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A Study On Atmospheric Turbulence Effects in Full-Optical Free-Space Communication Systems
A Study On Atmospheric Turbulence Effects in Full-Optical Free-Space Communication Systems
x
2
=
6
11
u.S6k
76
C
n
2
R
116
(6)
I
2
= 4
x
2
= 1.22k
76
C
n
2
R
116
(7)
C. The Aperture Averaging
The intensity fluctuation
I
2
is shown in (7) which would
be measured by a receiving aperture with a small diameter. In
practice the receiving aperture has a finite diameter and the
intensity fluctuations measured will not be
I
2
, but rather an
average of the fluctuations over the whole aperture. When we
measure the aperture averaging, the aperture averaging factor A
is defined as the ratio of the normalized intensity variance of
fluctuating of a receiver with diameter D to that of a point
receiver. For plane waves with small inner scale, l
0
<
(Rk)
12
, where R is the propagation distance and k is the
wave number. The aperture averaging factor may be
approximated by [8-9]:
A =
I
2
(D)
I
2
(D=0)
= _1 + 1.u7 [
kD
2
4R
76
_
-1
(8)
Fig. 1 shows the aperture averaging factor A changes with
the propagation length, when the receiver diameter is 0.04m,
0.08m and 0.16m.
Figure 1. aperture averaging factor
D. Angel-of-Arrival
We have discussed the log-amplitude fluctuation. Now we
begin to discuss about the phase fluctuation. When an optical
wave propagated in vacuum, it has a uniform wave front.
Because the atmosphere influenced, different portions of the
wave front will experience different phase shifts at the receiver
surface. When an optical wave propagated in a random
medium, it will have random surface of constant phase. The
phase distortion leads to fluctuations in the angle-of-arrival .
This causes image jitter in the received telescope that has large
effect on the FSO system using optical fiber to receive the
optical signal [10-11].
Consider the receiving aperture of diameter is D; the
phase difference S across the aperture can be approximated
by:
S = kBsin = kB (9)
The mean-square angle-of-arrival fluctuation can be
written as
(
2
) =
(S
2
)
k
2
D
2
=
d
s
(x,0,D)
k
2
D
2
(10)
where u
s
is the phase structure function and is defined as
u
s
(x,
1
,
2
) (|S
1
(x,
1
) - S
1
(x,
2
)]
2
) (11)
As for a plane wave in homogeneous turbulence, when the
receiving aperture of diameter is
L
0
> B > (R)
12
(12)
then
u
s
() = 2.92k
2
C
n
2
R||
53
(13)
(
2
) = 2.92
C
n
2
R
D
13
(14)
and the angle of arrival spectrum W
() can be obtained
by evaluation.
W
() = u.u6S2
V
S
3C
n
2
R
D
2
j1 - cos [
D
V
[
[
2
83
_1+[
1.0V
L
0
2
_
43
(15)
Where, V is the wind speed velocity, is the angular
frequency, and L
0
is the outer scale size of the atmospheric
turbulence.
III. EFFECT ON THE FULL-OPTICAL FREE-SAPCE OPTICAL
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
In this part, we will discuss the atmospheric turbulence
influence on the full optical FSO communication system. In the
next part, we will discuss the fine tracking system effect on the
system.
A. Introduction of the Full Optical FSO system
We use a new FSO communication system, the full-
optical FSO system [12-14]; which utilizes a fine tracking
system to decrease the influence of atmosphere turbulence. The
position of the received optical signal is received by a quadrant
detector (QD) for which an output controls a fine pointing
mirror to track the received optical signal. This system is
shown in Fig.2.
Figure 2. full optical FSO communication terminal overview
Table 1show some parameters of the system.
TABLE I. Characteristics of the new FSO system
parameter Symbol specification
Communication
wavelength
1550nm
Antenna aperture D 80mm
Coupling losses L
c
5dB
Divergence angle 2
d
94.5iau
Focal length F 1.4m
Communication
distance
R 1Km
SMF diameter u
SMF
10m
B. The intensity fluctuation of the Aperture
receiving power
From (7) and (8) the intensity fluctuation with the
Aperture diameter D is shown in (16)
I
2
(B) = A
I
2
(B = u) =
_1 +1.u7 [
kD
2
4R
76
_
-1
1.22k
76
C
n
2
R
116
(16)
For D=0.08m, k =
2
, when C
n
2
is 1u
-13
, 1u
-14
anu 1u
-15
and R change from 0to3000m the variations of intensity
fluctuation with aperture averaging is shown in the
Fig.3.
Figure 3. intensity fluctuation with aperture averaging
The Rytov theory holds that the light propagation distance
is in 1km when the index of refraction structure constant is
smaller than 1u
-13
. Therefore it can be used to analyze our
system. From (5), we assume C
n
2
= 1u
-13
, the cumulative
distribution function (cdf) and probability density function
(pdf) of intensity turbulence distribution is shown in Fig.4.
Figure 4. Aperture received intensity distribution
From Fig.4, we derive that when the receiving power is
higher than 0.32 of the average, it is about 99.99% for the
receiving power. So we can confirm the intensity deform is
about -5dB effect by the atmosphere turbulence intensity
fluctuation.
C. The Fiber-coupling efficiency
First we use the coupling losses to calculate the received
light spot diameter u
R
. The diameter of the SMF (single mode
fiber) u
SMF
is 10m. And for the full optical FSO system we
want to couple the optical light directly into the fiber. For the
calculated below, we assume that the receiving light spot is the
average distribution without atmosphere turbulence.
