ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MONITORING

a guide for tourism operators

Table of Contents

1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MONITORING 2. WHY MONITOR WHO ARE THESE GUIDELINES FOR? OBLIGATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE AND MONITORING CERTIFICATION AND ACCREDITATION 3. HOW TO MONITOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS SIGNIFICANCE AND RISK ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MONITORING - SOME TIPS 4. PREVENTING IMPACTS ENVIRONMENTAL DUE DILIGENCE PERMIT, LICENCE, ACCREDITATION AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS IMPACT ASSESSMENT STAFF AND CLIENT RESPONSIBILITY, KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOUR CONTINGENCY PLANNING AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS CUSTOMER FEEDBACK CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT 5. WHAT TO MONITOR - ENVIRONMENTAL AND ACTIVITY CRITERIA ENERGY WATER SOLID WASTE LIQUID WASTE/EFFLUENT NOISE VISUAL/LIGHT FUEL AND CHEMICAL STORAGE EROSION VEGETATION DAMAGE, LANDSCAPING AND REHABILITATION WEEDS AND FERAL ANIMALS VISITING NATIONAL PARKS AND NATURAL AREA MANAGEMENT CAMPING AND BUSH PICNICKING VEHICLE USE ROCK CLIMBING AND ABSEILING WILDLIFE 6. WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN? FINAL COMMENTS CHECKLIST - MONITORING REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCOMMODATION, TOURS AND ATTRACTIONS CHECKLIST - MONITORING REQUIREMENTS FOR DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES. CONTACT DETAILS FURTHER REFERENCES TO ASSIST MONITORING

1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 17

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Tourism Queensland and the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency would like to thank all contributors to this publication for their enthusiasm and commitment. Special thanks to Gutteridge Haskins & Davey.

Environmental Impact Monitoring

Why Monitor

'Environmental Impact Monitoring' involves observing, measuring and reporting on the surrounding environment in order to detect impacts, or unnatural changes to the environment such as those caused by humans. Impacts can include obvious damage like road kill, vegetation clearing, pollution and erosion. They can also include less obvious but pervasive impacts like disturbance to animal breeding or the introduction of weeds. Environmental Impact Monitoring can help ecotourism operators (including nature-based tourism operators) to understand their own impacts and continue their work towards achieving sustainability in business operations. These guidelines will assist you to identify relevant criteria for assessing your environmental impacts and provide suggestions on how to monitor the environmental impacts of your operation.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MONITORING BY TOURISM OPERATORS: makes good business sense in terms of protecting the natural assets of tourism enables businesses to be proactive in managing their impacts and avoiding restrictive regulations assists agencies to effectively manage and avoid environmental degradation of protected areas.

Although an important activity for ecotourism operators, environmental impact monitoring is often overlooked. Environmental impact monitoring can improve environmental sustainability, and result in 'better business' through identifying areas of an operation where it might be possible to reduce consumption of water, energy and goods. An environmental impact monitoring program can help not only with understanding your impacts at the sites at which you operate, but also demonstrate your commitment to achieving best practice - particularly important for operators who access National Parks and other protected areas. Monitoring is fundamental to understanding the relationship between a tourism business and its surrounding environments, and is a crucial part of achieving ecological sustainability. Monitoring provides a structured format for periodically evaluating resource conditions, the affect of tourism on natural areas and the effectiveness of environmental management and sustainability measures that have been implemented. The Queensland Ecotourism Plan promotes monitoring as being one of the key measures for helping to achieve ecotourism best practice. The Queensland Ecotourism Plan suggests the main aspects of ecotourism that should be monitored are the ecotourism 'setting' (physical, social, cultural and managerial conditions of the ecotourism site); the 'product' (consumer experiences and satisfaction); and the 'level and character of ecotourism use' (group size, group characteristics, travel style). This guide to Environmental Impact Monitoring focuses on monitoring the ecotourism setting and operational aspects of ecotourism businesses and activities. Environmental Impact Monitoring has become more important for ecotourism operators and managers as both industry and the public show greater concern for environmental degradation and sustainability. Protection of biodiversity and identification of opportunities for proactive environmental management are important reasons to undertake Environmental Impact Monitoring.

PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY
Ultimately a successful ecotourism industry will depend on high quality natural attractions. This requires protected area managers, private landholders and operators to take a sensitive approach to natural area management, visitor management and operating practices within and adjacent to protected and natural areas. Cooperative relationships between the tourism industry and protected area managers (such as the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service and the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority), can benefit tourism businesses directly through improved resource management. Corrective actions can be more effective when operators work cooperatively with protected area managers, providing greater protection for natural settings and their biodiversity and maintaining key elements of visitor experiences.

PROACTIVE MANAGEMENT
Environmental impact monitoring undertaken by ecotourism operators can provide an early warning that environmental stresses are occurring. Where environmental management needs are identified at an early stage, timely action can be taken to ensure the least possible damage to the environment and disruption to a business operation.

1.

OBLIGATIONS MONITORING

FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL

PERFORMANCE

AND

Why Monitor (cont.)

WHO ARE THESE GUIDELINES FOR?

These guidelines are relevant to ecotourism attractions and accommodation, as well as tours including a wide range of activities. All tourism operators interested in improving their environmental sustainability and reducing costs through eco-efficiency can use this manual to monitor their impacts. The guidelines apply to operations in all types of environments whether they are in protected areas (such as national parks or marine parks) or private lands. The guidelines will also be of interest to land managers involved in management of tourism activities. The impact monitoring criteria outlined in the guidelines are suggestions and ideas that can assist with monitoring the impacts of your individual operations. It is important to note that most of the criteria and monitoring activities can be modified and adapted to suit the needs of individual operations, catering for variations in activity style or environmental or 'setting' conditions. These guidelines address the key areas of environmental impact that may arise from tourism operations however they are not exhaustive. Tourism operators will need to ensure they have a monitoring program in place that will address all the key impacts of their operation, particularly those impacts unique to their operation.
ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Ecologically sustainable development involves using, conserving, and enhancing the communities' resources so that ecological processes on which life depends are maintained, and the total quality of life, now and in the future, can be increased.

Environmental impact monitoring is not only a worthwhile exercise in terms of the environmental and business benefits - there are also legal obligations that require environmental performance and monitoring. Queensland's Environmental Protection Act 1994 imposes a 'general environmental duty' on all persons (and businesses) in the state. The 'general environmental duty' requires that people do not wilfully or negligently cause environmental harm or nuisance. It also places an onus on all persons to inform the relevant administering authority (generally the Environmental Protection Agency or local Council) of serious or material environmental harm caused or threatened.

CERTIFICATION AND ACCREDITATION

There are two key environmental certification schemes for tourism operators in Australia, and both require accredited products to monitor their environmental impact and performance. The Nature and Ecotourism Accreditation Program (NEAP) emphasises features that differentiate ecotourism from other forms of tourism. Accreditation at the Advanced Ecotourism Accreditation level requires a high percentage of available bonus criteria. In most instances, tourism businesses meeting Advanced Ecotourism Accreditation or Ecotourism Accreditation level will need to undertake environmental impact monitoring to meet the accreditation criteria. The Green Globe 21 accreditation system focuses on the sustainability of many sectors within the tourism industry, from aviation to golf courses and destinations. Green Globe includes a Sector Performance Indicator for nature and ecotourism that is being developed cooperatively with NEAP. All Green Globe 21 certified companies need to monitor key environmental indicators.

