Physica Scripta. Vol. 42, 481-484, 1990.

Two-Fluid Hydrodynamic Description of Quasiparticle

Gas in Crystals
D. I. Pushkarov and R. D. Atanasov
Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
Received August 11, 1989; accepted February 13, 1990
(1)
(2)
Abstract
A Bose gas of quasiparticles in crystals is described in terms of a two-fluid
hydrodynamics based of both the momentum and quasimomentum conser-
vative laws. The full set of hydrodynamic equations is deduced. Under
certain conditions the quasiparticle gas possesses superfluid properties. They
appear only in the case of a non-quadratic quasiparticle dispersion law. The
possibility of a second-sound-type wave propagation is considered, and
corresponding dispersion laws are obtained for all interesting limits. The
results are expressed by means of the thermodynamic functions of the
quasiparticle gas under consideration.
1. Introduction
Since the Landau's two-fluid theory [1], a number of attempts
about the applicability of its ideas to the behaviour of the
quasiparticle gas in crystals have been made. In particular,
the question for a second-sound propagation in diverse media
has been considered [2-5]. Special attention has been paid to
the idea for the existence of a superfluid solid. In this sense,
the solid He
4
has been proposed as a most promising object
of study. As is known, vacancies are delocalized in it and
turn into quasiparticles-vacancions [6, 7]. In some approach,
vacancions obey Bose-Einstein statistics [6, 7] and, in prin-
ciple, they could possess superfluid properties. Naturally, a
superfluid vacancy flow in some direction is equivalent to a
superfluid mass flow in the opposite direction. First con-
sideration of the two-fluid properties of crystals has been
made by Andreev and Lifshitz [6], using a phenomenological
description in close analogy to that one introduced by
Landau for the liquid helium. The authors show that in
principle, a superfluid movement is possible, and in a par-
ticular case a mass flow at fixed crystal lattice sites could exist.
Later, Saslow [8] made an attempt to build a microscopic
theory of the same phenomenon but as showed Liu [9] some
Maxwell's relations are not satisfied in his theory, which calls
the obtained results in question. Liu's investigation is based
also on a macroscopical consideration of the problem con-
cerning a superfluid solid and the main problem which is
accentuated is the role of the transformation properties of the
superfluid velocity VS: if it obeys the Galilean transformation
then a mass superfluid flow could arise and if it doesn't -
entropy superfluid flow turns out to be possible. But the
question concerning the physical origin of V
S
remains open.
In the present investigation, we consider the two-fluid
properties of an arbitrary quasiparticle Bose-gas subject to
both quasimomentum and momentum (e.g., quasiparticle
mass flow) are conserved. In principle, conservation of the
momentum means a conservation of the total mass flow
consisting of quasiparticle gas flow and lattice sites mass flow
[7]. But in case of fixed lattice sites, the second one vani.shes.
The analysis performed in this work shows that the account-
ing of both the quasimomentum and momentum conservation
lows leads to a superfluid behaviour of the quasiparticle gas
i.e., under certain conditions, a mass flow not attended by an
entropy flow could exist. A second-sound propagation in
such a system is considered depending on the type of the
quasiparticle dispersion law.
2. Distribution function and thermodynamic relations
We shall examine a gas of non-interacting quasiparticles in a
crystal. Every quasiparticle will be represented by its reduced
wave vector k and dispersion law W
k
== wk(k). If the tem-
perature T(r, t) and the quasiparticle number density nCr, t)
are sufficiently small, one may regard that the frequency of
the normal processes r; 1 is to a marked degree greater than
the frequency of the Umklapp processes r ~ 1, and hence, the
quasimomentum can be regarded as a conservative quantity.
