Optimization of Aircraft Wake Alleviation Schemes through an Evolution Strategy

Philippe Chatelain

with : M. Gazzola, S. Kern, P. Koumoutsakos

CSE Lab
Computational Science & Engineering Laboratory http://www.icos.ethz.ch/cse Monday 21 June 2010

VECPAR10

Aircraft wake vortices

Are due to lift generation
Low pressure

High pressure

Are powerful and long-lived Induce a downwash and

rolling moment

Constitute a hazard
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Wake vortex hazard

imposes separation distances
HEAVY followed by

MEDIUM followed by LIGHT

is the limiting constraint scheduling of take-offs and landings in airports demands

development of prediction capability design of alleviation schemes
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Outline
Motivation Wake alleviation Optimization
Parameterization and cost function Evolution Strategy Evaluations by Direct Numerical Simulation

Results Conclusions and Outlook

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Wake alleviation
Vortex instabilities

Leweke & Williamson, 1998

Modify lift distribution

alter the vortices configuration increase instability growth rates

Actively perturb flow

periodic re-distribution of lift forcing at a given wavelength
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Perturbation
Oscillation of aircraft trim and flaps
Redistribution of lift between Outboard - Inboard
2380
CROUCH, MILLER, AND SPALART

2380

lift

CROUCH, MILLER, A

2380

CROUCH, MILLER, AND SPALART

Affects wake
2380

span

LLER, AND SPALART

Oscillation of vortex pairs

CROUCH, MILLER, AND SPALART

bw

top
Fig. 7 Side views of trailing vortices with 6% active forcing for conditions of Fig. 2: Cf = 0:26; = 0:42; Ct = 0:22; and = 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 (top to bottom).

side

Fig. 8 Top views of trailing vortices with 6% active forcing for the following conditions: Cf = 0:26; = 0:42; Ct = 0:19; and = 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 (top to bottom).

t = 1.5
Fig. 7 Side views of trailing vortices with 6% active forcing for conditions of Fig. 2: Cf = 0:26; = 0:42; Ct = 0:22; and = 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 (top to bottom).

t = 2.5

conguration parameters. Additional time (or distance) may, furthermore, be required after linking before the vortices become benign to a following aircraft. Nonetheless, the time to linking provides a measure of the effectivenessof the active system in breaking up the vortices. Over the parameter ranges considered (0:25 0 f 0:35, 0:35 0:45, and 0:24 0t 0), the tail-vortex strength 0t had the strongest inuence on the pinch time, as shown in Fig. 9. The data in Fig. 9 are for a single wing condition (0 f D 0:26 and D 0:42), but they include two tail lengths and many tail angles. For tail vortices stronger than 18% of the wing circulation, pinching occurs at ell 2. For tail vortices weaker than about 13%, pinching occurs at ell > 4. A pinch time of ell D 2:5 translates to approximately 3 n mile behind a 747-400 in ight. As an example of the current FAA wake-turbulence separations, a 737 following a 747 must be separated by 5 n mile. Figure 9 shows that the active system is less effective for weaker tail-vortex circulations. The critical value for the tail strength

Fig. 7 Side views of trailing vortices with 6% active forcing for conditions of Fig. 2: Cf = 0:26; = 0:42; Ct = 0:22; and = 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 (top to bottom).

t = 3.5

Fig. 8 Top views of trailing vortices with 6% active forcing for the following conditions: Cf = 0:26; = 0:42; Ct = 0:19; and = 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 (top to bottom).