NATURE CONSERVATION REGULATION The Nature Conservation Regulation 1996 outlines requirements of persons visiting facilities located within a Protected Area (eg National Parks, Conservation Parks). A person must obey all regulatory signs and must not: a) b) c) Defecate within 10m of a lake, watercourse or walking track. Bury or leave human wastes within 10m of a lake, watercourse, established or occupied campsite or walking track. Pollute a lake or watercourse (using soap, detergent, shampoo or putting grease or a harmful or dangerous substance in the vicinity of a lake or watercourse). Interfere with or damage a water supply or water storage facility. Allow water from taps to run unchecked. Wash a vehicle, clothing, cooking utensils or anything else in a lake or watercourse. Allow an animal in a person's possession in a lake or watercourse. Take or keep any plant, animal or living organism out of the park. Feed any dangerous animal. Litter.

d) e) f) g) h) i) j)

Specific instructions are made for the use of vehicles, boats and recreational craft. Further, tourism businesses operating in National Parks require a commercial activity permit. These usually have specific conditions relating to the tour itineraries, activities and parks visited.

2.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MONITORING - SOME TIPS

How to Monitor Environmental Impacts

Repeatable Monitoring
Even with limited time, equipment and finances available to undertake impact monitoring, a realistic impact monitoring program can still be developed and incorporated into your activities. You may need to prioritise the indicators you will use for impact monitoring to ensure the most important, useful and practicable information is being collected. The important thing is for the monitoring program to be consistent and repeatable. Monitoring procedures should measure the same indicators over time and monitoring methods should be simple to ensure they can be accurately repeated by different people. For instance, monitoring using photographic records will be most effective if the photo is taken from the same location each time to ensure comparable records are developed.

Tourism businesses often undertake a range of activities in various locations. Firstly, you will need to identify the indicators that are relevant to your operation as not all businesses will need to monitor all indicators. Impacts will vary according to the type of operation, activities and settings in which you operate. This section describes some key concepts related to Environmental Impact Monitoring. Understanding how these concepts relate to your operations will provide a useful context for deciding which criteria you need to monitor.

Determining Monitoring Priorities SIGNIFICANCE AND RISK

There are two key aspects in determining what to monitor and why certain indicators should be used: the conservation significance of the area; and the likelihood or 'risk' of impacts on these conservation values. Environmental impact monitoring priorities can be determined by considering: Indicators that are practical and easy to monitor. Indicators that will detect change - they will provide you with the most useful information. Monitoring that can involve your clients through interpretive or activity programs. Indicators that will detect impacts resulting from your operations some indicators will detect environmental impacts that are not related to your operation.
DETECTING CHANGE Most monitoring undertaken by ecotourism businesses will be useful in identifying broad trends. Where ecotourism activities have been identified as 'high risk', or very likely to cause serious environmental impacts, specialist advice on impact monitoring and environmental management should be considered. The Environmental Protection Agency may be able to assist, see contact details on page 16. WHEN YOU ARE THE ONLY ONE USING A SITE... Ecotourism operators rarely have exclusive access to sites on public land - other operators and the public also access most sites. In most cases, impacts cannot be attributed to just one user. Where others also use a site, there is no need to estimate the proportion of impacts being caused by your operations. The important outcome from monitoring is to detect change and where necessary take mitigative action. Where impacts are detected at a site with multiple users, it may be useful to work with other operators and land managers to implement management actions that will help to address the impacts.

1. Understanding the conservation significance of an area

Ecotourism operators usually have a good understanding of the nature conservation values of the area(s) in which they operate. It is these conservation values that are often a key attraction of the operation and that constitute the basis of interpretative programs. It is necessary to take a more technical look at these conservation values and their significance, including identifying the intrinsic values of a locality. The key steps are: identify particular endangered species at the site; identify threatening processes (eg wildlife road kill, habitat loss.); identify key resources which affect the viability of wildlife species (eg seagrass for dugong); identify the conservation significance of the regional ecosystem(s); identify any formal recognition of the conservation value, and the features that make the area important (eg listing on the Register of the National Estate, Ramsar Wetlands, World Heritage listing); identify key ecosystem processes vital to the long term conservation of ecosystems and threatened species (eg. fire regimes that provide conditions necessary for particular vegetation types to regenerate).
NEED HELP IN IDENTIFYING CONSERVATION VALUES? There are a number of sources of information that can help to identify conservation values of an area. These can include National Park and or Marine Park management plans, and environmental impact assessment reports for the tourism business itself or for other proposals in the area. The Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service may also be able to help. The Queensland Herbarium also holds flora records and the Queensland Museum holds fauna records. The Nature Conservation Act 1992 lists the conservation status of species (rare, endangered etc) and the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) lists conservation status of species at a national level. Sattler and Williams (1999) list the conservation status of regional ecosystems throughout Queensland. For some species, there are Conservation Plans and/or Recovery Plans (published by the Environmental Protection Agency or Environment Australia, which give the threatening processes and other information on the important conservation issues for those species.

Choose appropriate impact monitoring criteria

Identify the criteria that are relevant to your operation in terms of: a) possible impact prevention measures your business could incorporate; b) whether your product is a tour, attraction or accommodation; and, c) the activities you undertake - activity specific criteria are provided along with general monitoring criteria.

A Cooperative Approach
While many aspects of environmental impact monitoring by ecotourism operators can be undertaken on an individual basis, other aspects can benefit from a cooperative approach - either through cooperating with other tourism operators or protected area managers, educational and research institutions, community and environmental groups. Often a cooperative approach can save money and resources and provide higher quality results. Willingness to cooperate can create goodwill and good working relationships with other operators, agencies and stakeholders.
NEED HELP? Queensland has a range of research and management initiatives that may be able to help with developing and implementing monitoring programs. Try contacting the Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Coastcare, Landcare, Waterwatch, and the Cooperative Research Centres (Rainforest, Reef, Savannah and Sustainable Tourism). See p. 16 for contact details.

2. Identify the risks

When the conservation values of a site are identified, you need to consider the likelihood of impacts resulting from the normal operation of your activities and also the possibility of one off events (accidents) and their potential consequences. Impact assessment studies are used to identify environmental risks for a proposed development. Larger tourism businesses may have planning applications or environmental impacts assessment reports that identify key risks. To assess the risks, consider: How could an impact occur? If it occurred, how great is the risk or what would the magnitude and duration of the impact be, and would it be reversible?

3.

4
Aspect

PERMIT, LICENCE, ACCREDITATION AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

When starting up ecotourism operations it is often necessary to obtain permits, licenses and other approvals - many of which will require compliance with set environmental standards. Ecotourism operations should be reviewed to ensure compliance with permit and licence conditions, and that the claims made in applications for accreditation are implemented. Review the environmental laws, standards and codes of conduct that apply to your operation. Review information on the conservation values of the area(s) visited. Review compliance with requirements of permits, licences and accreditation obligations.

Preventing Impacts

This section provides some guidance on how to prevent impacts from occurring. Preventing impacts from occurring is preferable to managing or regenerating a site where impacts have occurred. The following example illustrates how Impact Monitoring Guidelines for criteria in this section are presented:

GREY WATER
Grey water includes waste from sinks, showers, and hand-washing basins. Grey water has the potential to impact on water quality and aquatic flora and fauna. Monitor volume of greywater generated by recording pump operating hours. Calculate the volume generated by multiplying the number of minutes the pump has operated by the flow rate of the pump in minutes (where pumps are on a separate electricity tariff, it may be more practical to monitor power consumption). Inspect for evidence of ponding at disposal or evapotranspiration areas.

ANNUALLY IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Environmental impact studies (EIS) are often prepared in the development stages of ecotourism accommodation and attractions. However, after construction and initial establishment, the conclusions and mitigation strategies in the EIS may not be referred to. Review compliance with mitigation strategies in EIS and evaluate the conclusions of risks and significance of impact with actual achievements.