Then, a local equilibrium state of the quasiparticle gas could
be established by means of the normal processes. In this case
it is possible to introduce a local equilibrium distribution
function of the quasiparticles n
k
== nk(k, r, t). It has to pro-
vide a maximum of the entropy density S(r, t), on condition
that densities of energy E(r, t), momentum j(r, t), quasi-
momentum K(r, t) and nCr, t) are conservative quantities. In
case of Bose quasiparticles, the mathematical representation
of the problem is to determine nk so that
S(r, t) = fs[nkl dk,
s[nk] == (1 + n
k
) In (1 + nk) - nk In (nk)
is maximum (we use here k
b
== h == 1), subject to
E(r, t) fwkn
k
dk
n(r, t) fn
k
dk
K(r, t) f kn
k
dk
j(r, t) = m f (owk/ok)nk dk
where m is the bare mass of a real particle, dk == (11
2n)3 dk
1
dk
2
dk
3
and the integration over k is performed over
the first Brillouin zone. This leads to the following distri-
bution function
= [ex
p
( _wk_-_V__k_-_m_r;_._(8_w_
k
1 _ 8 k _ ) _ - _ ~ ) 1rI
(3)
Physica Scripta 42
482 D. I. Pushkarov and R. D. Atanasov
In the case of a gap dispersion law W
k
== W
o
+ w(k) and
T W
o
the two densities are proportional to exp ( - wo/T)
but their ratio is a power function too. It can be shown that
(11 )
(13)
(12)
Analogously, for quasi-momentum one finds
K; == Pi/ V; + mno Jt';
where
Pil = - f k;k/(8n
k
/8wk) dk.
If the dispersion law is of the form W
k
== ak
d
then the
effective density Pi} ex T(2-d)/d and n exo T
3
/
d
and hence
Pi} /n ex T(2-d)/d
(4)
In fact, this is the definition of the energy as a function of the
variables S, n, K and j.
From (1) and (3) we find the following thermodynamic or
relations
TbS == bE - V - bK - W - bj - jibn
where the local time-dependent quantities ji and T corre-
spond to the chemical potential and temperature of the
quasiparticle gas and Vand Ware velocities (Lagrange multi-
pliers) conjugate to the quasimomentum and momentum
respectively. Note that there is only a mathematical similarity
between the distribution function (3) and that one arising in
case of a Galilean transformation to a new frame of reference
moving with a velocity V or W [1, 4]. Here we have intro-
duced a local frame connected with the crystal lattice and no
kind of transformations are supposed.
Varying (1) with the distribution function (3) we get
n == E - TS - V - K - W -j - jin
(7) Sil = f dk (17)
In this way, the full hydrodynamic system consists of four
equations, which can be written as
defining the thermodynamic potential n as a function of the
variables T, ji, V and W.
3_ Two-fluid hydrodynamics
The non-dissipative two-fluid hydrodynamic equations for
the quasiparticle fluid are contained in the following set of
conservation laws
To second order in the velocities the quasimomentum flux
is given by
(16)
(15)
(14)
fwk(8w
k
/8k;)nk dk
Wov; + (TS;, + jini/)
where
Lij = fk; (8Wk/8kj)nk dk = Q0(jij
and the momentum flux has the following form
II
il
= -Q
il
= T fin (1 + nnvAk) dk.
In respect of the energy flux, we find
(6)
and respectively,
dn == - S dT - K - d V - j - dW - n dji
n+V-J==O
E + v- Q == 0
j+v-n==o
K+ VeL 0
S+V-F 0
(9) dE == T dS + ji dn + V - dK + W - dj
where J == jIm is the number density flux. The vectors Qand
F are the energy density flux and entropy density flux respec-
tively and Land n are the quasimomentum and the momen-
tum flux tensors. In so far as we shall concern about a sound
wave propagation we can expand n
k
in powers of V; and J--V
and restrict ourselves to the linear members. In this approxi-
mation the above fluxes may be expressed by means of nO ==
nCr, t, V == W == 0) and the global equilibrium thermo-
dynamic functions n == nCr, t, V == W == 0) and EO ==
E(r, t, V == W == 0). Then we find to second order in the
velocities
the last of equations (18) can be replaced by entropy equation
J; == mno V; + mn;j Uj
where
nil = f dk
and
(8)
n + nV - U == 0
mnU
i
- (ani//ax,) == 0
p;s(ansl/ax,) - n(ano/ax;) + n
2
(b;1 - Pi/ )'r-V
l
== 0
E + wov - U + TS(Su/S - == 0
where
f3i/ == P;k nktl(nO)2
and
W
O
== EO _ n
is the enthalpy.
