1. Structure posterior to the right kidney a. Diaphragm b. Psoas major c. Quadratus lumborum d. Transverses abdominis e. Subcostal vessels f.

Subcostal nerve g. Iliohypogastric nerve h. Ilioinguinal neve Sources: ms 55

2. Congenital anomalies of urinary bladder and urethra a. Urachal fistula b. Urachal cyst c. Urachal sinus d. Ectopia vesicae e. Congenital recto-vesical fistula f. Hypospadius g. Epispadius Sources: ms 201-202

3. Role of Glutamine in kidney metabolism a. Generation of new bicarbonate by giving ammonia i. Conversion of glutamine to glutamic acid by enzyme glutaminase to give NH3 ii. Conversion of Glutamic acid dehydrogenase to alpha-ketoglutarate to give NH3 Sources: ms 125

4. Carbohydrate metabolism in renal cortex and medulla a. Renal medulla i. Cells have Glucose-phsphorylating enzymes( hexokinase) and absent of gluconeogenic enzymes ii. Cell depend on glucose as major sources of energy iii. Cell can take up, phosphorylate and metabolize glucose through glycolysis iv. Can synthesize glycogen b. Renal cortex i. Cells have gluconeogenic enzymes ii. Release glucose result of cortical gluconeogenesis iii. Use glutamine and lactate followed by glycerol as substrate of gluconegenesis Sources: ms 68

5. Intraglomerular mesangium ( normal mesangium ). Define , histological and function a. Definition i. Ct filling the interstitial spaces between the glomeular capillaries at the surfaces that are not covered by the podocyte b. Histological i. Mesangial cells 1. enclosed by basal lamina of glomerular capillaries 2. stellate cells with cytoplasmic processes 3. cytoplasm full of actin and myosin ii. function ( saya perlukan cinta seorang rakan ) 1. supporting function support glomerular 2. phagocytic function phagocytose filtration residues, continous turnover of basal lamina 3. contractile function 4. secretion IL 1, Platelet-derived Growth Factor, PG 5. Receptor on Surface for Angiotensin Sources: ms 74-75

6. a. 1. Podocyte process b. 2. Fenestrae/ filtration slit c. 3. Diaphgram slit Sources: ms 76

7. Risk factor of UTI a. Instrumentation b. Urinary tract obstruction and stasis of urine c. Urinary schistosomiasis d. DM e. Incompetent valves f. Short urethra and absence of antibacterial properties of bladder mucosa in F g. Immunosuppression and immunodeficiency Sources: ms 177

8. Occurrence of edema in nephritic syndrome a. Heavy protenuria cause secondary to hypoproteinemia b. Plasma osmotic pressure decrease causing escape of fluid in interstitial tissue c. Hypovolemia develop and diminished GFR d. Aldosterone secreted lead to salt and water retention causing generalized edema Sources: ms 165-166

9. Metabolic acidosis. Define, cause, manifestation and compensation a. Definition primary abnormality decrease in bicarbonate P b. Cause ( SUDaH T-T ) i. Severe renal failure ii. Uncontrolled DM iii. Diarrhea iv. Hypovolemia and form of circulatory shock c. Manifestation i. Depression on CNS ii. Increased rate and depth of respiration iii. Also cause resp. depressed ( one of cause of acidosis) d. Compensation i. By lungs, increased alveolar ventilation Sources: ms 128-129

10. Dynamic of Glomerular Filtration a. Glomerular structures act as simple filter between blood and tubules b. Glomerular capillary memb. has high permeability c. Driving force of filtration is high capillary BP in glomeruli d. Filter filtered from glomeruli is called glomerular filtrate e. Filtrate is plasma without colloid f. Fenestrated capillary endo. , the glomerular BM and filtration slit between feet processes of podocyte act as filter or as sieve Sources: ms 86-87

11. Diluting mechanism of kidney a. Thick portion of LOH, first segment of distal tubule, active absorption to sodium ions and secondary active absorption of Cl- and K+ b. The osmolality of flu in asceding limb of LOH decrease to 100miliismoles per Kg c. Late DCT and CT, active reabsorption of sodium and passive absorption of anion Cld. The osmolality decrease as little as 65-70 miliosmoles per Kg by time it leaves the CT to enter urine Sources: ms 105