Background information on aspect

How to monitor aspect

sample

ANNUALLY STAFF AND BEHAVIOUR CLIENT RESPONSIBILITY, KNOWLEDGE AND

Suggested frequency for monitoring

MONTHLY

Staff training and awareness of environmental management responsibilities can help ensure staff follow set procedures to minimise environmental impacts.

ENVIRONMENTAL DUE DILIGENCE

Environmental due diligence is a recognised basis of best practice environmental management. Environmental management systems and impact monitoring programs can help increase operators' understanding of environmental management and gain a better understanding of what is happening on the ground. To demonstrate environmental due diligence, operators must have an understanding of their legal requirements, the activities undertaken (including both those of staff and clients), and have a system in place to deal with contingencies and record any actions taken. Operational staff need to be trained to meet these environmental requirements. Review environmental management obligations and organisational management structure, reporting procedures, etc. to evaluate the business' implementation of environmental due diligence.

Review staff orientation, training and briefing documents, and processes to ensure they include all relevant aspects in relation to environmental compliance, impact minimisation and monitoring. Review staff duty statements (where applicable) to ensure they include relevant environmental compliance, impact minimisation and monitoring.

ANNUALLY

Monitor staff awareness of environmental responsibilities. Encourage guides and client contact staff to keep a log or diary of unacceptable client behaviour. Review the diary regularly to identify trends that need to be addressed. Work with staff to identify techniques to modify client behaviour.

QUARTERLY ANNUALLY

DUE DILIGENCE Environmental Due Diligence can be defined as taking reasonable and practical measures to prevent environmental damage that an organisation can create by its activities, products and services. By making an assessment of potential impacts and methods of addressing these impacts operators can ensure they understand and meet their environmental obligations as set out in the Environmental Protection Act 1994 or permit or licence conditions. Implementing environmental Due Diligence is a fundamental aspect of achieving ecological sustainability.

ISO 14001 ISO 14001 is the International Standard for Environmental Management Systems Specification with Guidance for Use. It describes the elements of an effective environmental management system. The standard is applicable to all types and sizes of organisations. The main elements are: Setting and maintaining an Environmental Policy Planning Implementation and Operation Checking and Corrective Action Management Review.

4.

CONTINGENCY PLANNING AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

Developing emergency responses is an important part of achieving environmental sustainability. Ecotourism businesses need to consider actions required to minimise environmental harm in the event of an environmental incident (eg. oil spills, sinking or grounding of vessels, sewage treatment plants failure). Review contingency plans to ensure that in the case of an emergency all possible environmental harm is addressed. Monitor to ensure necessary emergency equipment (oil spill kits, fire fighting equipment) is available and suitably maintained. Ensure relevant staff have appropriate skills/training (eg. First Aid).

What to Monitor Environmental and Activity Criteria

This section provides background information and suggestions for monitoring a range of environmental 'aspects', including physical elements of the environment such as: Water Erosion Landscaping and Rehabilitation Fires Weeds and Feral Animals

QUARTERLY CUSTOMER FEEDBACK

Feedback from clients, staff, other tourism businesses, protected area managers and the public can be indicators of environmental impacts. There are times where observations by other people or groups provide a different but very useful perspective that may not otherwise be obvious. Customer feedback may be able to be incorporated into an operation's interpretive program to give guests a 'hands on' involvement in managing their environmental impact. Keep a register of feedback provided by clients, other operators, agencies and the local community, including any complaints and the corrective measures implemented. Review to identify trends and develop mitigation strategies to avoid impacts in the future.

This section also provides monitoring criteria for the following elements of tourism operations that can interact with the environment: Energy Human Waste Visual/Light Natural Area Management Solid Waste Noise Fuel Storage

The monitoring criteria in this section are relevant to a wide range of tourism businesses and activities, however not all operations will need to monitor each of the environmental aspects that are presented. Not all operations will need to monitor using all of the criteria provided. To assist in determining which criteria are relevant to your operation, checklists indicating which criteria are relevant to accommodation, attractions and tours as well as specific activities can be found on page 15. The following example illustrates how Impact Monitoring Guidelines for criteria in this section are presented:
Aspect Background information on aspect

QUARTERLY CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT

Continual improvement is a process of enhancing the environmental management procedures to achieve improvements in overall environmental performance. Continual improvement involves reviewing environmental performance to identify opportunities for enhancing environmental best practice measures. Review environmental performance with the aim of identifying opportunities for improvement. Improvements may be achieved by - making changes to the structure or responsibilities of staffing; improved training and awareness; improved preparedness and response arrangement; and better record keeping.

WATER
Lack of management of demand for water can lead to unnecessarily high levels of consumption. Where operators extract water from creeks, rivers, dams or bores, it is necessary to ensure that etc.

Sub - Aspect How to monitor aspect

sample
Water Extraction

ANNUALLY
Suggested frequency for monitoring

Monitor the standing water level in creeks, rivers or dams at the water supply intake point. Monitor the groundwater level in water bores. Record monitoring results in a graph form with 'WATER CONSUMPTION' and 'WATER LEVEL' plotted over time.

MONTHLY

ENERGY
Energy use is often taken for granted, but it is well known that energy production is a major contributor to the production of greenhouse gases. Furthermore, energy use can be one of the largest financial costs associated with running a tourism operation. Though greenhouse gases are a natural part of the earth's atmosphere, the by-products of energy consumption can cause an 'unnatural' increase in concentrations of these atmospheric gases. This in turn has created climate change, better known as the 'Greenhouse Effect'. Greenhouse gas emissions can be minimised several different ways. For example, 'green energy' such as wind, solar and water (renewable resources) can be substituted for coal-fired power. Efficient energy use involves both minimising energy waste and taking steps to improve energy efficiency. This might include the introduction of mechanisms to turn off air-conditioning and lighting when not in use, and the installation of compact fluorescent light bulbs and better maintenance of equipment. The energy efficiency of tourism operations can be assessed by monitoring consumption of various forms of energy. Operators can calculate greenhouse gas emissions associated with their operations, and thereby better understand their own impacts and assess the effectiveness of energy conservation measures. There are two options for monitoring energy usage. The most simple method is to simply monitor the amount of energy consumed, including electricity (kWh on electricity bills); diesel and petrol (litres used by vehicles, machinery and generators); and LPG or Natural Gas consumed (in kilos).

5.

What to Monitor Environmental and Activity Criteria (cont.)

ECO-EFFICIENCY - WHAT IS IT? Eco-efficiency refers to environmental performance or efficiency in relation to the following (examples are given): Raw Material Use (minimise packaging, minimise wastage) Energy Use (use energy efficient appliances and lighting) Water Use (installing low-flow shower heads, using water efficient washing machines, avoiding unnecessary washing) Waste Generated (segregation of waste streams, composting, recycling) Improved Management Practices and Technology Training (staff awareness of eco-efficiency practices)

A more comprehensive monitoring program would monitor each of the criteria set out below, measuring the total amount of energy consumed, determining the amount of consumption per client and calculating the amount of greenhouse gas emitted based on the amount of energy used. The key to both approaches is to monitor any changes in energy consumption levels and monitor the effectiveness of any energy efficiency measures you implement. Monitor: Grid electricity consumed (kWh). Refer to power bill and record kWh for each quarter Diesel and petrol consumed (in Litres) by vehicles, machinery and generators LPG or Natural Gas consumed (kg) Calculate: Total energy consumption in kWh (use formulas to convert fuels and gases to kWh) Energy use per guest/client (divide total energy in kWh by the total number of guests/clients) Assess: Compare changes in energy use over time Compare energy use per guest/client with benchmark values

WATER
Lack of management of demand for water can lead to unnecessarily high levels of consumption. Where operators extract water from creeks, rivers, dams or bores, it is necessary to ensure that water extraction rates are sustainable. Over extraction of ground or surface water can lead to salt water contamination or the reduction in downstream environmental flows. Operators can monitor their current water usage patterns to identify opportunities for improved efficiency in water usage. Reductions in water use can be achieved by fixing leaking taps, installing flow control equipment into showers and taps, and better watering practices in garden areas. Minimising extraction can lead to savings in water pumping and treatment costs, as well as savings in excess water consumption charges that may apply to operations that utilise mains water. In the bigger picture, a reduction in water usage can reduce the need for dams and other water storage facilities which will not only benefit the environment, but also save the community money.

