky = 0, for
= 1.2, 1.4, 1.6.
Figure 11. |U
RRR
| of 3D Cassegrain system at kx = 0, ky = 0, for
= 1.2, 1.4, 1.6.
incidence of LL and RR rays on hyperboloidal reector. So it is quite
obvious that if LL and RR rays vanishes at = 0 then LLL, RRR,
RRL and LLR rays also have zero amplitude for zero chirality as shown
in Figures 611. While other four rays LRL, LRR, RLR, RRL, caused
due the incidence of RL and LR will be like ordinary medium waves [19]
for zero chirality case. Due to these properties, it can be advantageous
in RF absorber and reection controlling applications.
Plots of LLL and RRR rays for > 1 are given in Figures 10 and
11, respectively. In this case LCP wave is traveling with NPV and
RCP with PPV. Due to this, LLL and RRR rays are located at same
location as in the case of ordinary medium, while RRL and LLR waves
diverge out and do not form a real focus. Hence for > 1, negative
reections occur which can be applicable where invisibility is required.
204 Arshad, Mehmood, and Mughal
5. CONCLUSION
It is found that excitation of a Cassegrain system placed in chiral
medium by the plane wave yield eight rays four of them converge and
their eld expressions are determined in this paper. LLL and RRR,
rays are focused at the same location as if the system is placed in an
ordinary medium [19]. It is also found that for weak chirality parameter
case other two rays, LLR and RRL, are focused on the opposite sides of
the caustic region locating in an ordinary medium [19]. As increases,
gap between the focal points of LLR and RRL rays increases. For NPV
case, it is observed that caustic for LLL and RRR rays does not change,
while the caustics of LLR and RRL rays disappear because these two
rays are now diverging.
REFERENCES
1. Zouhdi, S., A. Sihvola, and A. P. Vinogradov, Metamaterials and
Plasmonics: Fundamentals, Modelling, Applications, Springer,
2008.
2. Mehmood, M. Q., M. J. Mughal, and T. Rahim, Focal region
elds of Gregorian system placed in homogeneous chiral medium,
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 11, 241256, 2010.
3. Mehmood, M. Q. and M. J. Mughal, Analysis of focal region
elds of PEMC Gregorian system embeded in homogeneous chiral
medium, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 18,
155163, 2010.
4. Mehmood, M. Q., M. J. Mughal, and T. Rahim, Focal
region elds of Cassegrain system placed in homogeneous chiral
medium, Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 21, 329
346, 2010.
5. Dong, W. T., L. Gao, and C. W. Qiu, Goos-Hanchen shift
at the surface of chiral negative refractive media, Progress In
Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 90, 255268, 2009.
6. Qiu, C. W., H. Y. Yao, L. W. Li, S. Zouhdi, and T. S. Yeo,
Backward waves in magnetoelectrically chiral media: Propaga-
tion, impedance, and negative refraction, Physical Review B,
Vol. 75, 155120, 2007.
7. Maslov, V. P., Perturbation theory and asymptotic methods,
Izdat. Moskov. Gos. Univ., Moscow, 1965 (in Russian).
8. Maslov, V. P. and V. E. Nazaikinski, Asymptotics of operator
and pseudo-dierential equations, Consultants Bureau, N.Y.,
1988.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 2011 205
9. Lakhtakia, A., V. V. Varadan, and V. K. Varadan, What happens
to plane waves at the planar interfaces of mirror conjugated chiral
media, Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics,
Image Science, and Vision, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2326, January 1989.
10. Rahim, T., M. J. Mughal, Q. A. Naqvi, and M. Faryad,
Paraboloidal reector in chiral medium supporting simulta-
neously positive phase velocity and negative phase velocity,
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 92, 223234, 2009.
11. Ghaar, A., Q. A. Naqvi, and K. Hongo, Analysis of the
elds in three dimensional Cassegrain system, Progress In
Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 72, 215240, 2007.
12. Rahim, T., M. J. Mughal, M. Faryad, and Q. A. Naqvi, Fields
around the focal region of a paraboloidal reector placed in
isotropic chiral medium, Progress In Electromagnetics Research
B, Vol. 15, 5776, 2009.
13. Rahim, T., M. J. Mughal, M. Faryad, and Q. A. Naqvi, Focal
region eld of a paraboloidal reector coated with isotropic chiral
medium, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 94, 351
366, 2009.
14. Qiu, C. W., N. Burokur, S. Zouhdi, and L. W. Li, Chiral nihility
eects on energy ow in chiral materials, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A,
Vol. 25, No. 1, 5563, 2008.
15. Tuz, V. R. and C. W. Qiu, Semi-innite chiral nihility photonics:
Parametric dependence, wave tunneling and rejection, Progress
In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 103, 139152, 2010.
16. Dong, J. F., Surface wave modes in chiral negative refrac-
tion grounded slab waveguides, Progress In Electromagnetics Re-
search, Vol. 95, 153166, 2009.
17. Faryad, M. and Q. A. Naqvi, High frequency expression for the
eld in the caustic region of cylindrical reector placed in chiral
medium, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 76, 153
182, 2007.
18. Faryad, M. and Q. A. Naqvi, Cylindrical reector in chiral
medium supporting simultaneously positive phase velocity and
negative phase velocity, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and
Applications, Vol. 22, No. 4, 563572, 2008.
19. Ghaar, A., Q. A. Naqvi, and K. Hongo, Analysis of the
elds in three dimensional Cassegrain system, Progress In
Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 72, 215240, 2007.