Chapter 6 - VLSM and CIDR

CCNA Exploration version 4.0

Objectives

Compare and contrast classful and classless IP addressing. Review VLSM and explain the benefits of classless IP addressing. Describe the role of the Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) standard in making efficient use of scarce IPv4 addresses

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Introduction

Prior to 1981, IP addresses used only the first 8 bits to specify the network portion of the address In 1981, RFC 791 modified the IPv4 32-bit address to allow for three different classes IP address space was depleting rapidly the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) introduced Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) CIDR uses Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) to help conserve address space. -VLSM is simply subnetting a subnet

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Classful and Classless IP Addressing

Classful IP addressing As of January 2007, there are over 433 million hosts on internet Initiatives to conserve IPv4 address space include: -VLSM & CIDR notation (1993, RFC 1519). -Network Address Translation (1994, RFC 1631). -Private Addressing (1996, RFC 1918).

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Classful and Classless IP Addressing

The High Order Bits These are the leftmost bits in a 32 bit address

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Classful and Classless IP Addressing

Classes of IP addresses are identified by the decimal number of the 1st octet
Class A address begin with a 0 bit Range of class A addresses = 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 Class B address begin with a 1 bit and a 0 bit Range of class B addresses = 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 Class C addresses begin with two 1 bits & a 0 bit Range of class C addresses = 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255.

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Classful and Classless IP Addressing

The IPv4 Classful Addressing Structure (RFC 790) An IP address has 2 parts:
The network portion: Found on the left side of an IP address The host portion: Found on the right side of an IP address

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Classful and Classless IP Addressing

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Classful and Classless IP Addressing

Classful Routing Updates -Recall that classful routing protocols (i.e. RIPv1) do not send subnet masks in their routing updates The reason is that the Subnet mask is directly related to the network address

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Classful and Classless IP Addressing

Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR RFC 1517)

Allows for:
More efficient use of IPv4 address space.

Route summarization.

Requires subnet mask to be included in routing update

because address class is meaningless.

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Classful and Classless IP Addressing

Classless IP Addressing

CIDR & Route Summarization:

- Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM): Allows a subnet to be further sub-netted according to individual needs. - Prefix Aggregation a.k.a. Route Summarization. - CIDR allows for routes to be summarized as a single route.

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Classful and Classless IP Addressing

Classless Routing Protocol Characteristics of classless routing protocols: - Routing updates include the subnet mask - Supports VLSM - Supports Route Summarization

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Classful and Classless IP Addressing

Classless Routing Protocol

Routing Protocol

Routing updates Include subnet Mask

No Yes

Supports VLSM

Ability to send Supernet routes

Classful

No Yes

No Yes

Classless

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VLSM

Classful routing

Only allows for one

subnet mask for all networks VLSM & classless routing This is the process of subnetting a subnet More than one subnet mask can be used.

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207.21.24.192/30 207.21.24.96/27

207.21.24.204/30 207.21.24.216/30 207.21.24.128/27 207.21.24.212/30

207.21.24.64/27
207.21.24.196/30 207.21.24.208/30 207.21.24.200/30

207.21.24.160/27

207.21.24.224/27

207.21.24.32/27

207.21.24.0/27

This network has seven /27 subnets with 30 hosts each AND seven /30 subnets with 2 hosts each (one left over). /30 subnets with 2 hosts per subnet do not waste host addresses on serial networks .
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VLSM and the Routing Table

Routing Table without VLSM RouterX#show ip route 207.21.24.0/27 is subnetted, 4 subnets C 207.21.24.0 is directly connected, Serial0 C 207.21.24.32 is directly connected, Serial1 C 207.21.24.64 is directly connected, Serial2 C 207.21.24.96 is directly connected, FastEthernet0

Displays one subnet mask for all child routes. Classful mask is assumed for the parent route.

Routing Table with VLSM RouterX#show ip route 207.21.24.0/24 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks C 207.21.24.192 /30 is directly connected, Serial0 C 207.21.24.196 /30 is directly connected, Serial1 C 207.21.24.200 /30 is directly connected, Serial2 C 207.21.24.96 /27 is directly connected, FastEthernet0

Each child routes displays its own subnet mask. Classful mask is included for the parent route.

Parent Route shows classful mask instead of subnet mask of the child routes.

Each Child Routes includes its subnet mask.

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VLSM
VLSM the process of
sub-netting a subnet to fit your needs - Example: Subnet 10.1.0.0/16, 8 more bits are borrowed again, to create 256 subnets with a /24 mask. - Mask allows for 254 host addresses per subnet - Subnets range from: 10.1.0.0 / 24 to 10.1.255.0 / 24
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All Zeros and All Ones Subnets

There is no command to enable or disable the use of the all-ones subnet,
it is enabled by default. Router(config)#ip subnet-zero

The use of the all-ones subnet has always been explicitly allowed and
the use of subnet zero is explicitly allowed since Cisco IOS version 12.0.