QUARTERLY

The table below allows you to not only identify your current total energy use but also to identify the impact of this energy use on the environment. Minimising energy use will also reduce your impact on the environment.
ENERGY SOURCE ENERGY USED [A] Electricity Diesel Petrol Gas (LPG) Gas (Natural) _____kWh _____L _____L _____kg _____kg x x x x x CONVERSION FACTORS [B] 1.0 10.1 9.5 13.9 14.2 [C] 1.05 2.7 2.24 3.2 2.97 = = = = = ENERGY (kWh) [A]x[B] GREENHOUSE GAS kg CO2 equivalent [A]x[C]

Water Extraction
Monitor the standing water level in creeks, rivers or dams at the water supply intake point. Monitor the groundwater level in water bores. Record monitoring results in a graph form with 'WATER CONSUMPTION' and 'WATER LEVEL' plotted over time.

FORTNIGHTLY Water Use

Record the amount of water consumed each month to develop an annual profile of water usage. Refer to water bills or rates notices for water consumption. It is usually given in 'kL' (kilolitres - One kilolitre equals 1000 litres). Calculate the average water consumption per guest per day for each month (the per capita consumption rate). Based on per capita consumption rates, has water use increased? If so, was there a good reason (e.g. hot, dry weather)? If not, is water being wasted or could it be used more efficiently?

TOTAL

[X]

Equivalent Number of Clients* [Y] ENERGY OR GREENHOUSE GASES/GUEST [X/Y]

* - 'Equivalent Clients' should represent the number of guests who visit your attraction/hotel or take part in tours. (eg. A group of 100 visitors who are at a facility for 1/4 of a day, will represent 25 Equivalent Guests)

MONTHLY Water Eco-Efficiency

As eco-efficiency measures are implemented, monitor the reduction in water consumption per guest over time.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Record energy consumption figures for different (non-renewable) energy sources. Use the above calculation sheet to calculate the total greenhouse gas emissions per visitor or equivalent client.

QUARTERLY

ANNUALLY Energy Eco-Efficiency

As eco-efficiency measures are implemented, monitor reduction in energy consumption per guest over time.

QUARTERLY

6.

SOLID WASTE
Australia's per capita waste generation is approximately one tonne per person per year - one of the highest rates in the world. Poor waste management (storage and disposal) can lead to problems of visual pollution, odour issues for guests and neighbours and pollution of waterways. Poor waste management may also directly affect wildlife through changing feeding habits (scavenging) or contributing directly to the death of animals (sea birds, turtles). Solid waste can be reduced by minimising the use of raw materials and packaging and implementing a reuse or recycling program. Minimising the generation of solid waste may include changes in purchasing policy (for example purchase products in recyclable or reusable containers, buy products in bulk to minimise individual packaging), or introduction of new technologies such as composting.

LIQUID WASTE/EFFLUENT
Liquid waste (effluent & grey water) results from the use of facilities such as toilets and laundries. The amount of liquid waste generated will depend on the type of facilities that are supplied and their level of use. Waste water can result in negative environmental impacts if not treated or disposed of correctly. Problems may include contamination of waterways and ground water, ponding on the soil surface which can ultimately affect flora and fauna. Often land disposal or irrigation of treated effluent is the best means of sustainable disposal of treated sewage. However, irrigation rates must be low enough to ensure that the liquid evaporates or is taken up by vegetation ('evapotranspiration'), rather than seeping through to groundwater or running into creeks. During wet weather the soils can become saturated to the point where effluent either runs off or ponds on the soil surface. Treated effluent and grey water may be reused to reduce the amount of clean water used for things such as watering gardens, or in toilets. Where treated effluent and/or greywater are irrigated ('effluent reuse' or 'land disposal'), soil health can be impacted by nutrients and salinity. Whilst nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous are required for plant growth, under effluent irrigation they can increase to levels that are toxic to plants. The nutrient status of soils can impact on the health of vegetation and in extreme cases can cause vegetation dieback. Before developing and implementing waste disposal plans, government and local council environmental requirements should be checked. Vessels and buses sometimes provide holding tanks for storage of sewage. Sewage is regularly pumped out for disposal and treatment. The most significant potential impact is the inappropriate disposal or spillage of this material. Bush disposal of human waste presents a risk to human health and an amenity issue if it occurs too close to general use areas. It also has the potential to impact on water quality.

Solid Waste Generation

Monitoring volumes of solid waste can be done by recording the amount of waste removed for disposal off-site by staff and contractors. Review invoices for volume collected or count the number of bins collected on a weekly or daily basis. Waste associated with organisation of tours (office and administration waste) as well as waste generated in the course of the actual tour (eg. food packaging and lunch scraps) should be recorded.

QUARTERLY Recycling/Reuse
Consider options for reuse or recycling of solid waste (particularly organic wastes and packaging materials). Monitor and record the proportion of solid waste that is (1) reused; and (2) recycled.

QUARTERLY Sewage Treatment Solid Waste Eco-Efficiency

Review opportunities to reduce packaging associated with raw materials purchased. As eco-efficiency measures are implemented, monitor the reduction in solid waste. Monitor effluent quality by a settling rate test. Take a sample in a standard sized glass jar and record the time taken for suspended solids to settle.

MONTHLY Septic Tanks

QUARTERLY Litter
Litter can create aesthetic impacts, affecting the experience of clients, and can also cause harm to wildlife. Litter is a cultural issue as well as being part of poor waste management and handling practices. Monitor the amount of litter in a given area by counting the number of pieces of litter visible. For tracks or roads count the number of pieces of litter per 100 metres of track. Record the results and compare them with previous monitoring results. Septic tanks should be inspected (particularly in periods of high rainfall) for evidence of ponding at disposal/evapotranspiration areas.

WEEKLY Grey water

Grey water includes waste from sinks, showers, and hand-washing basins. Grey water has the potential to impact on water quality and aquatic flora and fauna. Monitor volume of grey water generated by recording pump operating hours. Calculate the volume generated by multiplying the number of minutes the pump has operated by the flow rate of the pump in minutes. Where pumps are on a separate electricity tariff, it may be more practical to monitor power consumption. Inspect for evidence of ponding at disposal and evapotranspiration areas.

QUARTERLY

MONTHLY

7.

5
WEEKLY

What to Monitor Environmental and Activity Criteria (cont.)

VISUAL/LIGHT
'Light Spill' is light that escapes from a site and lights up adjoining areas. Light spill can cause environmental nuisance to neighbours and guests, and can impact on nocturnal fauna. Go to the nearest light sensitive place (usually adjacent bushland or neighbouring property) and see whether light 'spills' from the site. If so, measure the furthest distance that light spills past the boundary of the site. Consider options to reduce light spill including the use of lower wattage bulbs and 'spot' lighting or directional lights, in favour of 'wash' lighting such as streetlights.

Effluent Irrigation
Inspect irrigation areas for evidence of ponding or run off. Where ponding is occurring, increasing the irrigated area will reduce the application rate. If ponding is only occurring during wet weather, increase the size of wet weather storage tanks so that it is not necessary to irrigate during wet weather.