Monday 21 June

conguration parameters. Additional time (or distance) may, furthermore, be required after linking before the vortices become 2010benign to a following aircraft. Nonetheless, the time to linking pro-

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Fig. 7 Side views of trailing vortices with 6% active forcing for conditions of Fig. 2: Cf = 0:26; = 0:42; Ct = 0:22; and = 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and

benign to a following aircraft. Nonetheless, the time to linking provides a measure of the effectivenessof the active system in breaking up the vortices. Over the parameter ranges considered (0:25 0 f 0:35, 0:35 0:45, and 0:24 0t 0), the tail-vortex June 26 t2008 strength 0 had the strongest inuence on the pinch time, as shown in Fig. 9. The data in Fig. 9 are for a single wing condition (0 f D 0:26 and D 0:42), but they include two tail lengths and Fig. 8 Top views of trailing vortices with 6% active forcing for themany tail angles. For tail vor-

conguration parameters. Additional time (or nondimensional Fig. 9 Nondimensional pinch times as a function of distance) may, furthermore, be required after linking before the vortices become tail-vortex strength ( Cf = 0:26 and = 0:42).

Crouch et al., AIAA, 2001

Parameterization
Disturbed vortex pairs Constants
lift horizontal tail plane lift (HTP) (<0) base wing circulation
ap
bt bf bT

tip

tail

Free parameters
perturbation wavenumber HTP span Flap vortex circulation Tip - flap vortex separation
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= 2/
= bt /bw

= f /w

= (bT bf )/(2bw )
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Black-box problem
x
f (x)

Has a search space 4 x = (, , , ) S R Still needs an objective:

the cost function

Rolling Moment at =5

Maximum rolling moment felt by following aircraft averaged in the streamwise direction
f=
y,z[,+]

Initial conguration

max

Croll x (y, z, obj )

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Optimization
x
f (x)

Real-world black-box problem moderate dimensionality

f=
y,z[,+]

max

Croll x (y, z, obj )

Algorithm of choice: Evolution Strategy (ES)

No gradient needed Flexibility and robustness

non-linear non-convex non-separable multimodal ...

Here: Derandomized: Covariance Matrix Adaptation ES

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Covariance Matrix Adaptation - ES

Hansen et al., Evol. Comput. 2003

Operating on populations of candidate solutions

Sampled from multivariate normal distributions CMA: maximize probability of repeating successful steps Step-length control
yes stop
stopping criteria fulfilled?

no g=g+1

Parents
{xk } k=1

x2

Selection

Recombination

Evaluation

Mutation

Probability distribution
g=0

xk P ( (g) )
x1
June 26 2008

Offspring {xk } k=1

start with initial offspring population

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Monday 21 June 2010

Outline
Motivation Wake alleviation Optimization
Parameterization and cost function Evolution Strategy Evaluations by Direct Numerical Simulation

Results Conclusions and Outlook

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Vortex Particle Method

GOVERNING EQUATIONS
Navier-Stokes, incompressible Vorticity form = u with velocity field
u Du Dt = = 1 p + u 0

u=0 D = ( )u + Dt
u=

DISCRETIZATION
Particles: position xp and strength p =

= =0

EVOLUTION EQUATIONS

dxp dt dp dt

Vp

dV p Vp

= u(xp ) = ( )u(xp ) + (xp ) Vp

2
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Vortex Particle Method

ACCURATE Particle methods ARE NOT MESH-FREE Particle distortion = loss of convergence
Incompressible Euler Equations in 2D: (u-) formulation, evolution of an axis-symmetric vortex patch exact solution is steady

dxp = u(xp , t) dt
dp =0 dt

Particle Method

Particle Method Distortion handled by periodic regularization

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Remeshed Particle Methods

Remesh : reinitialize particles onto regular locations
Qnew = p
p

Qp M (j h xp )

Interpolation Kernel M (x) Moment conserving Tensorial Product of 1D kernels e.g. high order B-splines

Mesh also used for the efficient computation of RightHand Side

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Vortex Particle Mesh Methods

Hybrid scheme
Mesh: RHS evaluations

Differential operators (F.D.) Fast Poisson solver (Fourier)

Add Conclusions about stability properties conser ved

particle method unaffected: relaxed advection Particles only handle advection CFL vectorizing loops, data alignment Particles and Mesh communicate through interpolation
p
ij
( )uij ij

Stability properties of

ij uij ij

D = + (u) Particle-Mesh interpolation: Efficient Dt t

uij

( )up p

up

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Implementation

www.cse-lab.ethz.ch/software.html
Sbalzarini et al, JCP 2006

Code is client of the PPM library, Here:

Parallel Particle Mesh Library (Fortran 90, MPI)

Mesh-based domain decomposition Data mappings

particles: advected between subs communication is flow dependent mesh values: ghosts for FD stencils 3D FFT Data Transposition uses PPM decompositions and mappings local: send

Poisson solver
global: alltoallv

PPMers: I. Sbalzarini, J. Walther, M.Bergdorf, P. Chatelain, Chatelain et al, CMAME 2008 S. Hieber, E. Kotsalis, P. Koumoutsakos, F. Milde, M. Quack, B. Hejazi Alhosseini http://www.cse-lab.ethz.ch/ June 26 2008
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Implementation
Client and library developed for massively parallel architectures Weak scalabilities
IBM Blue Gene L
1.2
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
weak

Cray XT 5
1

Without Poisson solver

0.8

63%

0.5 0.4

0.6

0.4
0.3 0.2 0.1 0 512

47%
ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN

IBM T. J. Watson Center,Yorktown Heights, NJ IBM Zurich Research Laboratory

1024 2048 NCPUS 4096 8192 16384

0.2

0 64

512 NCPUS

4096

32768

Further developments
3D FFTs in Poisson solver Hybrid MPI / OpenMP
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Vortex Particles because...

Support of vorticity is compact
Particles where > 0

Mesh can also be tightly fit

Ubd Fourier-based Poisson solver for Periodic-Unbounded directions (Hockney-Eastwood domain doubling)

Ubd

Domain resized dynamically i.e. no or slowly growing instabilities are less expensive!
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Chatelain et al, JCP 2010

Solutions with no or little domain growth

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Coupling CMA-ES and Vortex code

CMA-ES
runs on workstation function evaluations
inherently parallel!

f(x) Workstation submits jobs on HPC clusters monitors jobs, postprocesses,...

HPC Center
Swiss Supercomputing Center, CSCS

Vortex particle code

runs in parallel Dynamic CPU allocation s.t. wallclock time ~ constant
(NCPUs ~ 64 - 256)
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Optimization
Motivation Wake alleviation Optimization
Parameterization and cost function Evolution Strategy Evaluations by Direct Numerical Simulation

Results Conclusions and Outlook

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CMA-ES Convergence
34 iterations 340 function evaluations
Cost function
5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0
2 1 b
t

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0

Distribution mean

bt

50

100

150 200 250 evaluations

300

350

Distribution variance
1 0

50

100

150 200 250 evaluations

300

350
3 0 50 100 150 200 250 evaluations 300 350
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Best candidate
Found at evaluation 174
(, , , ) = (1.354, 0.482, 0.475, 0.483)

CMA-ES searches neighborhood then converges to

that point

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Specificity?
Worst performing candidate at evaluation 2
(, , , ) = (2.161, 0.377, 0.134, 0.423)

Wake hazard 5x higher than optimum

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Differences
Best candidate disrupts primary vortex pair Nearly equal flap / tip vortices Longer wavelength

Best
= 4.64 bw f = 0.9 T
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Worst
= 2.91 bw f = 0.16 T
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Wake hazard
=0.0 =0.5 =5.0 =3.5 =2.8 =1.6

Croll x (y, z, )

Best

Worst

Increased dissipation of average rolling moment

Circulation distribution across flap/tip vortices Instability / disruption moment
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Conclusions
Coupling of
Derandomized Evolution Strategy Efficient and scalable Vortex Particle Code

Optimization of wake alleviation scheme

Parameterization of wake and perturbation Use of wake hazard as cost function

ES converges in 100s of evaluations Optimum exhibits = 4.64 bw

Corresponds to actuation frequency 0.2 - 0.4 Hz
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Outlook
Use of LES model (e.g. hyper-viscosity) Robustness of cost function
Use a time-averaged wake hazard (vs. present pointwise measurement) Noise in initial conditions

Actuation effects undergo roll-up in near-wake

Two-step simulations: spatially developing flow, then periodic...

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