Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Electrical Workbook
Electrical Workbook
WORKBOOK
Contents
Orientation 7
Overview 9 The Workplace 19 Occupations 29 Workplace Law in Ontario 39 Certification, Training, and Experience 53
Terminology 65
Tools 67 Work Tasks 79 Communication 91 Health and Safety 103 Personal Plan 115 Glossary 125
Acknowledgements The Steps to Employment project was made possible with funding from Citizenship and Immigration CanadaOntario Administration of Settlement and Integration Services (CICOASIS). LCRT Consulting researched each sector, developed the materials and conducted pilot tests of the workshops. Many individuals and organizations were involved throughout the project. Thanks to all who provided input and support. Special thanks to electrical workers, established as well as newcomers to the field, and to focus group participants, for sharing their experiences with the researchers and writers. March 2001
Katherine Babiuk Program Consultant Citizenship and Immigration Canada, OASIS Kaoli Hanawa Illustrator, Workshop Manuals Kevin Cheng Supercat Illustrations Illustrator, Promotional Materials Kathleen Doe Web Site Designer and Webmaster Centre AlphaPlus Web Site Host Louise Thomas Internet Researcher Toronto Public Library Intellisearch Media and Literature Researchers Luis Vasquez Focus Group Facilitator Learning Enrichment Foundation Learning Enrichment Foundation Focus Group Site Anton van den Heuvel Electrician Advisor Andrea Strachan LCRT Consulting Principal Writer Peggie Shek LCRT Consulting Project Manager and Administrator Bruce Russell and Andrea Strachan Curriculum Designers, Researchers, and Principal Consultants LCRT Consulting Monika Etzler Toronto District School Board, LINC Program Outreach and Recruitment Consultant Peter Bok, Director Employment & Training University Settlement House Reviewer Henry Wong Lead Electrical Instructor, Electrical Training Course University Settlement House Reviewer Harry Ouyand Electrical Instructor, Electrical Training Course University Settlement House Reviewer
The information in the Steps to Employment series was researched, collected and written in 19992000 by LCRT Consulting under contract with Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Some of the information may change in time. Please consult the contacts listed for the most current information. The Steps to Employment workshop manuals are strictly for use in non-commercial, not-for-profit educational environments.
Where do you begin? If you just arrived in Ontario and want to get back into electrical trades, these are the first few steps to take: Know your sector employers, working conditions, and entry-level qualifications. Know your job-related traits be able to describe your skills, knowledge and interests. Know sector-specific terminology be able to discuss your occupation with others. Know what credentials are required and how to translate and evaluate your documents. Know where you can get training, upgrading and help finding a job.
and prepare
; a plan for the next steps to take in your job search in Ontario
Reading
Vocabulary
Writing
Pair Discussion
Group Discussion
Research
Pronunciation
Orientation
Overview The Workplace Electrical Trades in Ontario Workplace Law in Ontario Certification, Training, and Upgrading
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Interview
Ask your partner the following questions. Write down his or her answers in complete sentences. Once you are finished, prepare to introduce yourself to the group using the answers on your partners sheet. 1. What is your name? 2. Where are you from? 3. How long have you been in Canada? 4. What is your occupation? 5. How much do you know about working in this field in Ontario? 6. How much work experience and training have you had in this occupation? 7. Why are you taking this workshop? 8. What are your hopes for this workshop?
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OVERVIEW
In this unit you will learn about the industry in Ontario provincial and federal regulations trends
These occupations share the same standards and regulations, and much of the same theory. Skill levels and specialty areas differ, and often these occupations are found on the same worksite, working as a team.
Activity 1: Pronunciation
Listen to the instructor. Mark the syllable stress in these words and phrases, then practise saying each one. production service sector construction manufacturing maintenance distribution transportation utilities
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Activity 3: Discussion
1. What kind of companies have you worked for before? Were they part of the production or service sector? 2. In which sector of the economy would you like to work here in Ontario? Why?
Activity 4: Research
Find a local company in each of the sectors that we discussed. Ask your classmates, look in the Yellow Pages, research a company directory (such as Scotts Directory), or use the Internet. Fill in the chart with the information:
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Overview
Trends
The information revolution is changing the electricity industry worldwide. The electronicsbased world of today means that businesses and the public need better access to electrical power, high-quality, low-cost electricity, and sophisticated electronics and communications devices. All these expectations fuel changes and advancements in all sectors of the economy. Some electricians still climb ladders and pull wire, others work on modern construction sites using electronic line tracers to sort out the routing for colour-coded communication cables. Some use sophisticated instruments with digital displays to troubleshoot problems in complex alarm systems, others program digital control systems or install standby power units to keep sensitive computers running twenty-four hours a day. New technologies in construction Today we have smart house technology. The smart houses require the installation of hi-tech alarm systems of intelligent security systems, digital home entertainment, and other sophisticated monitoring applications. More and more people are using personal computers and more and more buildings have computers to control building functions such as heating, ventilation, air conditioning, elevators and lighting. Electricians who install the equipment and do the wiring for these control systems are almost guaranteed a job. Wiring of home security systems and electronic house management systems are also new areas of work. Telecommunications The development of wireless communication and digital telecommunication systems has opened international data highways for high speed data communications. The telecommunications industry is growing every day. The transmission of data, graphics and video is more common now, but this kind of transmission requires more sophisticated cabling. Although telephones are still the largest part of the telecommunications industry, wire line networks (that use wires and cables to connect customers homes and businesses to central offices) are now the norm for installations. Work in telecommunications installations will probably continue to be outsourced. Outsourcing means that large telecommunication companies or carriers will be hiring contractors to do installation and maintenance. Job opportunities will be greatest with construction and telecommunication carrier industries. This means a lot of jobs for cable and power line installers. New technologies in manufacturing Manufacturing now relies on computer-aided systems of production. Because robots and computerized control equipment are standard for most auto parts and other manufacturing plants, electricians who install and repair computer-aided systems have become an important part of the manufacturing team.
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There will be many employment opportunities with large electrical contractors who specialize in the installation and maintenance of this equipment. Many electricians will have the opportunity to upgrade and move into electrical technologists and technicians work.
Activity 5: Pronunciation
Listen to the instructor. Mark the syllable stress in these words and phrases, then practise saying each one. hi-tech routing digital contractor stand by devices smart house wire line computer-aided transmission sophisticated line tracers
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Overview
Do you have experience with Intelligent security systems Computerized lighting controls Telecommunications installations Computer-aided manufacturing Robots Digital measuring system Digital control systems Computerized heating or air-conditioning controls Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Activity 9: Discussion
Electrical workers may work in utilities, construction, manufacturing, telecommunications, and other parts of the private and public sector. In which sector of the economy did you work before?
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Real stories
Privatization of energy provision in Ontario
The business of electricity supply and service is being transformed in Ontario. The electricity industry has been a governmentregulated monopoly in Canada, but the industry is now being deregulated and utility companies are currently restructuring. There is a move towards competitive efficiency to meet increasingly sophisticated customer demand. Customer choice is the industrys biggest concern. Two of the main trends that may follow this change are that in the future we may see more exporting of electricity to the U.S., and with consolidated energy service companies, we will see more companies in Ontario which will supply both electricity and natural gas. Regardless, electrical workers will continue to be the maintainers of the power grid. They will continue to ensure that electricity gets from the power plant to the home, the factory, and the office; they will install the branch circuits that deliver electricity to every workbench, every machine, every desk, and every kitchen and bedroom.
Source: Various media reports
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Overview
Regulations
Electrical workers in Ontario must comply with federal, provincial, and municipal regulations that control the safe use of electricity and electrical equipment. These regulations protect the health and safety of workers and the public. Electrical workers refer informally to these rules and regulations as regs. Here are some of these regulations: Canadian Electrical Code The Canadian Electrical Code provides minimum safety requirements to prevent electrical fire and shock hazards. Electrical code compliance is mandatory in all provinces and territories of Canada. Electrical workers must adhere to the code to meet legal requirements. Electrical tradespeople, and electrical workers in general, need to know the code very well so that they can install electrical equipment and operate facilities to the correct specifications. Designers, installers and operators of electrical equipment and electrical facilities are responsible for code compliance and public safety. Ontario Electrical Safety Code The Ontario Electrical Safety Code sets out the legal regulations for electrical safety code in Ontario. It defines compliance requirements for workers, employers, builders, and inspectors. It is based on the Canadian Electrical Code. Electrical Safety Authority The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) regulates the safe use of electrical equipment in Ontario. The ESA is the provincial authority responsible for wiring inspections, general inspections, Ontario Electrical Safety Code advice and information, and product approval inspections. Canadian Standards Association The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) writes the Canadian Electrical Code. It is also the agency that approves tools, equipment, and personal protective equipment. For example, in Canada you must look for the CSA-approved seal on workboots and electrical supplies.
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1. All electrical wiring in Ontario must _______________ with the Ontario Electrical Code. 2. Electricians must install and operate electrical equipment in ________________ with the Canadian Electrical Code. 3. The Electric Safety Authority is the organization that does __________________of new wiring installations to ensure that the work meets the ______________ set by the code. 4. Electrical workers must ensure that any _____________________ is done according to the _____________________ of the Canadian Electrical Code. 5. Electrical workers need to know the _____________ very well so they can operate facilities to the correct specifications. 6. ________ is the short word used for regulations.
