A Novel Frobenius Norm Filtering Method for Removal of a Class of Noises.

In this paper, we propose a Novel Spatially Selective Noise Filtration Technique based on Relational Context Spatial Domain Analysis for the removal of Additive, Multiplicative and Uncorrelated Noise, functioning in the Wavelet subband domain, called the Frobenius Norm Filter (FNF). The FNF is employed upon a Class of Noises having varied Probability Density Functions (PDFs) to show its versatility. Also, we mathematically prove the existence of a Minimizer, and its Convergence, for the Frobenius Norm Filter. Now, a Euclidean Space is also a Topological Space, which by definition, have Open Sets leading to notions of continuous functions, paths, maps, convergent sequences, limits. Open Sets provide a fundamental way to speak of nearness of points in a Topological Space, without explicitly having a concept of distance defined. This is done on a neighborhood basis. We have applied comparative Frobenius Norm under a given Window Set and Pixel Connectivity for removal of Noise. Minimization of outlier effects can be accomplished,    with   , such that the PSNR value is maximum; subject to optical evaluation. Histogram Matching is also accounted for. The Frobenius Norm, being sub-multiplicative, is the inner product on the space of all Matrices and is easier to compute than Induced Norms. The set of all n-by-n Matrices, together with such a sub-multiplicative Norm, is a Banach Space. Since an isomorphism between two Euclidean Spaces is also an isomorphism between the corresponding Topological Spaces, therefore, a one-to-one correspondence exists between the Banach Space, when the Frobenius Norm is measured, and the Euclidean Hilbert Space, where the Image is represented w.r.t. the Image Intensity Function. Frobenius Norm works on Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors, which are unique to a given system and are sensitive to perturbations. Every space consists of equivalence classes of functions and we can think of an L2 function as a density function. A Noise Models PDF, measured either in the L1 ( ) or L2 ( ) space, is compatible with the Frobenius L2 (Rn) Norm. In short, the FNF is a non-linear adaptive order statistic filter functioning on the L2 space, which can modulate itself according to the Noises PDF. For a given 33 window, we calculate the minimum and maximum gray level pixel value, along with the Frobenius Norm. If Minimum Value < Frobenius Norm < Maximum Value, then we check for the Noisy Pixel . If too lies between the Min. and Max. Value, then it is not a Noisy Candidate, else we replace it with the Frobenius Norm. It is observed that the connectivity is preserved even when the Image is highly corrupted. Also, Median Filters and its variants, are 2-phase processes which are difficult to treat analytically and have a Temporal Complexity of O(N log(N)), whereas The Frobenius Norm calculations do not exceed O(N). FNFs good Localization Characteristic and Protection of Sharp Edges will allow the Filters to be very competitive in Edge Detection, Pattern Recognition, and Computer Vision. FNF is better in preservation of Salient Image features such as Details, Edges and Contours.
PSNR PSNR Filter Values(dB) Salt & Pepper Median 17.29 ADP Med. 17.45 Frobenius 17.81 Speckle Noise Median 23.38 ADP Med. 23.15 Frobenius 23.67 Poisson Noise Median 26.20 ADP Med. 27.99 Frobenius 28.26 Erlang Noise Median 15.93 ADP Med. 15.54 Frobenius 16.61 Rayleigh Noise Median 15.49 ADP Med. 15.59 Frobenius 15.67 PSNR Values(dB) 16.99 17.21 17.99 23.71 22.65 23.91 26.41 27.67 28.43 15.09 15.27 16.44 15.47 15.56 15.63 PSNR Values(dB) 17.14 17.34 17.96 22.99 22.28 23.39 25.48 27.09 27.51 15.01 15.19 16.31 15.46 15.54 15.57

Original Image.

Corrupted Image (Impulse).

Frobenius Norm Filtered.

Median Filtered.