Taking into account the thermodynamic identity
(18)
(19)
In general, the velocities V and Ware not collinear, conse-
quently, the mass flux j is not parallel to anyone of them.
Obviously, the mass flux and the entropy flux depend on
different velocities both in value and in direction. In this way,
a mass flux without an entropy transport may occur. That
means the existence of a superfluid density p
S

In case of quadratic dispersion law, however, the super-

vi/(k) == m(a
2
w(k)/ak;ak,).
Therefore, the local drift velocity U is given by
U; == V; +
(10)
S + SV - U + SCSi/IS - == 0
(20)
Physica Scripta 42
Two-Fluid Hydrodynamic Description of Quasiparticle Gas in Crystals 483
and the third of eqs. (18) together with the additional entropy
flux disappears. Then K becomes proportional to j i.e.,
(29)
(28)
o
o
o
o
(8n/8T)/l
(8S/8T)/l'
y
at + f3 jl + n
S
V VS + nn V v
n
yt + ajl + S V v
n
S VT + n VJ.1 + pS V
S
+ pn V
n
nS VT + nnn VJ.1 + pnnsV
s
+ pnnnv
n
where
4. Second-sound propagation
With the aid of the derived equations, let us consider the
problem of the spectrum of the sound waves in the quasiparti-
cle gas under consideration. Linearizing (25) we obtain the
following system
(22)
(21)
In order to see in an explicit form the superfluid behaviour
of the quasiparticle gas under consideration we shall rewrite
the full hydrodynamic system (18) in terms of the superfluid
hydrodynamics. For simplicity of the notation we shall con-
sider cubic crystals. Then we find to second order in the
velocities
S,.dS == nu/n
fluid density vanishes, in sense that
Pu == mnob
u
where b is the unit tensor and the following notation has been
introduced:
and == (8/8k)2. The above quantities are connected by the
relations:
P/l == (8p/8J.1)T == V,
PT == (8p/8T)/l == (p + q - J.1v)/T.
They have not an exact physical sense, except for the case of
quadratic dispersion law W
k
== k
2
/2m* when p == - (m/m*)Qo,
v == (m/m*)n and q == (m/m*)Eo.
Substituting F == SV
n
and V == V
S
into the above expres-
sions for the fluxes, we obtain the full set of hydrodynamic
equations 9f the quasiparticle gas consisting of equation (19)
and
(31)
(30)
o
o
o
at + f3jl + nV vn
yt + ajl + SV vn
SVT + nVJ.1 + pV
n
The introduced effective densities:
4.1. Quasiparticles with quadratic dispersion law
As was noted in the previous section the quadratic dispersion
law is critical for the superfluid behavior of quasiparticle gas
under consideration. It is easy to see that pS == n
S
== 0 when
W
k
ex k
2
Then the general system of hydrodynamic equations
(25) is reduced to the following one:
pn == mnS/PT,
p f k
2
nO (l + nO) dk,
pS P _ pn
obey the following equation
K == pV + mnW == pSV
s
+ pnv
n
.
Now we shall examine a few particular cases of the second-
sound propagation, according to the type of the quasiparticle
dispersion law and the value of the chemical potential.
(24)
(23)
t m f(ow
k
jok)2n2 dk,
t m f(Ak
w
k)n2 dk,
tm fw
k
(A
k
w
k
)n2 dk,
v(r, t)
q(r, t)
p(r, t)
J(r, t) == nV + vW, Q(r, t) == WO V + W(p + q),
n == pb, L == -Qob, F == SV + pTW

K + SVT + nVJ.1 == 0
J+ PTVT + PpVJ.1 == 0
o
Note that at m == 0 the same system is valid also for massless
quasiparticles (e.g., phonons) with arbitrary dispersion law.