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Overview
information on the restructuring of power distribution in Ontario is available at www.canelect.ca Canadian Niagara Power Company Limited, www.cnpower.com Great Lakes Power, www.glp.on.ca Hydro One, hydroone.com Ontario Power Generation, www.ontariopowergeneration.com Hydro Ottawa, www.ottawahydro.on.ca Toronto Hydro Corporation, www.torontohydro.com
provincial regulators
the Ontario Electricity Board at www.oeb.on.ca, is responsible for the licensing of public utilities in Ontario the Ministry of Energy, Science and Technology, www.est.gov.on.ca see Electrical Safety Authority, www.esainspection.net
construction industry
see www.ceca.org/english/study3.html
trends
view an excellent slide show on the labour market conditions for the electrical trades at www.ceca.org/english/study.html, the Web site for the Canadian Electrical Contractors Association.
historical overview
visit www.hydroone.com and follow the links to historical timeline
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THE WORKPLACE
In this unit you will learn about employers and worksites unions hiring practices self-employment You will also practise how to describe different companies describe different working conditions
utilities.
Construction and maintenance electricians work for electrical contractors, electrical
construction firms, electric power companies, maintenance departments of companies or institutions, and other organizations.
Industrial electricians work for electrical construction firms, motor vehicle manufacturers,
primary steel producers, mining companies, pulp and paper companies, motor vehicle parts manufacturers, electric power companies, electrical contractors who specialize in the installation and maintenance of industrial equipment, and in maintenance departments of factories, plants, mines, shipyards and other industrial workplaces.
Power system electricians and electrical power line and cable workers work in electric
power generation, transmission and distribution companies. In this workshop, we will focus on electrical trades in Ontario, including electricians, power lineworkers, and power systems workers.
Source: Ontario Job Futures 2000
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Electricians Main industries of employment There are about 45,000 electricians working in Canada Construction Accommodations and food services Education Local administration Hospitals Electric power utilities Other 72% 2% 2% 2% 1.8% 1.6% 18.6%
Industrial Electricians Main industries of employment There are about 10,000 industrial electricians working in Ontario Manufacturing Mining, quarrying and oil well industries Construction Communications and utilities Other 56% 6% 15% 5% 18%
Activity 1: Pronunciation
Listen to the instructor. Mark the syllable stress in these words and phrases then practise saying each one. manufacturing companies industries firms contractor business industry utilities organization
Activity 2: Discussion
1. According to the reading, what kind of employer might you expect to have? 2. Are there many manufacturing plants in your city? 3. What are these manufacturing plants? 4. Is there a lot of construction going on? 5. Can you name a construction company? 6. What kind of service company might you be qualified to work for? 7. What job title from the reading describes your experience? 8. What kind of employers did you work for? 9. What industry are you interested in?
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Activity 3: Research
Search the Internet, the Yellow Pages, the classified section of newspapers, or industry directories for names of employers and write them in the chart.
Electrical contractors Electrical construction firms Utilities Hospitals Education Manufacturing Electric power generation Telecommunications Electric power transmission Government
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Unions
In Ontario there are both unionized and non-unionized workplaces. Construction sites, for example, often hire workers from one of Ontarios building trades unions. Most electricians who are employees of large industry belong to a union. What is a union? Ontario labour laws say that workers have the right to join a union. A union gives workers the right to negotiate, as a group, with their employer for wages, benefits, and conditions of work. This process is called bargaining. If there is a problem with your job that you cannot solve, the union will help by filing a grievance on your behalf. The union also offers training and upgrading courses, which make you more employable in your trade. Building trades unions An important service provided by the building trades unions in Ontario is employment. Hiring is done through the unions hiring hall. A member may leave his or her name with the union, and as employers call to recruit workers, the union will match available members with employers. Building trades unions have collective agreements and relationships with many employers. Union dues Every union has the right to set dues to pay for the services it provides. Every employee who is represented by a union may be required to pay dues. Even if you pay dues to a union, you are not automatically a member. You must sign an application card to become a member. For union information, speak to your shop steward. How do I become a union member? A good way to get into the union is to ask an employer on a worksite who knows your work to recommend you to the union. Otherwise, you can go in person to fill out an application form. You will have to take your documentation with you to prove that you have the licences and training required. Unions for electrical workers in Ontario Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) represents public sector electrical workers. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Construction Council of Ontario (IBEW CCO) represents electricians and lineworkers in Ontario. IBEW CCO represents thirteen IBEW Construction Local Unions in the province of Ontario, serving over 14,000 electricians and lineworkers. Electrical workers in other manufacturing plants may belong to the union for that workplace. For example, if you work as an electrician in a car parts manufacturer you will probably be a member of Canadian Automotive Workers (CAW). CUPE Ontario has an Ontario Electrical Workers sub-committee that represents several thousand utility workers across Ontario including members of CUPE Local 1000.
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Activity 7: Writing
Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. grievance union union steward hiring hall union dues
Peter got a job in a construction project through the _____________________ of his _______________________. He was glad to get a job because during his last construction project he filed a _____________________ against the company because they neglected to record the overtime he worked. When that happened, he asked the _________________ to help him fill out a grievance form and act on his behalf. He decided that it was worth paying his ________________ regularly so that he always has the protection and help of the union.
Real stories
Unions say firing more common
When Pierre realized unionized electricians at his Ottawa construction site were making much more money doing the same work, he figured joining a union made good sense. But just before a vote to unionize took place, Pierre and nine of his co-workers were let go. I was really shocked that day, he said to a reporter. They just came out and basically told us that we were no longer needed when there was plenty of work.
Source: The Barrie Examiner, February 2, 2000
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Activity 8: Discussion
1. Why did Pierre want to join a union? 2. In this story, what does the phrase let go mean? 3. What other words in English have the same meaning as this idiom? 4. What do you know about unions that represent electrical workers in Ontario? 5. Have you ever belonged to a union? If so, what did the union do for you?
Real stories
CUPE fights to keep traffic signal work
The Ontario Ministry of Labour is insisting that only electricians should be servicing traffic signals, even though municipal workers have looked after them for years. In Guelph, municipal workers have been responsible for servicing traffic lights since they were first installed. The order was issued following a ministry inspection of a worksite in Guelph. The city of Guelph has appealed the order, and CUPE is supporting the appeal. If the appeal fails, CUPE members could lose jobs. The order could have ramifications across the province.
Source: www.cupe.on.ca/sectors/mun-newsletter2000.html
Activity 9: Discussion
1. Who is the employer in this story? 2. What is the regulatory body? 3. According to the story, who is currently responsible for servicing signals? 4. According to the ministry, who should be servicing traffic signals? 5. In your opinion, why would the ministry insist that electricians do this job? 6. Who is appealing the ministrys order? Why? 7. What will happen if this order passes? 8. What is your opinion on who should be allowed to service traffic signals? 9. What service is the union providing to the workers in this case? 10. In other countries, who is responsible for repairing traffic repairs?
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Hiring practices
Working in construction Union hiring halls and networking are effective ways to get a job as an electrician on construction sites. The local newspaper classified section, the union, the Internet, door-todoor cold calls, and word of mouth are also effective. Other ways to get jobs are to visit electrical contractors and construction firms to inquire about training and apprenticeship programs. Manufacturing firms Some employers recruit workers directly from the campuses of community colleges. They know they will get knowledgeable and well-trained workers there. Colleges and universities have job fairs each year. Industry trade fairs are also held at large convention centres. Manufacturers place advertisements in daily newspapers. Some smaller firms use government employment agencies to find qualified workers. Most companies are willing to take unsolicited applications and resumes for positions in these occupations. Temporary placement agencies Companies may also use temporary placement agencies to hire workers to work on special short-term projects (during peak times in construction, for example) or to replace workers in positions that are vacant (because of maternity or sick leave). Placement agencies interview and do reference checks on candidates before they are accepted as new workers for the agency. When you are hired through an agency, the agency is your employer. The company where you work is the agencys client. The client company pays the agency for your work. The agency pays you, keeping some amount for itself. You should never have to pay an agency to get you a job. If they ask you to pay, they are breaking the law and are not a good company to work for.
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? @ A
ELECTRICIANS AND MILLWRIGHTS Lic. W/ industrial exper. Varying shifts, Fax to 123-456-7890 or email abc@defg.com ELECTRICIAN for service calls, excellent motor, control and PLC troubleshooting skills reqd. Ex. Pay, benefits and service truck provided. Fax resume to: 123-456-890 ELECTRICIAN/3rd yr apprentice exper. in industrial construction. Fax resume 123-456-7890 ELECTRO MECHANICAL ASSEMBLERS Globally recognized electronics manufacturing company is experiencing incredible growth. Experience working in a productive environment; and involved in electronic, electrical or mechanic component insertion, inspection and packaging. Fine hand dexterity is required and some soldering experience is an asset. Fax resumes to 123-456-7890 or email to me@abc.com
Job title: Employer: How to apply: Job title: Employer: How to apply:
B C
Job title: Employer: How to apply: Job title: Employer: How to apply:
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Self-employment
Some electricians in Ontario are self-employed. Self-employed electricians may work as subcontractors or have an electrical repair business. According to Ontario Job Futures, only 2% of all industrial electricians in Ontario are self-employed, but approximately 10% of all construction electricians in Ontario are self-employed. If you want to be self-employed and run an electrical repair contracting company, or other kinds of small business, you must get information about licences and permits in your area. Here are a few things to look for: business registration municipal licences and permits GST registration other taxation
For more information on starting a small business contact the Canada Ontario Business Call Centre at 1-800-567-2345, or visit your local library and research entrepreneurship or small business in Ontario.