RFC 1878 states, "This practice (of excluding all-zeros and all-ones
subnets) is obsolete! Modern software will be able to utilize all definable
networks." Today, the use of subnet zero and the all-ones subnet is generally accepted and most vendors support their use, though, on

certain networks, particularly the ones using legacy software, the use of
subnet zero and the all-ones subnet can lead to problems.
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

Route summarization done by CIDR Routes are summarized with masks that are less than that of the default classful mask. Example: 172.16.0.0 /13 is the summarized route for the 172.16.0.0 /16 to 172.23.0.0 /16 classful networks

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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

Steps to calculate a route summary List networks in binary format Count number of left most matching bits to determine summary routes mask Copy the matching bits and add zero bits to determine the summarized network address

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Without CIDR, a router must maintain individual routing table entries for these class B networks.

With CIDR, a router can summarize these routes into eight networks by using a 13-bit prefix: 172.24.0.0 /13
Steps: 1. Count the number of left-most matching bits, /13 2. Add all zeros after the last matching bit: 172.24.0.0 = 10101100 00011000 00000000 00000000
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CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

By using a prefix address to summarizes routes, administrators can keep routing table entries manageable, which means the following More efficient routing A reduced number of CPU cycles when recalculating a routing table, or when sorting through the routing table entries to find a match Reduced router memory requirements Route summarization is also known as: Route aggregation Supernetting Supernetting is essentially the inverse of subnetting.
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Supernetting Example
Company XYZ needs to address 400 hosts. Its ISP gives them two contiguous Class C addresses:
207.21.54.0/24 207.21.55.0/24 Company XYZ can use a prefix of 207.21.54.0 /23 to supernet these two contiguous networks. (Yielding 510 hosts) 207.21.54.0 /23 207.21.54.0/24 207.21.55.0/24

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Supernetting Example

With the ISP acting as the addressing authority for a CIDR block of
addresses, the ISPs customer networks, which include XYZ, can be advertised among Internet routers as a single supernet.

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CIDR and the provider

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CIDR and the provider

200.199.48.0/24 200.199.49.0/24 200.199.50.0/24 200.199.51.0/24 200.199.48.0/22 200.199.52.0/24 200.199.53.0/24 200.199.54.0/24 200.199.55.0/24 200.199.52.0/22 200.199.56.0/24 200.199.57.0/24 .. 200.199.63.0/24 200.199.56.0/21 11001000 11000111 001100 00 00000000 11001000 11000111 001100 01 00000000 11001000 11000111 001100 10 00000000 11001000 11000111 001100 11 00000000 11001000 11000111 001100 00 00000000 11001000 11000111 001101 00 00000000 11001000 11000111 001101 01 00000000 11001000 11000111 001101 10 00000000 11001000 11000111 001101 11 00000000 11001000 11000111 001101 00 00000000 11001000 11000111 00111 000 00000000 11001000 11000111 00111 001 00000000 11001000 11000111 00111 111 00000000 11001000 11000111 00111 000 00000000

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CIDR Restrictions
Dynamic routing protocols must send network address and mask
(prefix-length) information in their routing updates.

In other words, CIDR requires classless routing protocols for dynamic

routing.

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Route flapping

Route flapping occurs when a router interface alternates rapidly between the up and down states. Route flapping, and it can cripple a router with excessive updates and recalculations. However, the summarization configuration prevents the RTC route flapping from affecting any other routers. The loss of one network does not invalidate the route to the supernet. While RTC may be kept busy dealing with its own route flap, RTZ, and all upstream routers, are unaware of any downstream problem. Summarization effectively insulates the other routers from the problem of route flapping.
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Summary
Classful IP addressing
IPv4 addresses have 2 parts: Network portion found on left side of an IP address Host portion found on right side of an IP address Class A, B, & C addresses were designed to provide IP addresses for different sized organizations

The class of an IP address is determined by the decimal value

found in the 1st octet IP addresses are running out so the use of Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) and Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) are used to try and conserve address space.

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Summary
Classful Routing Updates

Subnet masks are not sent in routing updates Classless IP addressing Subnet masks are included in updates Benefit of classless IP addressing Can create additional network addresses using a subnet mask that fits your needs. Saving IP address space. Uses Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR).

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Summary

CIDR

Uses IP addresses more efficiently through use of VLSM VLSM is the process of subnetting a subnet. Allows for route summarization Route summarization is representing multiple contiguous routes with a single route.

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