4.1.1. The number of quasiparticles is not conserved. If the
(25) quasiparticle number is not constant then J.1 == 0 and the
number conservation law (the first one of (31)) is to be
excluded from the system (31). Hence, the standard pro-
cedure yields the following second-sound dispersion law
where the following notation has been introduced
(32)
(34)
(33)
where Cy is the specific heat of the quasiparticle gas.
4.1.2. The number of quasiparticles is conserved. In this
case J.1 =1= 0 and the specific heat is expressed by C
y
==
T(y - a
2
/ f3). Then the condition for a non-zero solution of
the full system (31) yields
w
2
(q) =:= w6(q) {[I - an/(f3S)]2 + Cyn
2
/(Tf3S
2
)}
(26)
(27)
In these variables, the number density flux is expressed as
The first and second of equations (25) as well (26) and (27)
are analogous to those arising in the classic theory of super- The above equation may be rewritten as
fluidity [1]. In this sense we may regard the quantities n
S
and 2
V
S
as the number density and the velocity of the superfluid oi(q) == [(T/Cy)(8s/8vo)} - (8J.1/8v
o
)T] 'L
flow whereas nn and V
n
are the corresponding ones of the p
normal flow. where s == Sin and Vo == l/n are the entropy and the volume
Physica Scripta 42
(35)
484 D. I. Pushkarov and R. D. Atanasov
per one quasiparticle. Making use of the following Maxwell
relations:
(oPjoT)vo;
Vo [(OP/Ovo)s + f (OP/OT)v
o
]
where P is the presence of the quasiparticle gas and C
y
== C
y
jn
is the specific heat per one quasiparticle, we find at last
2 (OP) q2
W (q) == - n-
on S p
In the event W
k
== k
2
(2m) from (30) one finds p == nm
and (35) coincides formally with the sound dispersion low in
the ordinary gases.
4.2. Quasiparticles with non-quadratic dispersion law
This type of dispersion law keeps the superfluid densities n
S
and pS non-vanishing, and hence, we need the full system (28).
We start again with a second-sound propagation in case
the quasiparticle number is not constant. Then substituting
J1 == 0 into (28) and excluding the first of them, one finds the
following second-sound dispersion law
where
b
n
== K
n2
j(K
P
- K
n
).
The system (38) determines two eigen frequencies W
I
,2(Q) for
each value of the wave vector q. The precise expressions of
W
I
,2(q) are especially simple in the case when the density
ratios K
P
, K
n
, and hence b
P
and b
n
are small in comparison
with the unity. Then we find the frequencies W
I
,2 in linear
approximation in the small b
P
and b
n
as follows
W
2
I
(q) == b
n
[2( == n) _ ( TS)2 q2] (39)
W
o
q, P P n C
y
(oPjon)s pn
and

(40)
where wo, wand WI are given by (32), (35) and (39) respectively.
Obviously, w
2
(q) is greater than WI (q), and hence, the corres-
ponding velocity of the sound wave C
2
is greater than C
I
for
any q -# O.
(36) References
where
b
P
== K
P
Knj(K
P
- K
n
), K
P
== pSj pn, K
n
== nSjnn (37)
The general spectrum of the sound propagating modes
when J1 -# 0 is obtained by solving equations (28) simul-
taneously. Assuming that all quantities depend on the coor-
dinates and time by means of the factor exp (iq r - iwt)
and eliminating V
S
and v
n
with the aid of the last two vector
equations of (28), we find
[w
2
(a - nnyjS) + + w
2
(fJ - nn ajS)J1 0
[yw
2
- (1 + bP)[Sqfjpn]T + [aw
2
- (Snj pn)q2]J1 == 0
(38)
Physica Scripta 42
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4.
5.
6.
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