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employers
research business directories such as the Blue Book of Canadian Businesses and the Ontario Business Directory. They are available at any reference library and often in employment resource centres. for an example of a high voltage electrical contracting company, and great pictures of equipment visit www.powertel.on.ca Electrical Contractor Association of Toronto www.ecat.org has a list of contractors in Toronto. Similar associations exist for other cities. Look in the Yellow Pages or do a search on the Internet.
unions
the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Construction Council of Ontario represents electricians and lineworkers in Ontario. Visit their Web site at www.ibewcco.org The Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) represents municipal electrical workers. Their Web site is www.cupe.on.ca
employment agencies
search the Yellow Pages under employment agencies, placement agencies, recruitment agencies, or temporary agencies search the Internet for employment agencies, placement agencies, recruitment agencies, or temporary agencies for an example of Industrial and Electrical Recruiters visit the Web site for the People Bank at www.thepeoplebank.com
self-employment
for local bylaws regarding licences for electrical contractors, contact city hall For information on the legal aspects of setting up your own business visit the Ontario Ministry of Consumer and Commercial Relations Web site at www.ccr.gov.on.ca
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OCCUPATIONS
In this unit you will learn about duties and responsibilities titles used for different jobs wages working conditions You will also practise how to describe your qualifications
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Power system electricians Power system electrician install, maintain, test, and repair electrical power distribution system equipment and apparatus. Electrical power line and cable workers Electrical power line and cable workers construct, maintain, and repair overhead and underground electrical power transmission and distribution systems. Lineworkers often work in a variety of work sites depending upon the location of high-voltage transmission lines, support towers, etc.
Activity 1: Pronunciation
Listen to the instructor. Mark the syllable stress in these verbs, then practise saying each. assemble build connect erect install interpret isolate join
Activity 2: Matching
Match the verbs on the left with the definitions on the right: 1. ___ assemble 2. ___ build 3. ___ connect 4. ___ erect 5. ___ install 6. ___ interpret 7. ___ isolate 8. ___ join a) fit together b) put into position and connect to power supply c) find a problem and deal with it separately d) set upright e) construct f) understand g) hook up to power supply h) put parts together
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Activity 3: Matching
Mix and match the jobs, verbs and electrical apparatus to make correct sentences about the job duties of electrical workers. assemble connect erect install interpret isolate conduits electrical lighting fixtures security systems wiring for alarm wiring for communication faults in wiring blue prints and sketches
construction electricians industrial electricians maintenance electricians power lineworkers power systems electricians
Activity 4: Pronunciation
Listen to the instructor. Mark the syllable stress in these verbs, then practise saying each. maintain remove service splice repair replace test troubleshoot
Activity 5: Matching
Match the verbs on the right with the definitions on the left: 1. ___ maintain 2. ___ remove 3. ___ repair 4. ___ replace 5. ___ service 6. ___ splice 7. ___ test 8. ___ troubleshoot a) brainstorm and test to find the fault b) connect or fasten one thing to another c) do maintenance and repairs d) examine e) fix f) keep in good condition g) substitute something h) take out
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1. Electricians working on a home renovation project might ________________ old panel boards, switch boxes, pull boxes and other electrical devices and __________________ them with new ones. 2. Electricians on all job sites _______________ electrical and electronic equipment for proper function. 3. Electricians called in to repair an electrical problem in an office isolate and ______________________ faults in electrical control systems. 4. Power lineworkers ______________________ electrical power transmission systems. 5. The main job of a maintenance electrician is to do preventative __________________.
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Occupations
1. I know how to
3. I have training in
5. Im familiar with
Job titles
Job titles may be different depending on where the job is, and on how much training the tradesperson has had. In any trade, the tradesperson in training is called an apprentice. They become 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th year apprentices as they move along in their training. Once they have completed the training and passed the provincial exam, they become journeypersons. Electricians can also become master electricians. Here are some examples of the many different job titles:
Construction and maintenance electricians
electrician, shipyard electrician, marine electrician, mill electrician, mine electrician, plant electrician, plant maintenance electrician
Power system electricians
apprentice power system electrician, power electrician, power station electrician, and power system electrician
Electrical power line and cable workers
apprentice lineman/linewoman, electrical power lineworker, cable installer, cable splicer, construction lineman/linewoman, power line patroller, and power lineman/linewoman
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Wages
Here is a list of average wages and salaries for electricians. Construction and maintenance electricians apprentice electrician building electrician electrician $21/hour $39,208 - $40,851/year $16.04 - $24.25/hour $21.03 - $22.57/hour $25/hour - $27/hour journeyperson construction electrician Industrial electricians industrial electrician $26/hour $17.60/hour $22/hour $23 - $28/hour $24.81/hour Journeyperson industrial electrician Electrical trades contractors and supervisors electrical wiring installation contractor $12/hour
Source: www.workwaves.com
$29/hour
$29/hour
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Activity 9: Wages
Read the chart and answer the questions about wages for different clerks. 1. What is the average wage for a construction and maintenance electrician? 2. What would you guess are the factors that affect the difference in wages for construction and maintenance electricians? 3. What is the average wage for an industrial electrician? 4. What would you guess are the factors that affect the difference in wages for industrial electricians? 5. What is the lowest average wage in the chart? 6. What is the highest hourly rate for an industrial electrician?
Working conditions
Working conditions refer to the hours of work, the working environment, the schedule, the wages and benefits and many other aspects of a job. Here is a summary of the average working conditions for electrical tradespeople. Industrial electricians Industrial and maintenance electricians are often full-time workers, and they often work shifts, generally indoors. Much of their work is done standing, crouching or kneeling, often in confined spaces. It involves lifting carrying heavy equipment and tools, reaching and stretching to install and repair equipment. The work includes a lot of variety and problem solving. Construction electricians Construction electricians often work on contract. The work is done at several job locations such as offices, homes or buildings under construction. Construction work can be seasonal, with most of the work done during the warmer months. Winter work is possible when the framing and shell of a building are ready for the construction electrician to install the wiring.
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Electrical power line and cable workers Lineworkers often work in a variety of worksites depending upon the location of high-voltage transmission lines, support towers, etc. Electrical lineworkers work all year, but activity tends to be more intense during summer months. Repair and service lineworkers are on call most of the time and may work for long periods during emergency conditions, such as major storms. Power line maintainers work on lines carrying up to 500 kilovolts (KV) of electricity and sometimes work from helicopters. There is also some work on underground systems. Some jobs require living in bush camps for weeks on end while new lines are installed.
Source: Ontario Job Futures 2000
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entry-level qualifications
see job ads in local newspapers, on job boards and on the Internet look in the National Occupational Classification (NOC) Directory at your local Employment Resource Centre
salary expectations
see the report on wages at www.workwave.com talk to someone who works as an electrician look in job ads in the newspaper visit the HRDC Web site and search for wages
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Real stories
Air conditioner installer
Mr. R worked 80 hours for an air conditioning and heating company. His job was to install air conditioners and do carpentry and general trades work. The employer paid Mr. R $350.00, well below the minimum wage, and then fired him. The company did not provide Mr. R with a record of employment as required by law. The company owed Mr. R $1,204.80 in back wages and vacation pay. Mr. R tried to get the money from his employer. The employer paid him an additional $367.00, but still less than the amount owed. Parkdale Legal Community Services helped Mr. R file a claim with the Ministry of Labour. The Ministry found that Mr. R was entitled to vacation pay, but because Mr. R had not received employment records from his employer and had no proof of the hours that he worked. After appealing his case, Mr. R received $878.80 from the Employee Wage Protection Program Fund.
Activity 1: Discussion
1. What happened to the worker in this story? 2. How could he have proven the number of hours that he worked? 3. Who helped the worker to file a claim with the Ministry of Labour? 4. Did he eventually receive payment for his work? Who paid him? 5. Are there laws that can prevent this kind of abuse from happening? 6. What were some employment standards that this employer did not comply with?
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Employment standards
The Employment Standards Act is the law that contains Ontarios basic rules about the minimum standards for salary, overtime, vacations, maternity benefits, termination, and more. This provincial law covers most workers in Ontario. The Act describes: Minimum wage: Employers must pay both full-time and part-time workers at least the minimum wage. Any changes are announced in newspaper ads at least a month before the change happens. Hours of work: This is the number of hours for each normal working day. The Act says that the limit for most employees is eight hours a day and 48 hours a week. Employers must pay employees overtime if they work more than the legislated hours of work. Overtime pay: Overtime pay is the wage that employers must give workers who work overtime. Overtime pay is the regular wage x1.5, or time and a half. Meal breaks: Workers must have a meal break each working day. The length of this meal break is determined either by the law, by the employer, or by union contracts. The Act does not set coffee and rest breaks, but some employers allow coffee and rest breaks throughout the day. Public holidays: Under the law, Ontario has eight paid public holidays. Workers who qualify for paid public holidays dont have to work on these days, but are still paid their regular wages for the day. Vacation pay: Workers are entitled to a minimum number of days of paid holidays each year. The law determines how long workers must work before they are eligible for paid holidays and vacation pay. Pregnancy and parental leave and benefits: This is the time off for a new parent. While on pregnancy leave, employees can receive employment insurance maternity benefits. While on parental leave, employees can receive employment insurance parental benefits. To qualify for these benefits the employee must have paid EI over a period of time prior to the arrival of the baby.
