Professional Documents
Culture Documents
天線工程導論
天線工程導論
1.
( Monopole Antenna )
2.
( Dipole Antenna )
F (PIFA Antenna )
3
3.
(Patch Antenna )
(Yagi Antenna )
4.
(Array Antenna )
(Smart Antenna )
5.
(UWB Antenna )
( f i Antenna
A
)
6 (Reflection
6.
(Chip Antenna)
7.
8. (Helix Antenna)
(Smart Antenna MIMO)
(Loop
(
p Antenna))
H.R.18871888
1897 H.C.
H C
()
1931E. -
""
1941J.A.
1
19411945S.A.
1950H.
f 10 GHz
f 30 GHz
f 60 GHz
f 77 GHz
f 94 GHz
Standard
Band
Remark
GPS
L1 band1575.42 MHz
L2 band1227.60 MHz
GSM
DCS
PCS
1850 ~ 1990 MH
MHz
AMPS
824894MHZ
IMT-2000
1 9222.17
1.92
17 GHz
UMTS
1.922.17GHz
WLAN
2.42.484 GHz5.155.35
GHz 5.7255.875 GHz
(Transverse Electromagnetic
g
Waves)
Electric Field
y
Magnetic
i Field
i
(Wavelength)
C
f
C 3 x 108 M/s
r mediums
medium s relative permittivity
or dielectric constant
f frequency
f
off wave iin Hz.
H
(EM Spectrum)
30 ~ 300 Hz
ELF
0.3 ~ 3 kHz
VF
VF
3 ~ 30 kHz
VLF
30 ~ 300 kHz
LF
0 3 ~ 3 MHz
0.3
MF
3 ~ 30 MHz
HF
30 ~ 300 MHz
VHF
0 3 ~ 3 GHz
0.3
UHF
10
3 ~ 30 GHz
SHF
11
30 ~ 300 GHz
12
0 3 ~ 3 THz
0.3
Infrared light
light
13
3 ~ 30 THz
Infrared light
14
30 ~ 300 THz
Infrared light
15
0 3 ~ 3 PHz
0.3
PH
Vi ibl light
Visible
li ht
16
3 ~ 30 PHz
Ultraviolet light
17
30 ~ 300 PHz
18
0.3 ~ 3 EHz
Gamma rays
19
3 ~ 30 EHz
Cosmic rays
EHF
X-rayX-
RF
RF
50
Radio
T.L
50
5050
VSWR
VSWR 2:1(
VSWR
2 1(
VSWR < 2)
VSWR
VSWR
50
(Mismatch)
S
VSWR(Return
(
Loss /R.L)
/
)
VSWRR.L
Cont d
Contd
((Return Loss)
)
VSWR
(VSWR
= 2Return
Loss -10dB
R.L(
VSWR)@
VSWR)@
VSWR ( Return Loss)
(Radiation Pattern)
(1)E-
(2)H-
E-plane
H-plane
3D
Far-field amplitude of RF07-DIPOLE-HH.nsi
15
345
330
315
300
285
75
-10
90
105
120
225
135
210
150
195
180
165
E-plane
E
plane
60
285
75
270
-30
dB
255
240
45
300
60
-20
30
315
45
-30
15
330
30
270
-20
-10
90
dB
255
105
240
120
225
135
210
150
195
180
165
H
H-plane
plane
Cont d
Contd
(Line of Sight)
- (Polarization)
(Linear Polarization)
(Circular
(Circ lar Polarization)
Polari ation)
(Elliptical Polarization)
Linear
(Circular Polarization)
Circular
(Elliptical Polarization)
Elliptical
(
()
)
(wave front)
(Vrms)""
Contd
mV
(volt)mV/m (mV
per MeterV/m
p
(V p
(
per Meter)
)
dB(dB V/ dBuV/m)
dB(dBmV/m
dB V/ )
377Ohms
1 Volt Permeter
(Antenna Test Ranges)
11. (Near field range)
2. (Compact range)
3. (Far field range)
Compact range
DYU
()
()
--
-- >15dBi
-- < 70
--
--
Planar
Cylindrical
Spherical
Contd
FFT (Fast
Fourier Transform)
(Antenna in Chamber)
RF
Contd
(Multi-path)
(Characteristics of NF)
RF
((Far
a Field
e d Range)
a ge)
Contd
115M
(Compact antenna test range/CATR)
CATR (2M)
RX
TX
(Single and Dual Reflector of CATR)
RX
TX
(Dual Cylinder of CATR)
Tx
R
Rx
persons
(Blended Rolled Edge of CATR)
(Serrated Edge of CATR)
(RCS measurement)
t)
RCS
""
ERS-2
ENVISAT RADARSAT
Contd
1,000
10
10
SAR IDF
2000
SAR F16
ISAR
(Inverse Synthetic Array
Radar/ISAR)
SARISAR
SAR
ISAR
2.45GHz & 5.2GHZ
B.W8%
2006.06.06
No
YES
(IE3D)
u oC
AutoCAD
Linecalc
1
(Dual(D al
Band Monopole Microstrip Antenna)
ISM(Bluetooth) (IEEE 802.15)
2 45GHz (Wireless Local
2.45GHz
Area Network/WLAN- IEEE 802.11b/g)
2.45GHz(802.11a)5.2GHz
IE3D
IE3D
(2 46GHz)
(2.46GHz)
IE3D
5.18GHz
H-plane
p
@
@2.46GHz
E-plane
p
@
@2.46GHz
H-plane
H
plane @5.18GHz
E-plane
p
@
@5.18GHz
4
4.