QUARTERLY FUEL AND CHEMICAL STORAGE

Storing fuel, petroleum-based products or chemicals presents a risk of land and water contamination from spills. Permanent fuel and bulk chemical storages should be contained ('bunded') so that in the event of a spill, fuel will be trapped. Storage tanks should be located within a hardstand area (eg. concrete slab) surrounded by a concrete perimeter bund. Any spillage within the bund should be collected immediately to prevent overflow or mixing with uncontaminated stormwater (particularly if the storage is not covered). Collected fuel or chemicals should be stored safely for disposal by a licensed trade waste contractor. Check with your local council to find out any requirements for storage of fuel. Monitor the condition of the bund and any valves or drain points. Inspect bunding and the concrete slab for cracks or joints where any spills could escape. Check that valves are operational and remain closed.

Visually inspect effluent irrigation area for impact on vegetation.

ONGOING Holding Tanks

Monitor the integrity of holding tanks, hoses and pipes by physical inspection. Look for signs of drips, leaks and cracks (particularly around fittings). Monitor volume of discharges to approved pump-outs and approved ocean discharge. On vessels where freshwater is used for toilet flushing, monitor the volume of freshwater taken on-board and the volume pump-out.

DAILY

MONTHLY Bush Disposal

Walk around campsites, picnic areas, lunch spots, smoko stops and rest areas at 20-100 metres distance and check banks of nearby watercourses. Count the number of 'deposits' based on soil disturbance. Monitor the collection and disposal of rainwater that collects inside the fuel tank bunding. Check whether rainwater has accumulated inside the bund (even for fuel storages that are roofed, wind-blown rain can collect). Check that any uncontaminated water is pumped out from inside the bund so sufficient capacity is available to trap a potential spill.

AFTER RAINFALL

MONTHLY
SEWAGE TREATMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT In Queensland all sewage treatment plants (including septic systems) with a capacity greater than 20 'Equivalent Persons' (EP) require an Environmental Authority (licence), issued under the Environmental Protection Act. Where this is the case, the Authority usually includes specific monitoring requirements for effluent quality. They often also include a requirement to monitor the ongoing quality of receiving waters.

Monitor downstream drains or waterways for any evidence of vegetation dieback or oil or fuel sheen on the water surface. Walk downstream along waterways and drainage lines undertaking a visual inspection of vegetation. Vegetation dieback should be assessed by monitoring the number of individual trees in decline or the area of vegetation affected. Fuel spills can usually be detected as a shiny sheen on the water surface and by odour.

MONTHLY

NOISE
Noise from ecotourism operations can detract from the quality of visitor experiences and from the amenity of local residents as well as impacting on the natural environment (such as breeding and behaviour of fauna). The term natural quiet is commonly used to describe noise levels in natural areas. That is, the general noise level, excluding discernible human noises. In natural areas, noise levels should be assessed in terms of their intrusiveness compared to the 'natural quiet' level.

For fuel tanks with bowser type pumps, monitor both the volume of fuel delivered to the tank, and the volume of fuel dispensed. Volumes 'in' and 'out' should be correlated. A discrepancy can indicate a leak in the tank.

MONTHLY

Monitor the integrity of underground tanks by pressure testing. Contractors that supply and install fuel tanks are able to 'pressure test' fuel tanks to check for leaks. The procedure involves emptying the tanks and pumping pressurised air into the tanks and monitoring any pressure drop.

Natural Quiet
Move to the nearest public area or campsite and see if it is 'natural quiet'. If not, record what type of noise can be detected.

ANNUALLY

MONTHLY
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION POLICY FOR NOISE AIMS TO: Protect and enhance the acoustic environment (to ensure the well-being of the community and individuals, for assurance of their opportunity to have sleep, relaxation and conversation without unreasonable interference from intrusive noises; and Ensure that acoustic quality objectives are kept at an acceptable level and do not allow for the deterioration of the natural environment.

The policy allows for management and licensing for noise making activities. When setting criteria, the potential level of impact on the surrounding users and possible abatement measures are considered.

8.

EROSION
Erosion is a problem commonly associated with visitation to natural areas. Erosion is generally caused by site disturbance, such as where vegetation has been cleared. Vehicles and vessel access points to waterways, mountain bikes, pedestrians, removal of vegetation for camping or fuel may all lead to erosion events. When vulnerable sites start to erode, elements such as wind and water can extend the problem. Stopping erosion events once they have started is difficult and may require some form of either engineering works (to stabilise) or closure (tracks, camping grounds) for regeneration purposes. Erosion can result in sedimentation of downstream waterways, causing water quality impacts such as increased turbidity. It can also cause loss of topsoil that can negatively impact on vegetation. An increase in the number of erosion sites or the extent of erosion indicates that a negative impact is occurring. Inspect downstream drainage lines for sedimentation. Where soil is eroded by overland stormwater flow, it will be deposited downstream. Fin damage to coral is the most likely impact associated with snorkelling and scuba diving. Inexperienced users are mostly likely to cause damage to coral by inadvertently kicking it with fins or by standing on it.

VEGETATION DAMAGE, LANDSCAPING AND REHABILITATION

Adhering to minimal Impact Codes of Practice relating to specific ecotourism activities can clearly assist with avoiding damage to vegetation, and a need for landscaping and rehabilitation. If unmanaged, visitation to camping areas, picnic areas and rest areas can result in clearing and vegetation damage. Vehicle and mountain bike use in areas with no clearly marked tracks can also lead to vegetation damage. Damage to vegetation can also occur from abseiling and belaying tie points where ropes and slings are tied around tree trunks and other natural features. Uncontrolled access around raft and kayak entry points to waterways can lead to vegetation damage and associated erosion. Cleared or degraded areas should be landscaped or rehabilitated to avoid any further erosion or spread of weeds. Where possible landscaping and rehabilitation should aim to restore land to a state consistent with the surrounding natural environment.

Take a photographic record of potential erosion sites and/or the extent of erosion at known problem sites (creek crossings, steep climbs, camp sites, river banks and roadways). The extent of erosion can also be recorded on maps or plans if they are available. Erosion should be photographed from 'repeatable' locations. Take a photographic record of key coral sites at snorkel and dive locations to measure coral damage or health over time.

Monitor the progress of landscaping or rehabilitation by assessing the number and extent of weeds, the percentage of vegetation cover and the extent of erosion. Where maps or plans of the area are available, mark the extent of weeds, erosion, and percentage vegetation cover.

QUARTERLY

ANNUALLY

Take a photographic record of the extent of clearing for campsites and the extent of vegetation damage at any watering point near campsites. Photographs should be compared with previous monitoring records to determine whether any additional clearing has occurred. Where maps or plans of the site are available, mark the extent of damage for future reference. If a cleared area is increasing (ie. clearing is occurring faster than vegetation re-grows), a negative impact is occurring and action required.

Sample the turbidity or suspended solids of the nearest downstream standing water body by doing a settling test. Take a sample in a standard sized glass jar and record the time taken for suspended solids to settle. Where suspended solids take a long time (more than 1 hour) they are likely to stop light passing through the water that can affect water quality. Ensure you do not disturb the water while gathering your sample as this could affect your result.

SIX MONTHLY

QUARTERLY

Take a photographic record of the extent of vegetation cover or damage at known problem sites. Photographs should be taken from elevated repeatable locations. Photographic records should be compared with previous results with consideration of the season. If an area of vegetation damage is increasing management action to address the problem will be required.

Monitor erosion of waterways or gullies by checking sediment levels in relatively still pools downstream. If necessary, insert a stake as a reference point to measure siltation levels.

QUARTERLY

QUARTERLY

At rock climbing sites, monitor the state of vegetation at the top of abseils. Take a photographic record of vegetation damage, especially at anchor points. If an area of vegetation damage is increasing management action to address the problem will be required.