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Deductions: These are payments that employers can legally deduct from an employees paycheque. This includes Employment Insurance and Canada Pension Plan payments. Termination of employment: The law determines how employees or employers end their contracts and how much termination pay must be paid.
Activity 2: Pronunciation
Listen to the instructor. Mark the syllable stress in these words, then practise saying each one. vacation compensation overtime standards deduction termination minimum benefits
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EARNINGS
TIME OVERTIME GROSS PAY
DEDUCTIONS
INCOME TAX EI CPP UNION DUES NET PAY
Real stories
Did you know? While the typical vacation for North American workers is two
weeks, many European governments mandate longer vacations. French employers are required to provide 25 vacation days per year. German workers are entitled to 24 days. In Spain workers have 22 days. Employers in Belgium, Ireland and the Netherlands provide 20 days, and in the U.K., vacation requirements are from 15 to 20 days.
Source: Society for Human Resource Management, 2000
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Activity 5: Interview
Work with your partner to fill in the chart with information about Ontarios employment standards, then ask your partner about workplace law in other countries. Question 1. What is the minimum wage? 2. How many weeks vacation do most workers get each year? 3. How many public holidays are there? 4. What are the normal working hours each week? 5. What are the normal working hours each day? 6. Are employers required to pay overtime? 7. What are some deductions from paycheques? 8. Is there maternity and parental leave? How long is it? In Ontario In _________
Real stories...
Safety or discrimination?
A foreperson at a construction site was concerned about one workers ability to do heavy work so he went to talk to the supervisor. The worker in question was Muslim and during Ramadan he observed the fast during the day. He did not drink or eat anything. The foreperson was concerned that the worker would become dehydrated and weak and pose a danger to himself as well as other workers. Although he understood the right of the worker to observe his own religion he is also responsible for the prevention of accidents in the workplace.
Activity 6: Discussion
1. Does the foreperson in the story have something to worry about? 2. Does he have the right to interfere? 3. Is this a case of harassment? Is it a case of discrimination? Why? Why not? 4. What are some of the ways in which discrimination and harassment can happen in the workplace? 5. Do you know of an example?
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Activity 8: Discussion
Brainstorm questions that an employer might ask or statements that you might see in a job ad that would be against the Human Rights Code.
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Activity 9: Matching
Match each situation with the type of discrimination or harassment that it is. P place of origin C creed __ R race A age G gender D disability
1. Andrea answered an advertisement for a general labourer. The duties of the job involved cleaning up the construction site and sorting lumber. When she called to ask for an interview, she was told that the job was for guys only. 2. Amir applied for a job at an electrical contracting company. It is a small company, and in the morning when the crews are divided into different vans, some of the guys say Whos taking the Pakie? 3. Mark speaks with a stutter. One of his co-workers makes fun of him when he stutters. He knows that this makes it harder for him to speak, but he does it anyway. 4. Nathan works at a hardware store. He is black. Most of his co-workers are white. Last week his co-workers were telling black jokes. Nathan asked them to stop, but they just laughed at him and went on with the jokes. 5. Jim has been looking for a job for almost two years, since is company closed. He cant understand why it is so difficult. His friends say that it will be impossible for him to get a job because he is 52 years old. 6. Ahmed is a Muslim. He has a special prayer time every Friday. Every Friday one of his co-workers teases him: There goes Ahmed to the mosque again!
Adapted from Discrimination and Harassment at Work, CLEO. August 1993
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Real stories
Aluminum toxicity affects electrician
An electrician in Ontario claimed that the neurological problems he has are a result of his exposure to aluminum dust while working as an electricians. He says that dust from cutting and grinding aluminum parts, sanding with aluminum oxide paper, and welding is what caused his neurological problems. The worker often licked his fingers when looking through blueprints and seldom used a mask or gloves. The worker was unable to work because of his illness, and was convinced of the link between his working conditions and his health. Scientific studies have not proven that exposure to aluminum always causes aluminum toxicity, so when the worker applied for workers compensation he was refused. To appeal his case, the worker had to appear in front of the WSIB Appeals Tribunal. Eventually he was given workers compensation for the time that he has not worked because of his illness, up to the time of his retirement.
Source: The Globe and Mail, November29, 1996
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Workers compensation
Workers Compensation Act The Workplace Safety and Insurance Act says that workers who are injured at work or get sick from their work can receive compensation and assistance in getting back to work. The Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB) is the office responsible for administering workers compensation. The WSIB also enforces the provincial occupational health and safety system. No injury is too small to report! All employees must be registered with the WSIB. Employers must register any new employees with the WSIB within ten days of hiring, or they can be fined. Employers must also report any injuries that occur on at the workplace to the WSIB within three days of the injury. Workers must report any injury to their employer immediately. If a worker misses work because of an injury or illness, the employer must report it to the WSIB within three days after the accident. Workers must also make a claim with the WSIB within six months of their injury. Although both the employer and the employee report any injury related to their job, employees must apply for workers compensation and the WSIB decides if the law covers a worker or not.
Models:
If you _________________, you must ________________________________. If you _________________, your employer must _______________________________. If you are eligible, the WSIB will ____________________________________.
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employment standards
general information: contact the Ministry of Labour at 416-326-7000 or tollfree at 1-800-531-5551 visit the Ministry of Labour Web site at www.gov.on.ca/lab to get information fact sheets on minimum wage, hours of work, public holidays, vacation and more
WSIB
contact the WSIB at 416-344-1013 or toll-free at 1-800-387-8638 visit the WSIB Web page at www.wsib.on.ca
WHMIS
call and ask for information on WHMIS and request a copy of WHMIS symbols from Occupational Health and Safety at 416-314-5421 or print a copy from www.gov.on.ca/lab/ohs
getting help
look up community legal clinics in the Yellow Pages visit settlement agencies in your community to seek out help search www.settlement.org look in your telephone book under community services contact CLEO at 416-408-4420 for information on legal clinics in your area
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Entry-level requirements
There are laws and regulations that set the entry-level requirements for skilled trades in Ontario. Many electrical trades in Ontario are regulated, meaning that they are controlled by these provincial laws. For example, construction and maintenance electricians in Ontario must be certified, or licensed, in order to work legally in the province. To work in regulated trades, applicants must complete an apprenticeship and pass an exam. Here are the entry-level requirements for some of the major electrical trades. Construction and maintenance electricians Construction and maintenance electricians must have a licence (called the Certificate of Qualification) to work in Ontario. This is a regulated trade, and it is illegal for a person to do any of the work of these electricians unless they have a valid certificate. To become certified, construction and maintenance electricians must complete a four and a half year apprenticeship and pass a provincial exam. Foreign-trained electricians who have proof of at least four and a half years of training and experience as an electrician can write the examination. The Certificate of Qualification is given to those who pass the provincial exam. Industrial electricians Industrial electricians in Ontario must complete a four-year electrician apprenticeship program or have a combination of over five years of work experience in the trade and some high school, college or industry courses in industrial electrical equipment. In Ontario industrial electricians are regulated, but certification is not required by law. However, most employers want certified industrial electricians. To become certified, applicants must pass the provincial exam and get the Certificate of Qualification (licence). Power system electrician Power system electricians must complete secondary school and a four-year apprenticeship or have a combination of over five years of work experience in the trade and some college or industry courses in electrical technology. For this trade, certification is not required by law,
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but employers might ask for it. To become certified, applicants must pass the provincial exam and get the Certificate of Qualification (licence). Electrical power line and cable workers Electrical power line and cable workers must complete secondary school and a four-year provincial lineworker apprenticeship program or have a combination of four years of work experience in the trade and some college or industry courses in electrical technology. This trade is also a voluntary trade. Certification is not required by law, but employers might ask for it. To become certified, applicants must pass the provincial exam and get the Certificate of Qualification (licence).
Source: Ontario Job Futures 2000 and the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities
Activity 1: Pronunciation
Listen to the instructor. Mark the syllable stress in these words and phrases, then practise saying each. apprentice apprenticeship license (v) licence (n) qualification regulated certification certificate
Activity 2: Matching
Match the words with the best definition: 1. ___ apprenticeship 2. ___ certificate 3. ___ community college 4. ___ compulsory certification 5. ___ diploma 6. ___ licence 7. ___ secondary school 8. ___ voluntary certification a) high school b) when a licence is require by law for a trade c) work for a skilled employer for a fixed period in return for learning d) document stating your registration in a trade e) document showing that permission has been given to do something f) when a licence is not required for a trade, but it is possible
g) certificate given when you pass an exam or complete a course h) post secondary school where training for trades is available
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Job ads
A good way to find out about requirements of local employers is to look at the job ads in your local newspaper. Here are some examples.