5.
(Propagation)
(
p g
)
(Propagation Loss)
((Multipath
p
Propagation
p g
Effect)
)
(Shadowing Effect)
(Fast Fading Effect)
(Multipath Propagation Effect)
(Shadowing Effect)
(Slow Fading)
20dB
(Rayleigh)
(Rayleigh)
(Ricean)Nakagami
Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation
p g
Mechanisms of EM wave propagation:
(1) Reflection ()
(2) Diffraction ()
3
Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms
(Reflection) EM wave (
)
)
>> (wavelength)
(wavelength)
(Diffraction) EM wave
(li
(line-of-sight)
f i ht)
(Scattering) EM wave (
) < (wavelength)
(Monopole Antenna)
(Dipole antenna)
F(Patched Inverse F Antenna/PIFA)
(Patch
Antenna)
(Yagi
( g Uda Antenna))
(Array Antenna)
(Smart Antenna)
(UWB Antenna)
(Monopole Antenna)
((Ground Plane))
(Image Antenna)
(Monopole Antenna)
(Dipole antenna)
F
PIFA (Patched Inverse F Antenna)
Nokia 3310
(Patch Antenna)
900/1800 MHz
(Patch
(
atc Antenna)
te a)
(HF)
(VHF)
(UHF)
(Microwave)
300
(Array Antenna)
(Array Antenna)
Smart Antenna Introduction
(Radio Access)
Access)
(Smart Antenna)
concept of Smart Antenna
(Beam-forming)
(N ll )
(Nulls)
(Interference)
SINR(Signal to Interference and
Noise Ratio)
Technology of Smart Antenna
(SDMA)
(SDMA)
Spatial Division
Multiple Access
(SDMA)
Different type of Smart Antenna
(Switched Beam)
(Adaptive Array)
Adaptive
p
AntennaSwitched Beam
(
(Null)
)
Adaptive Beam
(MSINR)
Adaptive
p
AntennaSwitched Beam
Switched Strategy
Adaptive Strategy
(Beam Pattern)
Adaptive
p
AntennaSwitched Beam
Adaptive Antenna
Switched Beam
Adaptive Antenna
Adaptive
p
AntennaSwitched
Beam
(FDMA/TDMA)
30(
120)
(C/I)
6dB
FDMA(Frequency Reuse)7
4TDMA
C ll
Cell
Adaptive Beam
(CDMA)
(C/I)
( )
MAI
CDMA
()
multi- tier
(MUD)
()
MUD
Multi-tier
()
(Radio Resource
Management)
(Power Control) (Channel Assignment)
(Hand off)
(
()
)
(a)
(b)
(Broadband Wireless
Access, BWA)
-/
/ MIMO(Multiple
MIMO(Multiple-Input
Input
Multiple-Output)
MIMO
MIMO
MIMO
MIMO
Ultra-Wide
Band
(WPAN)
History of UWB systems
In1901, G.
In1901
G Marconi sent the first ever over-the-horizon
over the horizon
wireless transmission from the Isle of Wight to Cornwall on
the British mainland
In1942- 1945,several patents were filed on impulse radio
systems
In
I 1958
1958, K
Kobzarev
b
et.
t al.