MONITORING BY PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD This sort of monitoring is straightforward. It is best to photograph from a set point (against a tree or rock) or a marker (small surveyors stake) to ensure photographs taken over a period of time capture images of the same site. In some instances it may be more practical to monitor by video. In this case it will be necessary to include 'markers' for later reference.

SIX MONTHLY

9.

What to Monitor Environmental and Activity Criteria (cont.)

VISITING NATIONAL PARKS AND NATURAL AREA MANAGEMENT

As regular visitors to National Parks (particularly those with un-staffed facilities), tour operators are often in a good position to notice environmental impacts in the early stages. Impacts should be reported to the relevant land manager as soon as possible to allow prompt responses. Generally sites used by ecotourism operators are also by other operators and/or the public. Observing and understanding patterns of visitor usage of a site will help in determining the cause of the impact, when impacts are identified. Appropriate site hardening can preserve the quality of natural areas. Examples include car parks and bollards, signage about appropriate visitor behaviour, paving, pathways and boardwalks.

WEEDS AND FERAL ANIMALS

Weeds can be inadvertently spread by walkers, bicycles, and vehicles (eg. seed caught in clothing, soil attached to footwear and vehicles). Weed invasion has an environmental impact by out-competing native flora and may also impact on fauna species through reduction in food sources, suitable nesting places etc. Various methods of weed and feral animal control are available. Common weed controls include cutting or digging them out (physical removal) and spraying (chemical control). Another measure for preventing the spread of weeds could include washing down vehicles that may be carrying weeds prior to entering sensitive or protected areas. Feral animals impact on natural areas through preying on or out-competing native fauna, as well as destroying habitats. Common feral animal controls include trapping, baiting and shooting. You should check with the appropriate authorities prior to commencing any feral animal or plant control programs.

Facilities
Create a checklist of facilities that are available at the site - such as toilets, BBQs, tables, interpretive facilities, fences, bridges, walking tracks. Check the condition of each facility used, and make a note of the condition of facilities or anything that is damaged or not operating. Ensure land managers are informed if damage to facilities is noted.

MONTHLY Visitor numbers

Weeds
Monitor the number of weed species and the areas that are affected by weeds. Where maps or plans are available, mark the extent of weeds for future reference.

SIX MONTHLY (BEFORE AND AFTER THE WETTEST SEASON) Feral Animals
Monitor the occurrence of feral animals, include sightings and evidence (eg. scats or droppings and disturbance such as pig diggings).

Create a visitor numbers monitoring sheet, to record the date and time of visit, and visitor numbers present. Visitor number recordings should note: (1) the approximate number of other commercial operators; and (2) the numbers of members of the general public at common use sites. This information can then be used to understand the relative use by businesses, compared to use by free and independent travellers.

EACH VISIT

Monitor degradation of facilities in natural areas or where impacts are occurring as a result of misuse or other problems with site hardening.

MONTHLY Weed and Feral Management

Monitor the effectiveness of control programs. Specialist advice from Department of Primary Industries, National Parks and Wildlife Services and Local Government may be required.

QUARTERLY

ANNUALLY

10.

CAMPING AND BUSH PICNICKING

Visitation to camping areas, picnic areas and rest areas can result in clearing and vegetation damage, accidental bushfires and littering.

ROCK CLIMBING AND ABSEILING

Impacts associated with rock climbing are graffiti, breakage of rock, track erosion, litter/rubbish, damage to vegetation from tie points and profusion of anchor points. While this would not be expected to occur frequently it can leave a scar on the rock face. Litter can also be a problem at abseiling and rock climbing sites. Erosion can occur along access tracks and scramble climbs that link the top and bottom of climbing/abseiling faces.

Campfires
Audit campfire facilities to assess maintenance required and the potential for escape of fire. Also check for evidence of campfires in non-designated areas, and illegal use of timber or tree damage for firewood.

Hardware
Count the number of non-natural anchor points at each site, and record any graffiti. Compare with previous records to check whether additional protection is continuing to be installed and whether more graffiti is appearing. Non-natural additions can detract from the amenity values of a natural area.

SIX MONTHLY VEHICLE USE

Vehicles are used extensively in transporting clients, and often form part of the visitor experience. Vehicles can have direct and indirect environmental impacts. Indirect impacts relate to fuel consumption and the release of greenhouse gasses. Direct impacts potentially include killing wildlife, erosion of roads, vegetation damage, soil compaction, weed dispersion and sedimentation of streams. Environmental impacts associated with vehicle use can be minimised through awareness of minimal impact driving techniques. Driving style should aim to minimise erosion, sedimentation of waterways, wildlife disturbance, and dust settling on surrounding vegetation. Minimal impact codes should be observed at all times, especially during wet weather conditions and extremely dry weather where speed and driving style can have direct impacts on the environment.

QUARTERLY Rock Disturbance

Monitor evidence of broken rock that has been damaged by rock climbing and abseiling. Take a photographic record and monitor any changes.

SIX MONTHLY

Road kill
Record the number of road kills observed per kilometre. Monitor changes in numbers of road kill. An increase in the number of road kill may indicate a greater impact. Gradual increases in the number of road kill may indicate a change in usage of the road. Sudden increases in the number of road kill may indicate a change in animal behaviour.

MONTHLY

11.

What to Monitor Environmental and Activity Criteria (cont.)

What Does it All Mean?

WILDLIFE
Viewing birds and animals can impact on their behaviour patterns and can create additional opportunities for predators. Spotlighting can affect the behaviour of nocturnal fauna (for example, animals can become accustomed to humans, predators can take advantage of spot lighting to locate prey). This has the potential to impact on animal numbers and species diversity. Some animals can be intimidated by human presence and be scared away from feeding grounds; others can change their behaviour ('habituate') and become too accustomed to human presence. Fish feeding (from boats and whilst scuba diving or snorkelling) has the potential to change fish behaviour and population dynamics.

Environmental monitoring data in itself will not do anything to improve performance or to reduce impacts. It is a tool that can help to review your operation's environmental impacts and to encourage you to be aware of environmental changes occurring at sites your operation is based at or visits. Monitoring is the first step in recognising when and how impacts occur, and in determining ways of preventing impacts from occurring. The following information provides suggestions for how to record your impact monitoring results in a format that will ensure the 'data' can easily be used.

Photographic data collection

Where monitoring involves taking photographs of a site on a regular basis the important thing is to photograph from a set point (against a tree or rock) or a marker (small surveyors stake) to ensure photographs taken over a period of time capture comparable images. The important aspect of 'recording data' is to ensure the photographs are kept in one place, and that they are collated in chronological order. This can be achieved simply by putting the photos into a scrapbook, noting down the dates the photographs were taken, and any other observations or comments (such as seasonal patterns or weather conditions at the time the photograph was taken).

Bird Watching
Record the number of bird species and the estimated number of individuals observed. Observe trends in the number and type of animals observed.

WEEKLY Spotlighting
Observe trends in the number and species of animals spotted. Monitor animal numbers observed, and record the number of observers (torches or spotlights) and the length of the spotlighting session. Look for a relationship between the number of species sighted and the number of torches or spotlights used.

Calculations and Plotting data

Monitoring that requires recording numbers (such as wildlife sighted, amount of solid waste removed, visitor numbers) will involve recording numbers while you are 'in the field' and then transferring the data to be stored and collated at a central point (such as a notebook or computer file). Creating a graph to illustrate any changes over time is also recommended. Plotting the data on a graph will assist with identifying any trends or changes at the site. Plotting new data systematically and on a regular basis is highly recommended as this will ensure that records are kept up to date and that data is not misplaced. It will also help to avoid the need to enter or plot a large amount of data at one time. Where calculations (such as determining greenhouse gas emissions) are required, these should also be recorded in the notebook or computer file.