? @ A B C D
Electrical Apprentices reqd immed. Fax 123-456-7890 Electricians & Electrical Apprentices. Call 123-456-7890 Electrical Apprentice 3rd/4th yr., reqd immed. Fire alarm exper. an asset. Fax resume to 123-456-7890 Electrical Foreperson reqd immed. Fax resume to 123-456-7890 Ex. Health & Benefit pkg. Electricians & Apprentices construction projects very good wages. Fax resume to 123-456-7890 Electrician licensed, 3rd to 5th year apprentices needed. Exp. in comm./ind. or automation. Annual bonus/benefit plan. Fax resume to: 123-456-7890
Activity 6: Abbreviations
What does each of the following abbreviations mean? Read the job ads and guess their meaning. reqd ex. comm. immed. ind. yr.
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Real stories
Labour barriers
Raul has been a construction electrician for about ten years, working in his trade on both sides of the Quebec-Ontario boundary. Now, Raul cant work in Quebec because hes wanted there for arrest. His crime: failing to pay a $300 fine for working in the province without a permit. Quebec law requires that all construction workers belong to one of five unions. Illegal workers, if caught, are fined. If they dont pay up, they end up in jail. Yet thousands of plumbers, bricklayers and electricians, an estimated 50% of Ontario construction workers working in Quebec, take their chances anyway.
Source: The Ottawa Sun, March 20, 2000
Activity 8: Discussion
Answer the questions with information from the story. 1. Did you know that there are barriers to workers moving within Canada from one province to another? Why is this? 2. What is the barrier in the article above? 3. How are trades regulated in other countries? 4. What is an Interprovincial Red Seal? 5. What are the barriers that you are facing as a foreign-trained electrician in Ontario? 6. Do you know how to overcome these barriers? 7. Is there an international electrician licence? 8. How would it be possible to establish an international electrician licence?
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Certification,
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You can write the Certificate of Qualification Exam for Electricians at the Field Office. This is a multiple-choice written exam of about 110 to 150 questions (depending on the electrical trade) that test your practical knowledge of electricians work. You are allowed three hours to complete it. If you need more time to complete the exam you can begin the exam in the morning and make special arrangements to stay for a maximum of six hours. You can also bring a translator with you. Once you get the Certificate of Qualification, you can also get a Red Seal, which is the interprovincial certificate. If your experience is not equivalent to an apprenticeship in Ontario, you will have to find an employer and get work experience. You may want to enter into an apprenticeship agreement (for industrial electricians) or contract (for construction and maintenance electricians) so that you are trained while working.
Activity 9: Pronunciation
Listen to the instructor. Mark the syllable stress in these words and phrases, then practise saying each. certificate recognize licence attestation equivalent assess
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Canadian experience
Canadian experience can be a real barrier for newcomers to Canada. One of the main reasons employers want Canadian experience is so that new workers will adapt to the workplace easily and quickly. You must be able to show that you have knowledge of the Canadian labour market, understand the Canadian work ethic, and are familiar with common workplace practices. There are many ways to get this knowledge and some exposure to the Canadian workplace. Here are some examples: Become a volunteer Being a volunteer provides you with the opportunity to work in a Canadian setting, and to show your commitment to the community. It also gives you a Canadian reference. To find out about volunteer jobs, call a community agency that does work in your area such as the volunteer association in your city. Ask for the volunteer coordinator to get information about volunteering. Research the Ontario workplace Talk to a few people who have successfully adapted to the Canadian workplace. Compare the Canadian workplace with the workplace that you used to work in and find the differences. If possible, do volunteer work in your field. Join a temporary placement agency Temporary placement agencies place workers in short-term assignments for companies who require short-term help. Unless you really like change and can afford to be without work for periods of time, this is a difficult way to make a living. This may be a good way to get Canadian experience but make sure you still have time to look for a permanent job.
Co-op programs Some public schools and community colleges offer co-op programs where you can do academic upgrading and get on-thejob practice through co-op job placements. These are unpaid jobs, but they give you the opportunity to get Canadian experience.
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Certification,
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for general information and to find the Apprenticeship and Trades Certification Office for your area, visit the Ontario Ministry of Colleges, Training and Universities Web site at www.edu.gov.on.ca look in the Blue Pages under Government of Ontario, Apprenticeship Offices
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Terminology
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TOOLS
In this unit you will learn about hand tools power tools reporting faulty power tools describing tool usage and faults
Real stories...
The Robertson screwdriver
Some time around the turn of the century, Peter Lymburner Robertson was setting up a street booth from which he planned to sell tools, when the slot-headed screwdriver he was using slipped out of the screw head and slashed open his hand. There must be a better way, he mumbled to himself. He then went on to create the ultimate screwdriver. P. L. Robertson patented his square-headed driver and screw system in 1908. And not long after, the Fisher Body Company (famous for constructing the Ford Model T) decided to use his invention in its production line. Robertsons colour-coded screwdriversgreen, red and black from smallest to largest, and square-headed screwsdominate the Canadian fastening market: 85% of the screws sold in Canada use the Robertson head. After 90 years of production, Americans are finally accepting the fact that Robertson indeed created a better screwdriver. About 10% of the screws sold in the U.S. are Robertson.
Activity 1: Discussion
1. Do you own and use a Robertson screwdriver? 2. Is the Robertson screwdriver used in other countries? 3. Can you name three other types of screwdrivers? 4. Can you name, in English, three different types of screwdrivers used by electrical tradespeople?
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Tools
You learned in the previous reading that there is at least one tool that is unique to Canada: the Robertson screwdriver. There are many tools that different electricians use, and in some cases many different names for one tool. This workshop cannot cover the names for all tools used by electrical workers. In this unit we will talk about some basic electricians hand tools, practise how to describe faulty power tools and categorize electrical equipment and supplies using their English names. The Electricians tool kit Electricians are expected to have a basic tool kit when they arrive on the job. In general, apprentices collect tools as they train to become a journeyperson electrician. When working with a contractor on a construction site, the contractor usually furnishes all other necessary tools or equipment and replaces all bits, taps and hacksaw blades broken on the job. The company usually also gives electricians locked storage for their tools and equipment on the job. Maintenance or industrial electricians working for a company are also expected to have a basic tool kit. The company provides power tools and safety equipment. There is usually a locker for each employee where these tools can be stored. Tool maintenance Workers are responsible for the care and maintenance of both the personal and company tools. An important skill and responsibility for electricians is the ability to select and use tools, inspect tools for faults, and do routine maintenance on tools and equipment.
Source:Interviews and the Apprenticeship Standards for Electricians
Activity 2: Discussion
1. Do you have a tool kit? 2. Describe the contents of your tool kit. 3. What standard for measurements and weights are you accustomed to using? 4. What are some other differences between tools here in Canada and tools in other countries? 5. How much would you expect to pay for a complete tool kit?
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Tools
2nd period
1 adjustable hacksaw 1 ball peen hammer
3rd period
1 medium-sized level 1 1/2" cold chisel
4th period
1 voltage tester 1 combination square or 6" square 1 centre punch 1 half-round file
5th period
1 Channelock
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Activity 4: Pronunciation
Pronounce each tool name individually and make note of the primary stress for each word. pliers level chisel Channellock* Phillips* Robertson*
*These are name brands
screwdrivers centre punch electricians knife pocket knife tool box tool pouch
belt for hand tools linemans pliers ball peen hammer adjustable hacksaw long-nose pliers voltage tester
Activity 5: Matching
Many tools have different names. Sometimes electricians use the brand name to name the type of tool, as in the use of Channellock for pump-pliers. Match the name of the tool to the nickname: 1. ___ side-cutters 2. ___ long-nose pliers 3. ___ Channellock 4. ___ pocket knife 5. ___ red handle 6. ___ green handle 7. ___ yellow handle 8. ___ black handle a) diagonal-cutting pliers or diagonal pliers b) the smallest-sized Robertson c) needle-nose pliers d) pump pliers e) electricians knife f) a medium-sized Robertson g) the largest-sized Robertson h) the most commonly-used Robertson
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1. ___________________________ are used to snip wires in tight places such as small fixture boxes. 2. __________________________ are usually used to bend wires to fit around screw terminals. 3. __________________________ is a heavy-duty tool used for pulling cable into fixture boxes, bending wire, and twisting knockouts from metal boxes. 4. An __________________________ has a safety lock to keep it from closing in use. The straight part of the blade is used to strip insulation from heavy cable before it is connected. 5. A _________________________ is used to check that the current is off inside an electrical box before beginning a job, and to determine which is the incoming hot wire in a circuit.
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Activity 8: Pronunciation
Practise the pronunciation for each tool. Ask the instructor to help you with the tool names that you find difficult to pronounce. Mark the main stress for each word to help you pronounce them clearly. chisel square cable stripper tin snips continuity tester Channellock ratchet solenoid tester half-round file tap wrench centre punch claw hammer fish tape diagonal pliers keyhole saw pipe bender wire basket wire stripper belt for hand tools coax cable crimper ball peen hammer conduit bender adjustable hacksaw linemans pliers combination square long-nose pliers
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1. A __________________________ turns metal conduit around a corner without crimping. 2. _____________________ is used to pull cables and wires through walls, ceilings, and other enclosed spaces. 3. A __________________________ slits plastic sheathing on electrical cables without damaging the wires inside. 4. A __________________________ is used to secure wire and cable to the end of a fish tape. 5. A hacksaw can be used to cut heavy wall conduit, a _______________________ can be used for smaller pipes. There is a metal-cutting tool and a plastic-cutting tool. 6. A ____________________________________ is used to ensure that the power has been shut off at a panel or circuit and to check the wiring of 240-volt circuits.