l d
devised
i d th
the fi
firstt video
id pulse
l radio,
di
which transmits short pulses without carrier In mid 1960, the
solid-state
solid
state short
short-pulse
pulse generators were invented
1965 G.Ross-Sperry Research development of UWB
technology(1965-1980)
In 1968,Tektronix introduced the first time-domain receiver
(sampler)
1972 Robbins fundamental patent on single
single-pulse,
pulse quantum
tunneling detector
In 2002,, the FCC 02-48 Report
p
and Order officially
y
set up the ruling of UWB
FCC
CC approved
app oved UW
UWB syste
system for
o tthee frequency
eque cy
range of 3.1-10.6 GHz
FCC outlined standards for three types of civilian
UWB devices, allowed for commercial uses:
Imaging systems including ground penetrating
radars, through-thewall imaging, medical, and
surveillance devices
Vehicular radar systems
Communications
C
i i
and measurement systems
BT
UWB10100
(data rate100Mbps
UWB
10110
Mbps2480 Mbps
UWB
1Gbps
IEEE 802.15.3a
802 15 3a
PNA
PNA
IEEE 802.15.3a
802 15 3a
IEEE 802.15.3a
UWB
20022FCC(
)
)
IEEE802.15.3a
UWBWPAN PHYMAC
What
W
at iss U
Ultra
t aW
Wideband?
deba d?
FCC Min=500MHz
frequency
GHz
3
10
DS-UWB
IEEE802.15.3a
(WLAN)
UWB
(Orthogonal Frequency
Division Modulation/OFDM)
(Direct
(Direct Sequence)
(
MultiBand OFDM UWB
MBOA
40
MBOAUWB
MBOAUWB
OFDM
MBOAUWB
StaccatoMark Bowles
500MH
500MHz
CMOS
OFDM
Contd
(multi-band OFDM)
500 MHzUWB
(time-interleaved)
OFDM
Contd
UWB
(500 MHz)
MHz)
OFDM
((DS-UWB)
S UW )
( ect Seque
(Direct
Sequencing
c g
/DS)
MotorolaXtreme Spectrum
(
piconets)UWB
MBOA
(DS
(DS-UWB)
UWB)
UWB
3432MHz10296MHz
528MHz
5 (Channel)
UWBOFDM(ADSL)
UWB
(Antenna 1)
(Return loss)
UWB
Antenna 2 (/bow tie antenna)
UWB ()
E-plane
E
plane
H-plane
H
plane
(Return Loss)
0
ReturnLoss(dB)
-10
-20
-30
HFSS
CST
Measured
-40
0
Frequency (G Hz)
10
12
P b li Reflector
Parabolic
R fl t Antennas
A t
()
Reflector (paraboloid)
(p
)
Feed
Off
Set
25 30
25-30
()
()
"C
"
TVRO
(/FRP)
CKu
TVRO
()
FRP
Ku
F2 F1
()
()
()
1672
1663
F2F1
F2F1
1.
LNA
22.
(Truncated Paraboloid)
(Orange
(Orange-Peel
Peel Paraboloid)
(Cylindrical Paraboloid)
(Cosecant-Squared Array)
(Truncated Paraboloid)
()
(Orange-Peel Paraboloid)
1.
(Orange-Peel Paraboloid)
2.
1.
2.
3.
(Cylindrical Paraboloid)
(Cylindrical Paraboloid)
(
(
)
(Cosecant-Squared Array)
(Cosecant-Squared Array)
(C
(Cosecant-Squared
tS
dA
Array))
ad
da
Antenna
Applications
(Chip Antenna)
(@2.4GHz)
@
6 5 5 mm
6.5
Application of chip antenna
(Bluetooth)
(
)
10(33 )
()
(Space Diversity)
(Polarization Diversity)
(Field Diversity)
(Angle Diversity)
(Time Diversity)
(Frequency Diversity)
(Multi-Path
(M lti P th Di
Diversity)
it )
@ WLAN
(Space Diversity)
(WLAN)
()
(900/1800 MHz)
1.PIFA antenna
(a) ()
((b)) Layout
y
(c)
2.Shorted monopole
p antenna
(a) ()
((b))
(c)
3. Monopole
p antenna
(a)
((b))
(c)
(Loop Antenna)
Z
Z-200-Loop
200 Loop antenna
(GPS)
GPS
GPS
GPS
L11575.42MHz ()
L2 1227.60MHz
1227 60MHz
GPS-
WLAN
HDTV
DTV-
Specific Absorption Rate
SAR
(ionization radiation)(>10eV)
(noionization radiation)
FM,TV--Cellular Telephone--Microwave
(Radiowaves RF)
--(Radiowaves
(ionizing
radiation, >1016
Hz)(non-ionizing radiation, <1016
)
Hz)
< 0.00015W/Kg
0 00015W/Kg
RF
--(1993)
(
)
--(IEEE 1995)
RF
--(USA 1986)
DNA
(Dutch
--(Dutch
1996)
(Reference)
/ /