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Egypt en
Egypt en
Egypt en
Egypt
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Egypt
HIV/AIDS estimates
In 2003 and during the first quarter of 2004, UNAIDS and WHO worked closely with national governments and research institutions to recalculate current estimates on people living with HIV/AIDS. These calculations are based on the previously published estimates for 1999 and 2001 and recent trends in HIV/AIDS surveillance in various populations. A methodology developed in collaboration with an international group of experts was used to calculate the new estimates on prevalence and incidence of HIV and AIDS deaths, as well as the number of children infected through mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Different approaches were used to estimate HIV prevalence in countries with low-level, concentrated or generalised epidemics. The current estimates do not claim to be an exact count of infections. Rather, they use a methodology that has thus far proved accurate in producing estimates that give a good indication of the magnitude of the epidemic in individual countries. However, these estimates are constantly being revised as countries improve their surveillance systems and collect more information. Adults in this report are defined as women and men aged 15 to 49. This age range covers people in their most sexually active years. While the risk of HIV infection obviously continues beyond the age of 50, the vast majority of those who engage in substantial risk behaviours are likely to be infected by this age. The 15 to 49 range was used as the denominator in calculating adult HIV prevalence.
Estimated number of adults and children living with HIV/AIDS, end of 2003
These estimates include all people with HIV infection, whether or not they have developed symptoms of AIDS, alive at the end of 2003: Adults and children Low estimate High estimate Adults (15-49) Low estimate High estimate Children (0-15) Low estimate High estimate Women (15-49) Low estimate High estimate 12,000 5,000 31,000 12,000 5,000 30,000
<0.1 <0.2
2004
Egypt has consistently low HIV prevalence rates, based on reported data from the National AIDS Program. The mode of transmission among cases reported through June 2001 was: 45% heterosexual, 21% men who have sex with men (MSM), 6% injection drug use (IDU), 16% via blood products, <1% mother to child transmission (MTCT), and 11% due to unknown causes. Access to groups with known behavioral risk for HIV, such as MSM, sex workers, and especially drug users, is difficult in Egypt due to cultural constraints. A small number of individuals within these groups have been tested yearly and the rate of HIV infection remains very low. HIV was not detected in MSMs tested between 1991 and 1997 (with the exception of 1 case detected in 1992 out of 874 men tested). Starting in 1998, however, cases have been reported annually, with 12 cases out of 1,171 men screened between 1998 and June 2001. In a recent study on the prevalence and patterns of drug use in Egypt, the rate of injecting drugs was around 13% of all practices of drug intake. Sentinel surveillance for HIV in STD clinics located in urban areas of Egypt detected almost no HIV cases between 1991 and June 2001 - STD clinics in Cairo detected one case in 1993 and one case in 1999 out of a total of 3027 patients tested, and no cases were detected out of 1573 patients tested in STD clinics in Alexandria. As expected, sexual contacts of HIV patients tested have a relatively high probability of being HIV positive, with 9 out of 57 (15.79%) testing positive in 2000. In the year 2000, over 700,000 blood units were tested, of which 45 tested positive.
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Basic indicators
For consistency reasons the data used in the table below are taken from official UN publications.
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Total population (thousands) Female population aged 15-24 (thousands) Population aged 15-49 (thousands) Annual population growth rate (%) % of population in urban areas Average annual growth rate of urban population Crude birth rate (births per 1,000 pop.) Crude death rate (deaths per 1,000 pop.) Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) Life expectancy at birth (years) Total fertility rate Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) Under 5 mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)
YEAR
2004 2004 2004 1992-2002 2003 2000-2005 2004 2004 2000 2002 2002 2000 2000
ESTIMATE
73,390 7,596 37,838 1.9 42.2 2.1 26.5 6.2 84 67.1 3.3 38 45
SOURCE
UN population division database UN population division database UN population division database UN population division database UN population division database UN population division database UN population division database UN population division database WHO (WHR2004)/UNICEF World Health Report 2004, WHO World Health Report 2004, WHO World Health Report 2004, WHO World Health Report 2004, WHO
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA
Gross national income, ppp, per capita (Int.$) Gross domestic product, per capita % growth Per capita total expenditure on health (Int.$) General government expenditure on health as % of total expenditure on health Total adult illiteracy rate Adult male illiteracy rate Adult female illiteracy rate Gross primary school enrolment ratio, male Gross primary school enrolment ratio, female Gross secondary school enrolment ratio, male Gross secondary school enrolment ratio, female
YEAR
2002 2001-2002 2001 2001 2000 2000 2000 2000/2001 2000/2001 2000/2001 2000/2001
ESTIMATE
3,710 1.1 153 48.9 44.7 33.4 56.2 103 96 88 83
SOURCE
World Bank World Bank World Health Report 2004, WHO World Health Report 2004, WHO UNESCO UNESCO UNESCO UNESCO UNESCO UNESCO UNESCO
Contact address UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillance 20, Avenue Appia CH - 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland Fax: +41-22-791-4834 email: hivstrategicinfo@who.int or estimates@unaids.org website: http://www.who.int/hiv http://www.unaids.org
Extracts of the information contained in these fact sheets may be reviewed, reproduced or translated for research or private study but not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. Any use of information in these fact sheets should be accompanied by the following acknowledgment "UNAIDS/WHO epidemiological fact sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2004 Update".