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Dialogue sample
Luiz: Pass me the screwdriver. Bruce: Do you want the Robertson or the Phillips? Luiz: Pass me the Robertson screwdriver. Bruce: Is that the one with the square tip? Luiz: Yeah, pass me the square-tip.
Dialogue 1
Hammer Ball peen or regular hammer Regular hammer The one with the claw?
Dialogue 2
Robertson Green handle or red handle Green handle The square tip with a green handle?
Dialogue 3
Pliers Diagonal or long nose? Diagonal pliers The ones with the short jaws?
Dialogue 4
Make up your own.
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Tools
Power tools
Now brainstorm ten faults that are possible in these power tools: 1. The chuck slips. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
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terminology
www.elec-tool box.com/main.html This Web site is American, but it has a ton of information for electrical contractors. Search for definitions, useful formulas, electrical symbols, tricks of the trade, pictures of bad wiring, and more. glossary of electrical terminology at www.thelearningpit.com/elec/glossary
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WORK TASKS
In this unit you will learn terminology for electrical equipment and supplies schematic drawings work tasks and procedures You will also practise describing your abilities
Real stories
Knob and tube wiring
Older electrical systems can have many interesting aspects to them. Knob and tube wiring gets its name from the knobs (or insulators) used to keep the wires isolated from objects and the ceramic tubes used to line holes, for example, through wooden floor joists. Knob and tube wiring can be found in homes over 50 years in age unless they have been updated. You may find it with older, 60 amp (or less) services. Although the actual wire used may largely be no different from that used today, it consists of only a hot (black) and neutral (white) wire. That is, there is no ground wire. Both wires must run separately to fixtures as opposed to those used now, which are contained within one plastic sheathing. In addition, junction boxes for housing electrical connections were seldom, if ever, used. Although knob and tube is a workable system, and safe when installed and used properly, it would be too costly to maintain or even, install this type of wiring today. However, there are some concerns with this system. Some insurance companies are now refusing to provide homeowners with insurance on houses with knob and tube wiring.
Source: www.grassroots.ca
Activity 1: Discussion
Answer the questions based on the reading and your knowledge of wiring in Canada. 1. How is knob and tube wiring insulated? 2. How is modern wire insulated? 3. Knob and tube wiring consists of a black and a white wire. What colour is the ground wire in modern wiring? 4. Are the colours used in Canada the same as in other countries? If not, what are the differences? 5. What are three dangers in the use of knob and tube wiring? 6. Why is knob and tube no longer used?
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Electrical supplies
Conduits
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Activity 3: Pronunciation
Practise the pronunciation for each piece of equipment. Listen to the instructor and mark the main stress for each word to help you pronounce it clearly, then practise saying each word. voltage oscillographs solenoid oscilloscopes meters anmetres
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Activity 5: Pronunciation
Mark the main stress for each word to help you pronounce it clearly. blueprint CAD legend power plan plan homerun drawing j-box
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1. 2. 3. 4.
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Competencies
Protect self and others Communicate Select and use hand and power tools Install, maintain and repair wiring systems Select, install, maintain and repair lighting systems Select and use test and measuring equipment Read, interpret and revise schematic drawings and documentation Install, maintain and troubleshoot power distribution systems Select, install and maintain batteries and battery charges Install, maintain and troubleshoot control systems Install, maintain, and troubleshoot rotating equipment Install, maintain and troubleshoot motor drive systems
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Examples
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Install, maintain and troubleshoot microprocessor-based systems Select, install and test grounding and bonding systems Select, install, and maintain communication systems Select, install and maintain power distribution equipment Select, install and maintain instrumentation equipment Install and maintain stand-by power systems Select, install and maintain lighting systems Read, interpret and revise drawings and specifications
Activity 9: Discussion
1. Did you have difficulty giving examples for each of the competencies? 2. Tell your group about your experience. 3. Listen to others describe their skills to find out who in the group has similar experience.
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When applying for your electricians licence you will have to show proof that you have had relevant experience. Some foreign-trained electricians choose to prepare a Declaration of Electrical Experience that describes their competencies. Here is an example.
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work tasks
pick up a copy of the Training Standards for your trade at your local Apprenticeship and Trades Certification Office. To get the address, look under Apprenticeship in the blue pages of your telephone book, or visit the Ministry of Training, Cooleges and Universities Web site, www.edu.on.ca, and follow the links to Apprenticeship. visit your local library and search for occupation profiles for electricians. You can look for the National Occupational Classification published by HRDC and the Career Monographs published by University of Toronto Press. read Towards 2001 on the Web site: www.toronto-hrdc.sto.org read Ontario Job Futures: www.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/jobfutures
Employment
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COMMUNICATION
In this unit you will learn about communication skills needed at work workplace culture in construction and industry government and industry standards You will also practise dialogues for workplace communication
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Activity 1: Discussion
1. Name five other situations where you need good oral communication skills? 2. Name five situations where you need to communicate by gestures or in other ways? 3. What are two tasks for which you need good written communication skills? 4. Name the job titles for five people you would come into contact with during a workday. 5. Do you feel your communication skills are appropriate for the workplace?
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
1. Read and interpret blueprints, technical documentation, regulations and written instructions. 2. Give and receive electronic communications. 3. Write job-related reports and documentation. 4. Interact effectively and in a professional manner with others to perform work safely. 5. Use basic computer inputting skills, including keyboarding, bar code and touch screens. 6. Use public address systems, telephones, pagers, radios, and cell phones, and to convey instructions and procedures safely and efficiently. 7. Read and interpret technical documentation. 8. Give and receive verbal information. 9. Write job-related reports and documentation. 10. Interact effectively with others. 11. Interact effectively with computers. 12. Interact effectively through communication devices.
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Communication
Working on a crew
As an electrician, you need to be a team player but also know how to solve problems with people of different backgrounds. If youre working on a crew and one person is not pulling his or her weight, what would you do? Giving and responding to advice and suggestions is an important part of teamwork. However, advice may sometimes be seen as criticism. If you are trying to give advice and it really is a criticism, make sure that it is constructive criticism. Before giving advice, it is a good idea to check to see whether or not your perception is correct. Here are some phrases that you might use: Is something wrong? Is something the matter? Have you run into a problem? Even when your co-worker admits he or she is having a problem, it is a good idea to ask for permission before giving advice. Here are some phrases that you may use: May I make a suggestion? I wonder if I could make a suggestion. Maybe I can help. Your co-worker may give you permission by saying something like: Please do. That would be great. Or he or she may say: No, its OK. Thanks. Thanks, but Ill figure it out. When giving the actual advice, you can say: Maybe you should try Possibly you could Why dont you try?
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Dialogue
Chris: Do you want me to help you set up the ladder? Raul: Sure, if you dont mind. Chris: Not at all. Im not that busy right now. Raul: Thanks. That would be great.
Try these...
1. Erect the scaffolding 2. Put away the power tools 3. Install the ballasts
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Workplace culture
Workplace culture refers to the values and ethics of companies and communities. These values can be seen in company logos, the way employers treat the staff, the work ethic, the dress code of the workplace, etc. Workers who understand these values will have the best chance of succeeding in that work environment. Be conscious of your environment, observe other workers, listen carefully to the way people communicate with each other, and learn the vocabulary of the company. Some examples of workplace culture are: At a worksite where construction workers are unionized, the culture will be pro-union. There may be some hard feelings towards workers who are not unionized because they work for less money. Union workers value job security. Electrical workers at all worksites comply with the health and safety practices. Workers who do not do so are not respected. Drinking on the job is not allowed, and understood by workers as a potentially dangerous activity. Many workers do go out for a drink with co-workers when they are off-duty. It is not general practice for workers to accept tea or coffee offered by customers during home visits.
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Real stories
There are several examples of the company culture in this mission statement.
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Activity 9: Discussion
1. What Canadian standards for electrical work are you familiar with? 2. Can you name at least five associations or organizations that set standards for electrical installations, production, maintenance, repairs, construction, safety, etc.?
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Company Standards Companies set their own standards of practice through various policies and procedures, such as the health and safety policy, or lockout procedures. New employees must be trained in these policies, and work according to them.
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copies of the Electricains Code books are available from community college bookstores (look under community college, bookstore in your phone book) or from the Canadian Standards Association. The cost of Part one of the Code book is about $60.00. Canadian Standrads Association (CSA) 178 Rexdale Boulevard Toronto, Ontario M9W 1R3 416-747-4000 see the Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) Web site at www.esa.org Canada Works has more information on ISO 9000 and information on workplace culture.
workplace culture
read the mission statements of different companies. Some companies have these statements on brochures that advertise their company. Sometimes you can find a companys mission statement on its Web site. To see an example visit: www.hydroone.com
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Real stories...