L
c
= 1ulog
A
5MF
A
R
(17)
Where A
SMF
is the area of the fiber end face. A
R
is the
area of the received light spot. So u
R
can be get from (17)
u
R
= u
SMF
exp (-L
c
2u) (18)
L
c
is -5dB. So from (17) we can get the diameter of the
received light spot is 12.84um.
The received light spot moved around the center of the
optical fiber. r is the distance from the center of optical fiber
and the center of the received light spot. So the fiber-coupling
efficiency is [15-16]:
=
P
c
P
a
=
_ E
R,A()
E
5MF,A
5MF
()
dr
A
2
_ E
R,A()
2
dr
A
(19)
For the received light spot distribution is average, so
A
R
= _ |E
R,A(r)
|
2
ui
A
(20)
A
SMFR
(i) = _ E
R,A(r)
E
SMF,A
5MF
(r)
ui
A
2
(21)
since we assume the fiber coupling effect is also averaging
distribution, the coupling power can be calculated by:
P
c
(i) = P
a
A
5MFR
(r)
A
R
(22)
The distributions of distance between the light spot and
the optical fiber can be calculated using the angle-of-arrival.
We know that the AOA (angle-of-arrival) is normal
distribution. From (14) is known the normal distribution`s
standard deviation. For we use the lens to focus the received
light directly onto the end face of optical fiber. So the
movement distance r influenced by AOA can be calculated
using (23)
i = f sin = f (23)
Where, f is the focal length of the lens.
From (14) and (23) we can get the distribution of r:
P(i) =
1
_5.84C
n
2
RD
-13
I
2
exp (-
r
2
5.84C
n
2
RD
-13
I
2
) (24)
so the average fiber-coupling power
P
c
= ] ]P(i)P
c
(i)ui
-
(25)
Fig.5 shows the numerical results of the fiber-coupling
efficiency.
Figure5. fiber-coupling efficiency vs
r
IV. ANALYSIS OF FINE TRACKING EFFECT ON THE AOA
INFLUENCE
From the analysis of AOA influence on the full optical
FSO communication system, we know that when using optical
fiber to receive the optical signal, the receiving power is deeply
influenced by the AOA. The fine tracking system is used to
enhance the fiber-coupling efficiency. A lot of work has been
done on the fine tracking system [17-18] to get a lot of useful
result on it. In this part we mainly discuss the effect of the fine
tracking system and give some results on its design. At last, we
give some experiment result of our full optical FSO
communication system.
From the control theory, we assume the movement
frequency is f
r
and the movement distance is r. When the
closed-loop frequency of tracking system is 10 times that of f
r
,the tracking system can minimize the movement distance to
r
4
.
So we can consider the standard deviation of movement
distance
r
is also minimize to
r
4
, . From Fig.6 the fiber-
coupling efficiency will increase about 4 times. We are
experimenting our system is in the Tokyo area, where the
atmosphere data the wind speed velocity is generally in the
range of 2m/s in most days. From (15) we know that the angle-
of-arrival spectrum is shown as Fig.6.
Figure6. angle-of-arrival spectrum
When wind speed velocity is 2m/s and antenna aperture of
the receiver is 0.08m, it can be seen from Fig.6 that the high
frequency of angle-of-arrival spectrum is about 100Hz.
Therefore the fine tracking system frequency should be higher
than 1000Hz.
We used the fine tracking system in the full optical FSO
communication systems to communicate in about 1 Km. And
Fig.7 showed the receiving power of the experiment when the
fine tracking system is On and Off. Although two data were
not simultaneous, these were acquired almost at the same time.
Each signal is stored in 30 second interval with 1000Hz the
sampling speed.
Figure7. Receive power of tracking on and off
We used optical-electrical converter to change the
received optical power to voltage. As the minimum range of
AD converter is limited, the minimum of the received signal is
about 1V shown in Fig.8. From the figure we can see most of
the receiving power with the tracking on is changed from 3.4V
to 3.6V. When we stopped the fine tracking system, the
receiving power is changed from the minimum to 3V. The
range of the receiving power changed dramatically becoming
larger without the fine tracking system. It is the same with the
theory analysis.
V. SUMMARY AND RESULTS
We have analyzed the atmospheric turbulence effect on
the full optical free space optical communication system. From
the result we know that the atmospheric turbulence intensity
fluctuation effect on the system can be effectively minimized
by the aperture averaging. For the case of the full-optical free-
space optical communication system because the active area of
the receiver is very small, the effect of angle-of-arrival
fluctuation is large. We have also shown the average fiber-
coupling efficiency with the movement distance caused by the
angle-of-arrival fluctuation.
Finally we discussed the effects of using fine tracking
system in the full-optical free-space optical communication
system. The analysis has shown that the fine tracking system
can decrease the AOA influence. Since the high frequency of
AOA spectrum is about 100Hz, the closed-loop frequency of
the fine tracking system should be higher than 1000Hz. We
have done some experiment on the effect of fine tracking
system. When tracking, the full-optical free-space optical
communication system can work all day. So, we can see from
the experiment the fine tracking system for the full-optical free-
space optical communication systems is very useful.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
A part of this work is supported by Global Center of
Excellence (Global COE).
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