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Egypt
Area
Major urban areas N-Sites Minimum Median Maximum Outside major urban areas N-Sites Minimum Median Maximum
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1.00 0 0 0
1992
2.00 0 0 0 1.00 0 0 0
1993
2.00 0 0 0 2.00 0 0 0 1.00 0 0 0
1994
2.00 0 0 0 1.00 0 0 0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1.00 0 0 0
1.00 0 0 0
Sex workers
1.00 0 0 0
1.00 0 0 0 1.00 0 0 0
1.00 0 0 0
1.00 0 0 0
1.00 0 0 0
1.00 0 0 0
1.00 0 0 0 2.00 0 0 0 1.00 0 0 0 1.00 0 0 0 2.00 0 0.32 0.64 2.00 0 0.06 0.13
1.00 0 0 0 2.00 0 0 0 1.00 0 0 0 1.00 0 0 0 2.00 0 0.06 0.12 1.00 0.08 0.08 0.08
1.00 0 0 0 2.00 0 0 0 1.00 0 0 0 1.00 1.32 1.32 1.32 2.00 0 0.34 0.67 1.00 0.67 0.67 0.67
1.00 0 0 0 3.00 0 0 0.42 1.00 0 0 0 1.00 1.38 1.38 1.38 2.00 0 0.18 0.35 1.00 0.53 0.53 0.53 1.00 0.79 0.79 0.79 2.00 0 0.31 0.61 1.00 0.95 0.95 0.95 2.00 0 0.18 0.35 2.00 0 0 0 2.00 0 0 0 1.00 0 0 0
STI patients
2.00 0 0 0
1.00 0 0 0
2.00 0 0 0 1.00 0 0 0
2.00 0 0.17 0.33 2.00 0 0.03 0.06 1.00 0 0 0 2.00 0 0.23 0.46 2.00 0 0.04 0.07
Tuberculosis patients
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The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. WHO 2004, all rights reserved.
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1979 0 1999 34
1980 0 2000 44
1981 0 2001 35
1982 0 2002
1983 0 2003
1984 0
1986 2
1987 3 UNK 0
1988 6
1989 9
1990 7
1991 2
1992 23
1993 29
1994 22
1995 16
1996 14
1997 25
1998 23
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STI syndromes
Reported cases
Comments: Source:
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Incidence 2003
Comments: Source:
Comments: Source:
Comments: Source:
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Comments: Source:
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Number of adults (15-49) with advanced HIV infection receiving ARV therapy as of June 2004
Adults on treatment Number: Source: 58 WHO
Area
N=
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Comments: Source:
Reported condom use at last higher risk sex (young people 15-24)
Prevention indicator: Proportion of young people reporting the use of a condom during sex with a non-regular partner.
Year
Male
Female
Comments: Source:
For this indicator only data will be shown if they were collected after 1998.
Year
Area
Age group
Male
Female
All
Comments: Source:
Year
Male
Female
Comments: Source:
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Year
Area
Age group
Male
Female
All
Comments: Source:
Adolescent pregnancy
Percentage of teenagers 15-19 who are mothers or pregnant with their first child.
Year
Percentage
Comments: Source:
Year
Male
Female
Comments: Source:
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Prevention indicators
Male and female condoms are the only technology available that can prevent sexual transmission of HIV and other STIs. Persons exposing themselves to the risk of sexual transmission of HIV should have consistent access to high quality condoms. AIDS Programs implement activities to increase both availability of and access to condoms. Thes activities should be monitored and have resources directed to problem aresas. The indicator below highlights the availability of condoms. However, even if condoms are widely available, this does not mean that individuals can or do acess them.