Company fined $100,000 for health and safety violation
TORONTO, Jan. 25, 2000 Westinghouse Canada Inc., a large corporation with divisions specializing in the generation of power, was fined $100,000 today for a violation of the Occupational Health and Safety Act that resulted in burns to two workers. On July 21, 1998, two workers were drilling a hole into a concrete floor to install new electrical breakers when their drill bit came in contact with a live electrical conduit buried in the cement. An explosion and extensive fire resulted. One of the workers suffered second and third degree burns to half of his body, while the other received flash burns. The accident occurred in front of Number 3 generator at Smoky Falls Generating Station, an electrical power station built in 1927 on the Mattagami River in the District of Cochrane, about 80 kilometres (50 miles) north of Kapuskasing, Ont. The station was owned by Ontario Hydro, which hired Westinghouse Canada Inc. to replace the existing controls in the station with new, more automated controls. Westinghouse, in turn, subcontracted the installation to Comstock Canada Limited of Burlington, Ont. Comstock employed the injured workers. A Ministry of Labour investigation revealed that Westinghouses field supervisor had a drawing showing the location of the electrical conduit. The drawing was in the supervisors office, located about a quartermile from where the installation was taking place.
Source: Safety Alert from the Ministry of Labour Web site, www.gov.on.ca/lab
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Activity 2: Pronunciation
Listen to the instructor. Mark the syllable stress in these words and phrases, then practise saying each one. confined space hazards electrical shock danger falls risks
Activity 3: Discussion
1. What hazards have you encountered at work? 2. Describe some of the precautions that you take when working. 3. Do you know how to administer CPR and first aid? 4. Have you had first aid training? 4. Are you aware of the hazards of working in the winter? What are they?
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Health
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Activity 4: Discussion
1. What were some of the health and safety procedures in your previous workplace? 2. What were these procedures based on? Company standards? Government standards? 3. Are you familiar with the OHSA? What is it? How does it protect workers?
Activity 5: Matching
Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right: 1. ___ procedure 2. ___ legislation 3. ___ regulation 4. ___ standard a) a description of how things should be done, may be a law or a company standard b) a law c) a set of rules or regulations followed by an industry d) the way something is done
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Activity 9: Matching
Match the health and safety skills in the left column with the simple descriptions on the right: 1. ___ 2. ___ 3. ___ 4. ___ administer CPR and emergency first aid erect, maintain and use scaffolding identify and use firefighting equipment interpret and apply the industrial Occupational Health and Safety Act interpret and apply safe housekeeping practices interpret and apply the WHMIS regulations lockout and tag electrical and mechanical equipment select and use tools and equipment for the job they are intended select, adjust, and use personal protective clothing and equipment work in compliance with employer safety regulations a) put up scaffolding so that it is safe and secure b) clean up spills, secure cables and wires c) use first aid and artificial respiration as required d) work in compliance with government safety regulations e) read labels describing hazardous substances f) wear the appropriate shoes, hard hat and goggles when needed
g) choose the right tool for the job h) find and use the fire extinguisher in case of fire i) j) follow the work procedures established by the employer close down electrical equipment while doing maintenance and repairs so that nobody can turn the power on while the work is being done
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Real stories
A painter who was painting a large fan wheel almost lost his hands when some enraged manager cut the lock with bolt cutters because staff were complaining of uncomfortable working conditions. The painter was able to jump clear of the fan as the belts started to screech into action. There was nothing electrical about that situation, only that the regs seem to have fallen short on lockout and tagout procedures. Lockouts are necessary for any work done on equipment that may have residual potential energy (electric, mechanic, hydraulic, pneumatic, etc.). The main objective of a lockout system is to prevent the accidental re-energization of equipment that could lead to an accident and possible injury when you are doing maintenance on equipment. Where there is a lock there must be a tag. Flipping off the switch does not constitute a proper lockout. Regulations for Industrial Establishments (Reg. 851 sec. 41) state that the power supply shall be disconnected, locked out and tagged before any work is done. If it can be energized by anyone but the person working on it, it needs to be locked out (this includes live work too). An approved lock must be used. The lock should also have a tag affixed to it with all the necessary information about the operation (name, date, purpose, etc.). The Health and Safety Committee for a workplace should develop a lockout procedure for all employees to follow.
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I prefer the one key - one lock method. I carry my own personal lock and tag with me at all times. My organization is a large pulp and paper mill which employs about 960 people. We have a new lockout process. Our present process still has some of the practices from our old system. One of these is allowing only electricians to open electrical master switches with the exception of the chemical plant. In that part of the operation, operators have always been allowed to open switches for lockout purposes. We hope to make a change that will allow operators to open electrical master switches 700 volts and under.
1. What is the one key one lock method? 2. What kind of company is this? 3. Are only electricians allowed to open switches? 4. What changes do they want to make? Why? 5. In your opinion, are these changes a good idea? Now write a description of a lockout procedure that you have used in the past:
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Health
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Safety
Winter work
Working in the winter can be dangerous if you are working outdoors and are not protected properly. Frostbite and hypothermia are two conditions that you should be careful of. Here are some tips for protecting yourself and others: 1. Wear clothes that will retain your body heat without sweating. That is, wear several layers of light clothing instead of one heavy layer. 2. Cover your head. A warm hat liner is good for keeping your head and ears warm. 3. Try not to wear tight fitting boots. If you can, change boots regularly so that they can dry out completely. 4. Wear mittens instead of gloves if you can. 5. Avoid wetness because of sweating, rain or snow. 6. Limit the time you spend in extreme cold conditions. 7. Get someone to check you for frostbite. 8. Rest regularly in a sheltered space. 9. Avoid tobacco the nicotine decreases blood flow.
Frostbite: skin looks waxy, white and feels numb (no feeling). DO NOT RUB. Warm
The danger signs of hypothermia are shivering, slurred speech, stumbling and drowsiness. First aid is to stop further cooling of the body and to provide heat to begin warming. Treatment: take the person to shelter keep the person awake check breathing apply direct body heat
remove wet clothing and wrap the person in warm covers re-warm the neck, abdomen and groin give warm, sweet drinks if the person is conscious call for medical help or take the person to the nearest hospital
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safety alerts
for examples of hazards in the workplace look for safety alerts for electricians, see the Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) Web site at www.esa.org
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10
PERSONAL PLAN
In this unit, you will learn about training and upgrading preparing for the provincial exam You will also do a self-assessment plan your next steps to employment in Ontario
Electrical Pre-Exam
Pre-requisite: You must be referred by the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, Apprenticeship Branch, for provincial certification, or have successfully completed the advanced level of apprenticeship training. Fee: $300.00 (includes $10.00 materials fee) Hours: Tu & Th 6:00 9:00 Duration: three months
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Activity 2: Research
Look in brochures and college catalogues or visit the Web site for a union (www.ibewcco.org), a safety association or a community college and look for the list of courses offered to electricians. 1. What are some of the topics covered? 2. Who are these courses intended for? 3. List the name of three courses that you would be interested in taking. 4. Are there prerequisites for these courses? 5. Why do they interest you? 6. What are the schedule and the cost?
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2. Unless identified for use in the operation environments, no conductors or equipment shall be: a) b) c) d) exposed to liquids and excessive temperatures exposed to fumes, vapours, and gases located in damp or wet locations all of the above
3. An overload may be caused by a short circuit or ground fault. a) true b) false 4. When considering your working space requirements, concrete, brick, or tile walls shall be considered as: a) b) c) d) in the way grounded inconsequential none of these
5. Equipment approved for use in dry locations shall be protected against permanent damage from the weather during: a) b) c) d) building construction building demolition floods hurricanes
Activity 4: Discussion
1. Underline the words in the quiz that you are not familiar with. 2. Are you used to taking multiple choice exams? 3. What are some tips for completing multiple choice exams?
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Materials or courses
Apprenticeship Training Standards Pre-exam courses Standard Textbook of Electricity (Delmar Publishers) Electronics for Industrial Electricians (Delmar Publishers) Canadian Electrical Code (Canadian Standards Association) Residential Wiring (Delmar Publishing) Commercial Wiring (Delmar Publishing)
Fee:
Self-assessment
What are the next steps that you need to take? Before you begin your job search it is important to assess and evaluate your skills, training and objectives. This will help you decide if you are ready for the workplace. A self-assessment helps you to evaluate your training and experience, your employability skills, and your readiness for job search. A self assessment will help you to decide if you should get more training, upgrade your skills, practise your English, or begin your job search immediately. The list of questions on these next pages are based on the skills, knowledge, training, and certification that is required for electricians and on what employers are looking for in new employees. The questions will help you think about your previous education, training, experience, skills knowledge, and interests and help you make a plan of action.
Activity 6: Pronunciation
Mark the syllable stress in these words and phrases, then practise saying each. evaluate evaluations assess assessment readiness self-assessment
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Plan
Yes
No
Experience
Do you have letters from previous employers stating how long you have worked in the trade? Do you have a record of the kind of work that you have done and different projects that you have worked on? Have you prepared and practised a personal experience statement?
Knowledge
Can you name at least five employers in your field in Ontario? Do you know what employers in Ontario expect of their workers? Are you familiar with the Ontario Electrical Code? Are you familiar with health and safety standards for your trade?
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Yes
No
General skills
Are you familiar with the hand tools used in Canada? Can you name these hand tools? Are you familiar with power tools and the safety procedures for how they are used? Can you name power tools? Are you familiar with the names of electrical supplies and equipment in English?
Computer Skills
Can you use a word processor? Can you search the Internet and use email? Are you familiar with the hardware and software for computer-assisted manufacturing and other controls?
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Questions Licensing
Do you need a licence to work in your trade in Ontario? Do you know where to take the licensing exam? Do you know when you can take the exam? Do you know what textbooks can help you prepare for the exam? Do you know about the application forms that need to be completed?
