Wireless Communications

Channel Modeling Large Scale Rami Haddad

Electrical & Computer Engineering

Review: Radio Wave Propagation

Wave Propagation Mechanisms & Challenges

Reflection, diffraction, and scattering Lack of direct line-of sight path between the Tx and Rx Multipath fading

Large-scale fading: transmission over large T-R separation distance (hundreds or thousands meters)

Take a look of this case first

Reflection

When a radio wave propagating in one medium impinges upon another medium have different electrical properties The wave is partially reflected The reflection coefficient

The material properties The wave polarization The angle of incidence The wave frequency

Ground Reflection Model

Two-Ray model
ELOS

Taking notes in class

|ETOT|=|ELOS+Eg| ht Ei i d Eg r hr

From the laws of reflection we know the following:

i = r
E g = E i E t = (1+ ) E i

Ground Reflection Model Geometry

 = d = d2 d1 =
Taylor Series

( ht + hr )

+d

( ht h r )

ht + h r 2 ht h r 2 + d = d 1+ d 1+ d d
2

2 ht + hr 2 (1)(2) ht + hr 1+ = 1+ d (1)(4) d

1 h + h 2 1 h h 2 ht + h r 2 ht h r r t r = d 1+ d 1+ = d1+ t 2 d d1+ 2 d d d

1 2 2ht hr 2 2 2 d d d + (ht ht + hr hr + 2ht hr + 2ht hr ) d 2d

Ground Reflection Model

The received E-field

E TOT 2E 0 d0 2ht hr d d

Conditions:
d >> ht + hr d > 10( ht + hr ) 2ht hr = < 0.3rad 2 d

The received power at a distance d ht 2 h r 2 Pr = Pt Gt Gr d4

Two-ray Model Path Loss

The path loss is as follows:

Pt d4 PL = = Pr Gt Gr ht2 hr2

Conditions:
d >> ht + hr d > 10( ht + hr ) 2ht hr = < 0.3rad 2 d

The path loss represented in decibel is as follows:

PL(dB) = 40log d (10logGt + 10logGr + 20log ht + 20log hr )

Ground Reflection Model

Advantage

Consider both the direct path and a ground reflected propagation path between the Tx and Rx Oversimplified: does not include factors like terrain profile and surroundings Case 1: ht=35 m, hr=3m, d=250 m Case 2: ht=30 m, hr=1.5m, d=450 m

Disadvantage

Whether the two-ray model could be applied?

Example:

A mobile is located 5 km away from a base station and uses a /4 monopole antenna with a gain of 2.55 dB to receive cellular radio signals. The E-field at 1 km from the transmitter is measured to be 10-3 V/m . The carrier frequency used for this system is 900 MHz.
a. Find the length and the effective aperture of the receiving antenna? b. Find the received Power at the mobile using the two-ray ground reflection model assuming the height of the transmitting antenna is 50 m and the receiving antenna is 1.5 m above ground.

Recap
Reflection of propagating wave Modeling wave reflection Two-Ray Ground Reflection Model

Next

Wave diffraction and diffraction channel modeling

Project Ideas

60 GHz communication Ultra-Wide-Bandwidth Communication Near-Field Communication Sub-carrier spacing schemes for 60 GHz OFDM communication systems Rate Adaptive Multi-Code Multi-Carrier CDMA Systems in Multipath Fading Channel Fundamental overview and simulation of MIMO systems for Space-Time coding and Spatial Multiplexing ICI Cancellation for OFDM Systems Optimal Design for Channel Estimations in OFDM Systems

More into Ideas

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lvL4SGHY5Y http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5zuOsy40E8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9sn3GFdFC0o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLAgYUQCgD8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5IIA07gQTA