Rate
Year
Comments: Source:
Rate
Blood safety programs aim to ensure that the majority of blood units are screened for HIV and other infectious agents. This indicator gives an idea of the overall percentage of blood units that have been screened to high enough standards that they can confidently be declared free of HIV.
Year
Comments: Source:
Rate
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Sources
Data presented in this Epidemiological Fact Sheet come from several sources, including global, regional and country reports, published documents and articles, posters and presentations at international conferences, and estimates produced by UNAIDS, WHO and other United Nations agencies. This section contains a list of the more relevant sources used for the preparation of the Fact Sheet. Where available, it also lists selected national Web sites where additional information on HIV/AIDS and STI are presented and regularly updated. However, UNAIDS and WHO do not warrant that the information in these sites is complete and correct and shall not be liable whatsoever for any damages incurred as a result of their use.
Abdel-Latif, A. A., A. A. Heiba, M. El-Mohandeds 2002 Co-Infection with Gonorrhea Presented at 18th Congress on Sexually Transmitted Infections-IUSTIEurope, Vienna, Austria, 12-14 September 2002, Abstract in International Journal of STD & AIDS, vol. 13, suppl. 1, p. 54. Egypt Ministry of Health and Population, et al. 2001 HIV/ AIDS Surveillance in Egypt: 2001 WHO, Presented at Eleventh Inter-Country Meeting of National AIDS Programme Managers, 7/23-26, Casablanca, Morocco, Presentation. Fox, E. 1994 HIV Surveillance in Egypt Assignment Trip Report, 4 January - 6 February, Cairo, Egypt, unpublished document. Hasan, M. A., A. B. Farag, M. A. Ismail 1994 AIDS and Intravenous Drug Users in Egypt Tenth International Conference on AIDS, Yokohama, Japan, 8/712, Abstract P.C.0143. Mourad, A., S. Mostafa, D. Watts 1992 Low Prevalence of HIV Infection in Egyptian Nationals VIII International Conference on AIDS, Amsterdam, 7/19-24, Abstract PuC 8147. Murugasampillay, S. 1995 Epidemiology and Surveillance of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Sexually . .. World Health Organization, pp. 1-45. Sheba, M. F., J. N. Woody, A. M. Zaki, et al. 1988 The Prevalence Of HIV Infection in Egypt Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 82, p. 634. Sadek, A., S. Bassily, M. Bishai, et al. 1991 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Other Sexually Transmitted Pathogens among STD Patients in Cairo, Egypt VII International Conference on AIDS, Florence, Italy, 6/16-21, Poster M.C.3033. Saleh, E. E., E. El Ghazzawi, I. El Sherbini, et al. 1998 Sentinel Surveillance for HIV and High Risk Behaviors among Injection Drug Users in Alexandria, Egypt 12th World AIDS Conference, Geneva, 6/28 - 7/3, Poster 13124. Shrestha, P. N. 1999 Forthcoming WER Global Update of AIDS Cases Reported to WHO WHO/EMRO/ASD, ASD. 9/28/A5/61/2, Sept. 21, document tables. Saleh, E. E., W. McFarland, G. Rutherford, et al. 2000 Sentinel Surveillance for HIV and Markers for High Risk Behaviors XIII International AIDS Conference, Durban, South Africa, 7/9-14, Poster MoPeC2398. Woody, J., J. Burans, E. Fox, et al. 1988 HIV Seroprevalence in Egypt and Northeast Africa IV International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, 6/13-14, Poster 5043.
Websites:
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Egypt
Area
Major urban areas Outside major urban areas Alexandria Cairo Aswan Not Specified Alexandria Cairo National Outside major urban areas Not Specified Alexandria Cairo National Outside major urban areas Not Specified Alexandria Cairo National Outside major urban areas Assiut Not Specified Not Specified Alexandria Cairo Assiut Not Specified
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
0
1993
0 0 0 0 0
1994
0 0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
0 0
Sex workers
0 0 0 2.83 0 0 0 7.60 0.49 0 0 0.71 0 0 0 0.06 0 0 0 0 0.68 0 0 0 0 0 0.46 0 0.07 0 0 0 0.64 0 0.13 0 0.08 0 0.67 0.53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 0 0 0 0 0 1.32 0 0.67 0 1.38 0 0.35 0.79 0 0.61 0.95 0 0.35 0 0.80 0 0 0 0.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.42 0 0 0 0 0 0.89 0 1.12 1.49 1.09 0 0
STI patients
Outside major urban areas Major urban areas Outside major urban areas