Yes
Credentials assessment
Do you need to translate your documents? Do you know where you can translate these documents? Do you know the address of the local Apprenticeship Office? Have you prepared a statement of experience?
Job search
Do you have a resume? Have you practised filling out application forms for jobs? Do you know where you can go to get the help of a job search counsellor? Do you know about job search classes and programs for newcomers?
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Computer certification
Internet training
Volunteering
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to see examples of training and upgrading courses offered by unions visit the IBEW Web site at www.ibewcco.org see community college course calendars, available at most public libraries
language training/ESL/LINC
for a general description of services for newcomers, visit www.settlement.org free ESL and word processing courses are available through the catalogues for boards of education and the bulletin boards at your local library. look in the Yellow Pages under Language Training look at the Citizenship and Immigration Web site for information on the LINC program: www.cicnet.ingenia.com/english/newcomers visit www.settlement.org for general information on services for newcomers, including language training.
computer training
word processing and other computer courses are available through the continuing education departments of boards of education There is a fee for these courses. some community agencies for newcomers offer free computer training and other specialized courses or workshops. Check bulletin boards at community agencies, local libraries and schools. private computer training schools offer training. Look in the Yellow Pages, ads in the newspaper, and different advertising for these schools. There is a fee for these courses.
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GLOSSARY
adjust arrange, put in order, regulate amperage, amps measurement of the amount of electric current apprentice person who has agreed to work for a skilled employer for a fixed period of time in return for being taught a trade or skill apprenticeship contract between an employer and someone who is learning a trade assemble to put different parts together assess decide about the value of something assessment evaluation attestation a declaration, often with legal weight automated works by itself (automatically) benefits dental, medical, or vacation plans that your employer provides blueprint photographic engineering plan of something that will be built build as the way something was installed. For example, electricians make a build as drawing to show how the installation was done capacity amount of data or information that can pass through a single cable, wire, or fibre
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carrier company providing telecom services certification licence to practise an occupation certification having a certificate of licence to work in a trade channel in general, a separate path that signals can flow through, provided either by physical separation (like multi-pair cable) or electrical separation (as in frequency- or code-division multiplexing) circuit complete path along which an electric current flows circuit board thin board containing an electrical network circuit breaker automatic device for interrupting an electric current coaxial copper cable used by cable TV companies to link homes and offices to the community network. Contains two cables in one covering, one to carry the signal and the other to act as a ground. code professional standards agreed on by members of a particular profession collective agreement agreement between the employer and the union regarding work duties and pay community college the college system in Ontario, different from universities compensation money you get for being injured at work compliance action in accordance with a request or command comply to do as one is requested
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Glossary
compulsory what must be done, required by the rules conductor something that allows electricity to flow through it easily. Water and most metals are good conductors. Conductors can allow electricity to flow through them because the electrons in their atoms move between atoms very easily. conduit tube or trough for protecting wires or cable confined, confined space limited, restricted connect to bring together; connect consolidation many companies in an industry sector combine into a few large corporate groups contractor person or firm that does jobs under contract crimper used to attach a terminal to the end of a wire for connection to a block or plug current movement or flow of electricity deregulation removal of government restrictions on pricing and the opening of an industry sector to competition devices tools or instruments diagnose reach a conclusion through analysis of a problem; find the problem digital electronic technology that generates, stores, and processes data as positive (represented as the digit 1) or non-positive (represented as the digit 0); contrasted with analog digital multimeter device used by installers and service testers to test and troubleshoot electrical systems by measuring voltage, frequency, etc.
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diploma certificate awarded for passing an examination or completing a course of study distribution lines power lines that carry electricity through towns and neighbourhoods to homes and businesses. Distribution lines can run overhead or underground documentation proof of what you say you are or have (passport, licence, etc.) drowsiness feeling sleepy electrician person who is licensed to install and maintain electrical systems electricity flow of electrons energy ability provided in a readily utilized form, such as an electric current equivalent same; equal erect build; set up ESA Electrical Safety Authority, an organization responsible for electrical inspections in Ontario faults problems; irregularities fission splitting apart of an atoms nucleus with the release of a large amount of heat energy. fluorescent bulb light bulb that emits light because the gas inside it glows when it is charged by electricity frequency number of cycles per second of a carrier wave for transmissions. Related to wavelength; the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength
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Glossary
fuel cell technology that produces electricity through a chemical reaction similar to that found in a battery generate to produce; occur generator machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy geothermal energy energy that is generated by converting hot water or steam from deep beneath the earth's surface into electricity gopher pole tool which allows you to push or pull wire easily over long distances hazardous dangerous; risky hazards dangers; risks hydroelectricity electricity that is generated when falling water makes a turbine spin incandescent bulb light bulb that emits light due to the glowing of a heated filament inside it industries commercial undertakings that provide services industry any commercial undertaking that provides services inspect check; examine inspection to check and make sure that an electrical installation has been correctly installed install to put in; set up something new
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installation installing; being installed insulation materials that are used to prevent electricity, heat, or sound from passing through wires or cables insulator something that does not allow electricity to flow through it easily. Glass and special rubber are good insulators. Insulators do not allow electricity to flow through them easily because the electrons in their atoms do not move easily from atom to atom. interpret ability to read and understand a document, drawing or chart ISO 9000 a set of universal standards for quality assurance isolate separately journeyperson person who has served an apprenticeship and is qualified to work at a trade under supervision kilowatt 1,000 watts of electricity kilowatt/hour one kilowatt of electricity produced or used in one hour.
lay out to put out or arrange before assembling or installing licence a government permit line aid tells you if a telephone line is reversed or dead maintain keep something in good working order
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maintenance to keep in good working order or condition malfunction something that causes a machine to break down (noun); failure to work properly (verb) manufacturing to make on a large scale using machinery mbps megabits per second; measure of data speed over a telecommunications medium. Related to MHz: the greater the data speed, the larger the bandwidth megawatt 1,000,000 watts of power or 1,000 kilowatts. MHz megahertz; measure of frequency or of bandwidth for high-speed digital data; related to Mbps natural gas gas used as a fuel, which is formed naturally in the earth when organic material decomposes under pressure. network people who you know or can be used to get information network an interconnected system; an arrangement of circuits Ohms Law derived SI unit for electrical resistance or impedance; one ohm equals one volt per ampere. outlet socket in a wall for connecting an electrical appliance to a wiring system outsourcing contract work to an outside company or individual overload put too great an electric charge PBX Private Branch Exchange; a phone system that switches calls between users on local lines while allowing users to share a set number of external lines
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photovoltaic cell device that changes sunlight directly into electricity power line wire used to carry electricity. Power lines are located high overhead or buried underground. power plant place where electricity is generated prerequisites courses needed to take before taking other courses private sector business conducted by independent companies or private individuals, as opposed to government control public sector part of the economy that is under direct control by the government PVC Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most common synthetic materials used both as the insulation around individual wires, the sheathing around a bundle of insulated wires, and as a conduit for wires qualified a person who has the proper licence or certificate or experience to do a job raceway pipe or tubing enclosing electrical wires receptacle an electrical outlet receptacle container; space for placing or storing something reel round device for winding or unwinding line or wire regulate control or direct by means of rules and restrictions regulation rule or restriction made by an authority
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remove take out; eliminate repair restore to good condition repeater a device which automatically amplifies or retransmits an electronic message replace to put back in its place; take the place of requirements being necessary or required restructure give a new or different structure or arrangement risks possibility of meeting danger or suffering scaffolding a temporary structure made of tubes or poles providing workmen with platforms to stand on while working seasonal happening during a particular season secondary education Grades 9 13 (OAC) within the Ontario school system sector part of the economy sheathing protective covering or casing around an electric cable solar energy electricity produced from the suns radiation specification details and instructions describing the design and materials of something splice join wires by fastening the ends together
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sprinkler system a water system in a building that activates when there is a fire standards set of rules or regulations to be followed static still; unmoving substation facility where transformers lower electricitys voltage switch network device that selects a path or circuit for sending data to its next destination terminology words that are associated with a particular subject (e.g. trade terminology) transformer device used to increase or decrease electricitys voltage and current transistor small electrical device used in controlling electrical signals as they pass along a circuit transmission lines power lines that carry high-voltage electricity for long distances trench long narrow ditch dug to hold electrical conduits troubleshoot to guess what the problem is (e.g. figure out why the machine is not working) trunking system a network of electrical lines or cables; or a network of telephone lines, each of which carries multiple voice or data channels between two telephone exchange switching systems turbine device used in the generation of electricity. It has a shaft with blades at one end and electromagnets at the other. Water or steam or some other energy source pushes the blades, which make the shaft and the magnets spin very fast. The magnet end is surrounded by heavy coils of copper wire, and the spinning magnets cause electrons in the wire to begin to move, creating electricity.
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Glossary
utilities services such as electricity, natural gas, or other basic needs. A company which provides these services is called a utility company. utility a company or other organization that provides a public service, such as supplying electricity, natural gas, or water. voltage electrical force measured in volts voltage surge suppressor an instrument that prevents voltage levels from increasing suddenly voluntary certification not required by law but beneficial for the trade wavelength the distance between identical points in the cycles of a sound or light signal; related to frequency WHMIS Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System WSIB Workers Safety Insurance Board (Government of Ontario)
Sources: Canadian Oxford Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1998 whatis?com @ www.whatis.techtarget.com Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1989
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