EACH SPOTLIGHTING SESSION Fauna Watching

Record the number of species and the estimated number of individuals observed. Observe trends in the number and type of animals observed.

EACH VIEWING SESSION

Record any incidents of sickness amongst animals.

Visual inspections
When monitoring impacts through regular inspections or observations of a site, equipment, or infrastructure, the important thing is to record and date notes or observations in a central notebook so that they can be reviewed and compared over time.

ONGOING Marine Mammal and Megafauna Viewing

Monitor the community population by recording marine mammal sightings (including numbers of young) and approximate locations. If GPS coordinates are available then sighting locations can be recorded on maps. A consistent decrease in the population can indicate that a negative impact is occurring.

Mapping
Where impact monitoring involves mapping observations (such as changes to vegetation cover), observations should be marked on the same map over a period of time to clearly illustrate any changes. The map used should be at a scale that allows details of any changes to be marked with reasonable accuracy.

EACH VIEWING SESSION Fish Feeding

Monitor the number of fish species feeding (and the most common species) and the length of time taken to consume a given amount of food. If the most common species of fish changes, more intensive monitoring should be undertaken to identify the cause of the change.

Review Results and Compare

Results should be reviewed regularly to identify trends. Look for changes that indicate impacts might be occurring, such as decreasing sightings of wildlife, or widening track erosion. Be aware that natural systems will always show some variability (for example, seasonal changes in water quality, migratory birds). For this reason it is best to plot results over time - that way it is easier to tell the difference between seasonal (cyclic) repetition and genuine impacts.

MONTHLY

12.

Isolate the Cause

If ongoing monitoring of operations and environmental impacts indicates that environmental impacts are occurring at a site, the next step is to identify the cause of the impacts. Impacts can be the result of many different factors including some that will not be related to your operations. However, if your operations are contributing to the impacts, it is important to recognise how. This can be done by reviewing the environmental aspects associated with your operation such as the various activities undertaken at a site. Identify what part of the operation or which activity is the main cause of the impact.

Final Comments
This publication does not provide exhaustive guidelines for environmental impact monitoring by ecotourism operators. It does however, serve the purpose of explaining the need to monitor and provides some direction on how tourism operators can undertake environmental impact monitoring: Practically - ways that can be incorporated into 'day to day' operations, Inclusively - in many cases the monitoring of activities that are suggested can be adapted to involve guests in data collection, and form part of the client's overall experience, and In partnership - there are many agencies and organisations that are able to assist with environmental impact monitoring, as well as coordinate cooperation in impact monitoring between a number of tour operators that access the same site.

Management Actions
Once the cause of an impact is identified, it is possible to modify activities or behaviour to avoid or minimise the impact. For many activities, minimal impact guidelines are available and it is advisable to review your compliance with the guidelines as a starting point to determining any impact minimisation techniques that are not currently being implemented. Impact minimisation techniques might be as simple as increasing visitor awareness of the consequences of certain behaviour (such as walking off the track resulting in erosion), or implementing a routine litter collection at frequently visited sites. In more extreme cases it might involve developing an alternative tour to avoid damaging unsealed roads after wet weather, or rescheduling tours to avoid wildlife breeding areas. For accommodation or attractions, reducing environmental impacts might involve installing water efficient tap fittings or educating guests on water conservation. It might involve formalising an environmental management system to establish a documented system of checks and responsibilities. Often impacts are not a result of one activity or a single operator. Where impacts are caused by cumulative use of an area by a number of operators and independent visitors, modifying the activities of one operator may not be effective in impact management. This re-enforces the importance of working with other operators that use the site, as well as working with the appropriate land management agency such as the local council or National Parks and Wildlife Service. Working with land managers will help to address impacts contributed by free and independent visitors at the site whose behaviour can not otherwise be influenced by individual tour operators.

Successful and diligent implementation of Environmental Impact Monitoring programs will benefit businesses and the environment, as well as the relationship between the tourism industry and the broader community.

Identifying detrimental impacts

With natural variations and seasonal cycles in environmental conditions, it may be difficult to determine whether activities at a site are having an adverse impact. A simple measure for identifying whether impacts are occurring at a site would be to simply consider anything over a 10 % variation from the natural environment to be evidence of a detrimental impact (number of species, area covered by weeds, litter, extent of erosion, feral animals spotted etc). Although this is a somewhat crude measure, it will provide a starting point to identify significant impacts. Where a site is showing greater than 10% variation in natural environmental conditions, it would be an appropriate time to discuss the issues with the relevant land managers and authorities. Where environmental impacts are identified, you may not be able to rectify the situation without the advice or consent of the land holder or land manager. Similarly, the impacts you identify may be cumulative impacts of many users, and as such would not be your responsibility alone to rectify. Working with the appropriate management agency or land owner can help in achieving a coordinated approach in managing environmental impacts. The Environmental Protection Act (1994) identifies the impact of an activity at three levels which may also be useful for you to consider: Environmental nuisance - where there is an unreasonable interference with an environmental value caused by dust, odour, light, noise, or an unhealthy or unsightly condition due to contamination. Material environmental harm - harm that is not trivial or negligible in nature, extent or context and that causes actual or potential loss or damage to property of between $5,000 - $50,000, or will incur costs of between $5,000 - $50,000 to rectify. Serious environmental harm - harm that causes irreversible, high impact or widespread damage, that causes actual or potential harm in areas of high conservation value or special significance, or causes loss or damage to property of an amount more than $50,000, or that it would cost more than $50,000 to minimise harm or rehabilitate the environment.

13.

Checklist - Monitoring requirements for accommodation, tours and attractions

ASPECT TO BE MONITORED

ACCOMMODATION

TOURS

ATTRACTIONS

PAGE NO.

Energy
Energy Use Greenhouse Gas Emission Eco-Efficiency (Energy) 5 6 6

Water
Water Extraction Water Use Eco-Efficiency (Water) 6 6 6

Solid Waste
Solid Waste Generation Recycling/Reuse Eco-Efficiency (Solid Waste) 7 7 7 7

Litter Liquid Waste/Effluent

Sewage Treatment Grey water Effluent Irrigation Holding Tanks Bush Disposal

7 7 8 8 8

Noise
Natural Quiet Effect on Other People 8 8 8 8 9

Visual/Light Fuel and Chemical Storage Erosion Vegetation Damage, Landscaping & Rehabilitation Weeds and Feral Animals
Weeds Feral Animals Weed and Feral Management

10 10 10

Visiting National Parks & Natural Area Management

10

14.

Checklist - Monitoring requirements for different activities

ACTIVITY Visiting National Parks

ASPECT TO MONITOR
Weeds Facilities Visitor numbers

PAGE NO.
10 10 10 10 9 7 9 11 7 11 11 11 11 7 9 11 9 7 10 9 9 12 12 12 12 12 9 9 8 7 9 9 9

Walking

Weeds Erosion Litter

Camping, Bush Picnicking

Clearing/Vegetation Damage Bushfire Litter Campfires

Vehicle Use

Driving Style Road Kill

Rock Climbing, Abseiling

Hardware Litter Erosion Rock Disturbance Vegetation Damage

Mountain Biking

Litter Weeds Erosion Vegetation Damage

Wildlife

Bird Watching Spotlighting Fauna Watching Marine Mammal and Megafauna Viewing Fish Feeding Coral and Fish Viewing (Glass Bottom Boats)

Power Boat Use

Bank Erosion Refuelling

Rafting and Kayaking

Litter Erosion Vegetation Damage

Snorkelling and Scuba Diving

Coral damage

15.

