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Topic 1a History & Theory
Topic 1a History & Theory
the study of long-term changes & transformations over decades or even centuries
many questions open up including institutional change, technical change, the formation of values
Path-dependency
you cannot understand x by simply observing its characteristics you need to understand how we got from non x to x
the features and institutions of a specific economy were lost emergence of Real-World Economics
Mainstream economics truly is the economics of nowhere.(p. 37)
Complexity Economics
critical of equilibrium concepts implicit in traditional economic theory
traces this back to Walras work in the 1870s to make models work they assumed self-interest, perfect information, notransaction costs
traditional theory assumes an economy exists but how they are created
assumes wealth exists but how it is created
It is important to note that the key behavioral assumptions of Traditional Economics were not developed because anyone thought they were a good description of real human behavior; they were adopted to make the math work in the equilibrium framework.
E.Beinhocker, The Origin of Wealth, page 118.
in some earlier societies the problem was unlimited resources and scarcity of wants
rejected idea that humans are driven by greed and insatiable needs
Behavioral economists
The Selfish Pig Experiment
John offers to give Bob and Mary, two strangers, $5,000. Bob decides how the money should be divided, and Mary can either accept this division or give the money back to John. What should Bob and Mary do?
institutional theorists begin with the institution, not the individual, as the unit of analysis
this provides a framework for explaining individual values forces a focus on questions of historical transformations and crisis rather than equilibrium
it has become increasingly accepted that my pay-off to a strategy depends on your strategy (Game Theory)
Market Game
2,2
Wait
Market Game
2,2
Wait
Co-ordination Game Player B Wait Move 0,0 Player A -8,4 3,3 Wait 4,-8 Move
Co-ordination Game Player B Wait Move 0,0 Player A -8,4 Sub-optimal outcome 3,3 Wait 4,-8 Move
Types of Institutions
markets are one type of institutional arrangement (price mechanism) co-ordination institutions (traffic lights, wheat pools, central banks) control institutions (monopolies, patents, unions, corporations)
institutions can be beneficial to all in society resolving co-ordination and prisoners dilemma games they can also be exploitive, forcing some agents into strategies that are sub-optimal
Neo-classical Calculus of Institutions Davis and North agents invest in institution building when the group payoff exceeds the group costs Theory has trouble dealing with institutions that produce public goods
trade unions
prior to this the dominant ideology was one of collective responsibility and collective ownership (religious or secular)
Further Reading
Douglas C. North, Structure and Change in Economic History, (New York, 1981).
R.E. Solow, "Economics: Is Something Missing", in W.N. Parker (ed.), Economic History and the Modern Economist, (Oxford, 1986). Geoffrey M. Hodgson, Economics and Utopia: Why the Learning Economy is Not the End of History, (London, 1999). Eric D. Beinhocker, The Origin of Wealth; Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics, (Boston, 2006). Stephen A. Marglin, The Dismal Science: How Thinking Like an Economist Undermines Community (Boston, 2008)