Cooperative Research Centres

Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs) are an initiative of the federal government, aiming to deliver research to industry, government and other stakeholders. Each CRC is a consortium of research providers and research user organisations who are prepared to contribute cash and in-kind resources towards common research and education goals. The following CRCs may be of interest to ecotourism and nature based tourism operators.

Contact Details

Queensland Environmental Protection Agency

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which includes the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS), is a department of the Queensland Government. It manages National and Marine Parks, State Forests and five World Heritage areas as well as being responsible for ensuring compliance with environmental laws. The EPA plays an active role in monitoring, regulating and reporting on impacts on our environment with a dual focus on pollution prevention and control.

Cooperative Research Centre - Sustainable Tourism

CRC Tourism is focused on developing a dynamic, internationally competitive and sustainable tourism industry, through delivering innovation and strategic knowledge to business, community and government to enhance the environmental, economic and social sustainability of tourism. CRC Tourism's research focuses on tourism planning and environmental management, tourism information technology, engineering and design, tourism policy, products and business systems. www.crctourism.com.au

The Waste Wise program run by the EPA's Sustainable Industries Division is helping Queensland businesses redefine best practice in waste minimisation and resource recovery. This is achieved by providing the necessary professional advice to businesses so that they may build on their capacity to identify and implement continuous incremental improvements as well as the big step innovative advances in waste management practices. Waste Wise is a free, voluntary, EPA program through which organisations eliminate costly solid waste, benefiting their bottom line and the environment.

Cooperative Research Centre - Reef

Science for sustaining coral reefs - CRC Reef provides research solutions to protect, conserve and restore the world's coral reefs by ensuring industries and management are sustainable and that ecosystem quality is maintained. www.reef.crc.org.au

The Waste Wise program supports industry sectors to identify and implement cost-effective solutions for a more sustainable and competitive future by focusing on assessment, training and benchmarking. Waste Wise also helps you maintain the momentum to continue to cut wastes and reduce costs. www.env.qld.gov.au

Cooperative Research Centre-Tropical Rainforest Ecology and Management

The Rainforest CRC vision is to see the rainforests of Australia managed and utilised in a scientifically sound and sustainable manner to yield economic and social benefits to the community while ensuring conservation of the unique cultural and natural features of the rainforest. www.rainforest-crc.jcu.edu.au

Coastcare
The Coastcare program is based on a partnership involving the Commonwealth, State/Territory and Local Governments. The program assists residents, volunteers, businesses and interest groups to care for their coastal areas by providing funding for community-based projects. The program aims to bring together the community and bodies responsible for coastal management, with the focus being on practical actions and on-ground works that tackle the causes of environmental degradation. www.env.qld.gov.au/environment/coast/coastcare

Cooperative Research Centre - Tropical Savannah Management

The CRC Savannah's mission is to achieve sustainable use and conservation of Australia's tropical savannahs through excellence in collaborative research, communication and education. A key focus is achieving sustainable land management across the tropical savannas through understanding how the landscape works and how various savanna ecosystems function. www.savanna.ntu.edu.au

NatureSearch
NatureSearch is a Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service program that engages the community in collecting high quality data on the state's flora and fauna. The data gathered assists landholders to better manage their own land for wildlife and provides valuable data for management and planning of our natural resources. www.env.qld.gov.au/environment/environment/conservation/n.html

Waterwatch
Waterwatch Queensland is part of a national program that aims to raise general community awareness about the relationship between water quality and the health of the whole catchment. It encourages participation by schools, land users, community groups, industry, local authorities and government in action to improve the water quality of catchments. www.nrm.qld.gov.au/resourcenet/education/programs/waterwatch.html

Landcare
Landcare is a network of people in Australia who are committed to the more sustainable management and use of our natural resources. It is led by the community, frequently people working together as landcare groups, in partnership with government, community organisations, business and others. www.landcareqld.org.au/cgi-bin/php/landcare/index.html

16.

FURTHER REFERENCES TO ASSIST MONITORING Some Useful Impact Monitoring References

Commonwealth Department of Tourism. (1995) Best Practice Ecotourism. Commonwealth of Australia, ACT.

RELEVANT ACTS AND REGULATIONS Queensland Legislation

Building (Flammable and Combustible Liquids) 1994 Environmental Protection Act 1994 Environmental Protection (Interim Waste) Reg 1996

Energy Victoria. (1996). Energy Efficient Housing Manual: Design Guidelines and Case Studies. Energy Victoria. Australia.

Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Regulation 2000 Environmental Protection Policies

Green Globe, (1997). Green Globe Manual. Green Globe, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Environmental Protection Regulation 1998 Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 1994 Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Policy 2000

GHD. (2000) Nature and Ecotourism Accreditation Program Audit Protocol. GHD, Cairns, Australia.

Environmental Protection (Noise) Policy 1997 Environmental Protection (Air) Policy 1997 Fisheries Act 1994

McAbbot, H. (1994). Green Guide. Gary Allen Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia.

Marine Parks Act 1982 Nature Conservation Act 1992

NEAP. (2000) Nature and Ecotourism Accreditation Program. NEAP, Brisbane, Australia.

Nature Conservation Regulation 1992 Water Resources Act, 1989

Office of National Tourism. (1997). Best Practice Ecotourism: A Guide to Energy and Waste Minimisation. Commonwealth Government, Canberra, Australia.

Commonwealth Legislation
Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

Sattler P., and Williams R., Eds, (1999). The Conservation Status of Queensland's Bioregional Ecosystems. Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane, Australia.

Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 Wet Tropics World Heritage and Protection Act 1993 Wet Tropics Management Plan 1998

South Australian Tourism Commission. (1994). Ecotourism: A South Australian Design Guide for Sustainable Development. South Australian Government, Adelaide, Australia.

Marine Park Act 1982

Definitions
Assimilative Capacity - refers to an environment's resilience to impacts. Eco-efficiency - refers to efficiency or performance in relation to raw material use, energy, air, noise, waste and water, management practices and technology and training. Ecotourism - nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable. Nature-based Tourism - tourism that occurs in a natural setting

Tourism Council Australia. (1999) Being Green is Your Business. Tourism Council Australia, NSW.

Tourism Council Australia. (1998) Code of Sustainable Practice. Tourism Council Australia, NSW.

Tourism Queensland. (1999) Queensland Ecotourism Plan. State of Queensland.

Resilience - refers to an environment's ability to deal with impacts. Wild Animals - are animals that have had limited human contact. Wildlife - includes both flora (plants) and fauna (animals).

Tourism Queensland. (1999) Grow Your own Ecotourism Business: A Support Kit for Operators, Volume 1. Queensland Government, Brisbane, Australia.

Abbreviations
Tourism Queensland. (1999) Grow Your own Ecotourism Business: A Support Kit for Operators, Volume 2. Queensland Government, Brisbane, Australia. CO2 EPA GBRMPA Troyer, W. (1992) The Green Partnership Guide. Canadian Pacific Hotels and Resorts. Canada. ISO kg kWh L
The Information contained in this publication (the Information) is provided to you on the basis that you will use your own skill and judgement and make your own enquiries to independently evaluate, assess and verify the Informations correctness, completeness and usefulness to you before you rely on the Information. Tourism Queensland makes no warranty as to the correctness, completeness or suitability of purpose of the Information. In no event will Tourism Queensland be liable to any person in contract, tort or otherwise if any information in the publication is incomplete, inaccurate or not suitable for the purpose you use the Information for. Copyright Tourism Queensland. All rights reserved. May 2002.

Carbon Dioxide Environmental Protection Agency Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority International Standards Organisation Kilogram Kilowatt hour (measure of electricity consumption) Litres Measure of acidity/alkalinity Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service

pH QPWS

17.

This document was produced by the Planning and Destination Development Division of Tourism Queensland and Sustainable Industries Division within the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency.