RESEARCH

AND DEVELOPMENT

BULLETIN

RD029.01D

Strength

of High-Rise

Shear Cross

Walls Section

-Rectangular

by A. E. Cardenas and D. D. Magura

Repdnted with permission from Response of Mulfisfoty Concrete Structures 10 Lateral Forces, SP-36, American Concrete Institth, Detroit, Mich., 1973, pages 119-l 50.

PORTLAND
Research

CEMENT
Construcoon

ASSOCIATION
Technology Laboratories

and Development/

This publication is baaed on the facts, tests, and authorities stated herein. It is intended for the use of professional personnel competent to evaluate the significance and Iimitations of the reported findings and who wi II accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Obviously, the Portland Cement Association disclaims any and all responsibility for application of tha stated principles or for the accuracy of any of the sources other than work performed or information developed by the Association.

r
I

~
I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

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-------~ 1
I ~

! 1

KEYWORDS: axial loads, bending moments, deformation, ductility, earthquake resistant structures, flexural strength, high rise building?, loads (forces), multistory building, reinforced concrete, research, shear strength, shear walls. ABSTRACT: Presents results of a laboratory investigation on the strength of shear walls for high-rise buildings. Six large rectangular shear wall specimens were subjected to static loads representing gravity and wind or earthquake forces. Results indicate that the flexural strength of rectangular ahear walls can be calculated using the same assumptions as for reinforced concrete beams. REFERENCE: Cardenas, A. E., and Magura, D. D., Strength of High-Rise Shear WalkRectanguAzrOoss Section (RD029 .OID), Portland Cenmt Aasociation, 197S. Reprinted from Response of Multistory Concrete Sttudures to Lateral Forces, SP-36, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich., 1973, pages 119-150.

! ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ ! : ~ ~ I ~ I

-----------------------&

I I

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Strength

of High-Rise

Shear Cross

Walls

Rectangular

Section

by A. E. Cardenas and D. D. Magura

The results of a laboratory investigation on the strength of shear wal s or high-rise buildings are presented. Six large rectangular shear wall specimens were subjected to static loads representing gravity and wind or earthquake forces. Variables were the amount and distribution of verti cal reinforcement and the effect of the moment to shear ratio. Results indicate that the flexural strength of rectangular shear walls can be calculated using the same assumptions as for reinforced concrete beams. Also, the strength of high-rise shear walls containing minimum horizontal shear reinforcement is generally controlled by flexure. deformation;uct d ilit earthy; Keywords axialloads;bendingmoments; : flexural strength; framing systems; quakeresist nt structures; ailure; a f loads(forces); multistory uildings; b high risebuildings; lateral rassure; shear g steels;research; shearproperties; reinforced concrete; strength; s~ts; shearwalls, .

ACI member Alex E. Cardenas is consulting- mgineer, Lima, Per~. He re ceived his CE degree from the Universidad National de Ingenieri5, Lima and MS and PhD degrees in structural engineering from the Universi& of Illinois. From 1968 to 1972, Dr. Cardenas was a research engineer w ith the Portland Currently he is a member of ACI -ASCE Committee Cement Association. 426, Shear and Diagonal Tension and ACI Committee 442, Lateral Forces. ACI member J20nald D. Magura is senior design engineer, ABAM Engineers Inc., Tacoma, Wash. He received BS and MS degrees in civil engineering From 1962 to 1969, Mr. Magura was a refrom the University of Illinois. search engineer with the Portland Cement Association. Currently, he is chairman of the PCI committee on prestress 10sses.

2 Strength of High-RiseShear Walls-Rectangular CrossSection

HIGHLIGHTS There is limited information regarding the strength of shear walls in buildings. Prior to the publication of ACI 318-71 (1), only the Uniform Building Code (2) contained design provisions for shear walls. The UBC provisions were based on shear tests of deep beams (3, 4) with and without web reinforcement. To develop basic information, the Portland Cement Association initiated a laboratory investigation of reinforced concrete shear walls in high and lowrise buildings. The main features of the high-rise wall tests are: 1. 2. 3. Tests of six lar e rectangular shear wall specimens. Consideration o? gravity and lateral loads. Distribution of lateral loads to simulate interaction between frames and shear walls.

Results obtained from these six tests and seven others on low-rise walls were used to develop design provisions for shear walls (5). The provisions are included in Section 11.16, Special Provisions for Walls, of ACI 318-71. CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions 1. cam be drawn as a result of this investigation:

2. 3. 4.

The strength of most rectangular reinforced concrete shear walls in high-rise buildings is governed by flexure rather than shear. shear walls Design for flexura,l strength of rectangular can be carried out on the basis of Section 10.2, Assumptions, of ACI 318-71. Design for shear strength of rectangular shear walls can be carried out on the basis of Section 11.16, Special Provisions for Walls, of ACI 318-71. The amount and distribution of vertical reinforcement in high-rise rectangular shear walls has a definite influence on load-deformation and energy absorption characteristics. BACKGROUND

Concrete wails in high-rise buildings are often used to carry lateral loads in conjunction with frames or frame-tubes (6, 7). Since they carry the story shear they are generally called shear wails. However, this terminology does not indicate that the carrying capacity of the wall is controlled by its shear strength. An investigation of shear wall structures can be subdivided into three parts: determination of the loads, analysis of the structural response and design of the structural members.

PCA Research and Development Bulletrn 3

Basic design information on the nature and magnitude of wind and earthquake loads has been described in detail (2, 6,8, 9). The analysis of the response of shear wall structures has also received wide attention. Sume of the papers presenting analytical methods are contained in Ref. (IO-14). Computer programs intended for use in design are also available (15, 16). Research concerning the behavior and strength of shear walls is scarce. A number of investigations have been conducted in Japan. However, only limited information (17 -20) is available in English. In the United States, the only systematic investigation concernin the strength of shear walls was carried out by Benjamin and Williams 721-24) at the University of Stanford. The test program considered only low -rise shear walls surrounded by a reinforced concrete frame and subjected to static loads. A continuation of this investigation for dynamic loads was carried out by Antebi, et. al., (25) at MIT. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

Shear walk for high -rise buildings are usually designed to interact with other structural elements. One of the most common systems found in practice 1s that of a frzune* interacting with a shear wall.** Figure la shows a frame-shear wall structure subjected to a system of lateral forces due to wind or earthquake. Because of the different lateral stiffness characteristics of the frame and the wall, the frame may tend to pull the wall in the upper stories and push it forward in the lower stories (11, 12). This interaction causes a distribu tion of shear forces between the frame and the wall similar to that shown in Figs. lb and lC. Bending moment and shear force diagrams resulting from these forces acting on the shear wall are shown in Figs. 2a and 2b. The * A frame, as defined here, includes all beams, spandrels and floor systems contributing to lateral stiffness. ** A shear wall comprises one wall or a combination. of shear walk extending over all or part of the height of the structure.
Frame ~~ + . I

Shear WolI . . . ...** ..*..**.**.. .*....*... ..c.***.*.e*e.*.e ..O.O.*...*.*.*.. q .....**o.*.o *o*o q .*.*.*.*.*.*.*.e . ,.*.e...,.*.*.e,e, q .o.o...e.e.*.*!*! .*O**.,.*.*.G.**C< q .+.*...JOJ*.<..< ..*.O..*,**.*.*.*

?7

(a) Loads

(b)

Frame

(c)

Shear

Wall

Fig. 1. Interactionetweenframeand shearwall b

Strength of High-RiseShear Walls-Rectangular CrossSection

ncf

Vcf

Centraf Iexure

Vcf

f
{u, v

:.:.:0:.:.:.:.:.: q *o*/o*o.e.*.,.m q .*.,.*.*...*.*.* ..*.,.O.O.O.O...O . ...00.0 :.:.:.:.:.~.:o: . ...0.0. :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.: q OO.*.O.**O.*.O.O ..,**.,**.,.*...* q .*.OOO.,*a.,.*.* #*.o.o./e.c.*.* q *.....* :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.: 1 M T

il
(o) Sheer Diogrom (b) Moment Diogrom
on a

(c) Forces on Lower l%rt ion

Fig. 2.

Forces

acting

high-rice ehesxw#iU

location of the point of contraflexure in the shear wall depends on many variables discussed elsewhere (11, 12). The forces acting on that portion of the shear wall below the point of contraflexure are shown in Fig. 2c. They are: axial stresses,ncf, representing the effects of dead and live loads; a shear force, Vcf, representing the re sultant shear force of the upper stories; and story shears, f, distributed between the point of contraflexure and the base of the wall. The laboratory specimen and the load distribution selected for this investigation were intended to simulate the conditions existing in the lower portion of a high-rise shear wall as shown in Fig. 2c. In addition, the distribution of shear forces was chosen such that 50 percent of the total shear force, V, at the base of the wall, was applied at the point of contraflexure, Vcf. The remaining shear force was equally distributed between the point of contraflexure and the base of the wall. Ranges for variables such as ment, magnitude of the axial grade were determined from built in the Chicago area and amounts of vertical and horizontal reinforcestresses, concrete strength and reinforcement a survey of high-rise buildings designed and on the West Coast.

For convenience of testing, the shear wall specimens in the laboratory were rotated 90 with respect to the vertical position of a shear wall in a building. In describing the specimen characteristics and test results on this re~rt, however, reference is made to the orientation of a ~ear wall in a building rather than its position in the laboratory.

PCA Research and Developmentt Bulletin

Figure 3 shows dimensions and test setup for four of the six specimens tested. The depth of the wall was ~ = 6 ft. 3 in. (L91 m) and the thickness> h = 3 in. (7.5 cm). The height of the specimen, representing the portion of the wall between the base and point of contraflexure, was ~ = 21 ft. (6. 40m). Two other specimens having the same cross sectional dimensions, but with a height of 12 ft. (3.66 m) were also tested. The part of the specimen labeled restrained area in Fig. 3 was intended to represent the restraint condition at the base of the wall. In the design of the test rig and loading equipment, particular care was taken to provide a fixed end condition at the base of the wall. In addition, instrumentation was protided to measure base rotations due to elastic deformations of the restrained area and the loading equipment. Figure 4 shows the test rig used for the specimens with a height ~ = 21 ft. (6. 40 m). The loading rods going through the laboratory test floor apply the Post-tensioning rods shown longitudinlateral forces to the wall specimen. ally in the figure, apply the gravity loads. The vertical steel tubes attached to each side of the wall were used to simulate lateral restraint and prevent A more detailed explanation of materials, instrularge lateral deflections. mentation and test procedures used is given in Appendix A. TEST RESULTS Specimen Characteristics

Dimensions and material properties for the six high-rise shear wall specimens tested are listed in Table 1. AU specimens had the same rectangular cross section, 3 in. by 75 in. (7. 5 cm by 190 cm).

a) Dimensions: lonView P m.

hWs21(j +

Il!o

69

-1

+ i

Laboratoryfloor

,I

v 1,

I Y

,I

v 1,
J

Arrangementfor laterallode b) Test Setup:Elevation

Fig. 3.

Shear

well

specimen: dimensions and test setup

Strength of High-RiseShear WallsRectangularCrossSection

Fig.

4. !lWt setup

for

shearwall investigation

TABLE

1 -Dimensions Concl Compressive Strength* f; psi 7420 6880 6780 6740 5900 5950 ,
e

and Material Tensile Splitting Strength* fSp psi

::;

Properties

of Test Specimens

Mark

Height % ft.

Reinforce ent Vertical Horizontal Amount Yield &mount Yield Stress Stress PV** fy h

I
0.0027 000100 0.0300 0.0300 0.0230 0.0230

psi

I
0.0027 0.0027 0.0027 0.0027 0.0027 0.0027

y psi

Axial Stress Nu/Lwh

psi
415 430 420 430 425 430

12.0 12.0 21.0 . * Taken as the average

** p
v

E:; SW-3 W-4 SW-5 SW-6

21.0 21.0
21.0

615 585 565 590

_Jl_L! I
cylinders in critical reinforcement,

60,200 65,400 66.000 60; 000 60.000 63000

61,300 61,000 60.000 60; 000 60.000 70; 000

of 3 or more concrete

area.

= fi w

, where As = total area of vertical

~w = 75 in.

h=3 in. + One-third of total vertical reinforcement concentrated within a distance 4w/10 from either extremity of cross-section (amount of reinforcement in interiop region Pm = 0, 01). (1 ft. = 0.305 m; 1 psi = 0.07 kgf/cma)

PCA Research andDevelopment Bulletin

and sW-3 had the same height, ~ = 21 ft. (6.40 m). Their corresponding moment to shear ratio calculated at a distance lw/2 from the base of the wall was M/V = 2.0 lW. The only variable was the amount of uniformly distributed vertical or flexural reinforcement which ranged between O. 27 and 3.0 percent.
specimens SW-l, w-2,

Specimens SW-4 and SW-5 had a height of ~ = 12 ft. (3.66 m). The corresponding moment to shear ratio was M/V = L O~w. Boti specimens were designed for the same flexural strength but containing different distributions Fig. 5 shows the two distributions of flexural of flexural reinforcement. reinforcement used. Specimen SW-4 had uniformly distributed reinforcement, while SW-5 had concentrated reinforcement. Specimen SW-6 was similar to SW-3 except for the distribution of flexural reinforcement. In SW-6, the bars were concentrated near the ends in the same manner as for SW-5. fiear or horizontal reinforcement was constant for all six specimens at All reinforcement used met require0.0027 times the concrete gross area. ments of ASTM Designation: A-615-68, Grade 60 (4200 kgf/cma ). The nominal concrete compressive strength was 6000 psi (420 kgf/cm2 ) while the axial compressive stress in all specimens w as nominal 420 psi (29 kgf/cm2). Table 2 summarizes the test results for all six specimens. The mode of failure for each specimen is also listed.

T,,

7!5

3 As .

,W=75

60

~ As

4.
3
Af=vwh

Pv = %i~wh (b) Concentrated

(a) Uniform

Fig. 5. Distribution f vertical o reinforcement in test specimens

8 Strength of Hi&-Rise Shear Wails-Rectangubr CrossSection

TABLE 2- Test Results Calculated Pemrneters Moment bR~*:ar R& w Mu/Vu at at lw/2 ultimate from Base 2. o% 2.01 2, OLJ Log Lo% 2. ok 0.58 0,62 0.71 0.71 0.78 0,78 FlexUral Strength Measured Moment, ~, at base Idp-ft. 406 675 1073 1077 1078 1179 . Calculated* Moment, ~, at base ktp-ft. 379 650 1200 1139 1121 1154 kip-ft, ;;: 1181 1108 . Calculated ~+ Shear Strength Measured VU* &ear, Vu, at 4/2, hdti; klps 26.5 41.4 66.0 108.6 108.6 72,5 ;; 4.5 7.4 7,8 5.3 ::: 4.0 :,; 4:4 1.07 1.04 0.90 0.95 0.96 L 02 0.44 0.70 L 13 L 12 L 15 1.20 Flexure Flexure Flexure-Shear Flexure Flexure-fiear Flexure Calcu Measured lated ** elculate~ Vc + v~ Moment Sear at Observed . ~,/2 Mode of < ~;;: Failure from Base

Mark

w-l XV-2 W-3 W-4 W-5 W-6 ..

~SS&~e~ ComPreeslve Umlting of concrete strain 0,003,

streln compatibility and measured material properties including strain hardentng

** CeJculated from ACI 318-71 Code sheer stiength CWatiom + According to Eq. (1). t+ d used is O,8iw or greater, (1 ktp-ft. = 0.138 ton-m; 1 ktp = 0,453 ton; &psi= 0,265 &_kgf/cm )

Load-Deformation

Relationships

Moment-curvature or load-deflection relationships of shear walls are significantly influenced by the smount and distribution of vertical reinforcement and the presence of axial load. Fig. 6 shows idealized moment-curvature diagrams for rectangular shear walls with different amounts of uniformly distributed vertical reinforcement. For these diagrams, no axial load was considered and the shear capacity was assumed to be adequate to develop the flexural strength. For comparison purposes, the flexural strength and ultimate curvature of a shear wall with an amount of vertical reinforcement, Pv = O. 25 percent, were assumed to be 100 percent. relationships for walls with Figure 7 shows idealized moment-curvature vertical reinforcement concentrated near the edges. As in Fig. 6, the curve for pv = O. 25 percent represents minimum reinforcement uniformly distrib uted across the wall. Comparison of trends in Figs. 6 and 7 show that, for the same total amount of vertical reinforcement, shear walls having more reinforcement near the ends have both higher moment capacity and ultimate curvature than those with uniformly distributed reinforcement. The inelas tic range of deformations is also improved by the concentration of the reinforcement. AS a result, concentration of reasonable amounts of vertical re enforcement near the ends of tall shear walls may prove advantageous. Axial compression on shear walls increases the moment capacity. Axial tensile loads decrease it. However, axial compression reduces the ultimate curvature. Consequently, neglecting the presence of compressive loads in the design of shear walls may result in an overestimate of ultimate curvature and energy absorption.

PCA R esearchand Development Bulletin

I 1000 -

-t-

I t+

800 -Pv \

aw.zsh

r
L

Moment, M, percent

3.0%\ 600 \ \ d
400 - Y 200 Pv=l.o% \ \\
Limiting curvatures

Cross Section

1
As

11/

!%rain Distribution at Ultimate

20

40

60

eo

I00

Curvature, w,percent

Fig. 6.

Moment-curvature

relationships

for

rectangular

shear

walls

1200

I I SU=0.003 t-i * 0.003 u C

1000 -

800

LW=25h

Moment, M, 600 percent

T 14
& Cross Section

11v~
0.25% ~
0,81/W O.ltw Strain Distribution ot Ultimate 4 ,tiwatures

o. II!w

400 ~.,, 200

...

{ jmiiii,,j \

20

40

60

60

100

Curvature, ~, percent

Fig. 7. Effectof reinforcement distributionn moment-curvature o

10 Strength of High-RiseShear Walls-Rectangular CrossSection

,-v-

800 -

Moment, M, k.-ft,

400 -

50

100

150

200

Average curvature aver a40-in I kip-ft. =0,138 Ton-m ; l millionth/in,

gage length, ~, millionths/in.

= 0,4millionth /cm,

Fig. 8. Measured mcment-curvature

relationships

Figure8 shows measured moment-curvature relationships forthe four test specimens with M/V = 2.0 ~ . Figure 9 shows similar relationships for the two specimens with M/V = 1!0 ~w. Moments were measured at the base of the shear wall and curvatures in Fig. 8 are average rotations measured by LVDTs over a 40-in. (1.00 m) gage length near the restrained area. Curvatures in Fig. 9 are average rotations measured over a 12-in. (30 cm) gage length. Values of measured and calculated ultimate moments and curvatures and ratios of ultimate to yield moments and curvatures are listed in Table 3. Calculated values for ultimate moments and curvatures were based on a limiting concrete compressive strain of O. 003, strain compatibility and measured material prQperties. Increase in ductility due to the concentration of reinforcement is apparentfrom the results in Fi . 8 of tests on specimens SW-3 and SW-6. At ultimate, the curvature o ? SW-6, with concentrated reinforcement is almost twice that of specimen SW-3 with uniformly distributed reinforcement. Results for specimens SW-4 and SW-5 shown in Fig. 9 also illustrate the influence of reinforcement distribution on the moment-curvature relationship. In this case, however, the potential ultimate curvature of sW-5 was not attained due to a premature shear failure. Modes of Failure There were, in general, three distinct modes of failure observed in these tests. Two of these can be classified as flexural while the third can be defined as a shear failure precipitated by the formation of a flexure-shear crack (27. ) Specimen SW- 1 reached its flexural strength by fracture of some of the tension reinforcement at the base of the wall. A close-up of this fracture

PCA Research and Development Bulletin

11

1200

I SW-5 Yield

800 -

Moment, M, k.- ft.

400

50 Average curvature moment-curvature

overa

150 100 12-in. gage length, Y,millionths

200

Fig. 9.

Meaeured

relationships

TABLE 3 - Moment-Curvature Measured Mark SW-l SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 SW-5 SW-6 *U Millionths/in. 228 116 1:: 225 186 M m; 1.13 1.37 1.29 1.35 1.18 1.31 4J 7; 7.0 :.: . ::: 3.9

Test Results Calculated $U Millionths/in. 186 143 103 117 133 120 M m; 1.17 1.48 1.43 1.42 1.30 1.28 #u T Y 4.8 4.1 2.5 2.7 3.4 3.1

1 millionth/in.

= 0.4 millionths/cm

zone is shown in Fig. 10. As a result of the low amount of reinforcement used, p., = 0.0027, and the relatively high cracking capacity of the shear wall, ofiy one crack formed at the base of the wall. After the full elongation of the tensile reinforcement was exhausted, the bars fractured. Figure 11 shows the flexural hinge observed in most of the other test specimens. The behavior of this specimen is typical of an under-reinforced Its strength is reached by crushing of the concrete in the compressection. sion zone after considerable yielding of the tension reinforcement. This type of behavior produced a more uniform spread of cracks near the base of except sW-1 and SW-5, exthe wall as shown in Fig. 11. All specimens, hibited these characteristics.

12

Strength of High-RiseShear Walls-R ectangub Closs Section

Fig.

10. Failure

by fracture the reinforcement of

Thethird type of failure observed in these tests wasdesignatedflexureshear failure. As seen in Fig. 12, the inclined crack in these specimens initiated from a flexural crack that started at a distance about equal to the depth of the wall, Lw, from the base. With increase in load, the flexural crack turned toward the support at an angle of about 45. At ultimate, some of the shear reinforcement across the inclined crack fractured and the concrete crushed in compression. ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS Flexural Strenqth

The calculated flexural strengths listed in Table 2 were based on Section 10.2, Assumptions, of ACI 318-71. In addition, the effect of strain hardening of the reinforcement was taken into account. Moment-curvature relationships and flexural strength based on these assumptions were calculated with the aid of a computer. For hand calculations, a simplified equation for f lemral strength was developed. The development of this simplified approach is described in detail in Appendix B. The flexural strength of rectangular shear walls containing uniformly distributed vertical reinforcement and subj ected to an axial load smaller than that producing a balanced failure condi tion can be approximated as:

PCA Research and Development Bulletin

13

Fig. 11. Failure crushing the concrete by of

14

Strength of High-RiseShear Walls-Rectangular CrossSectkm

. . . . (1)

where Mu = design resisting As f Y= k w= Nu c moment at section, in. -lbs. at section. reinforcement, sq. in. psi.

= total area of vertical specified horizontal

reinforcement of vertical

yield strength

length of shear wall, in. positive if compression, lbs.

= design axial load,

= distance from extreme compression axis, in. (See Appendix B) @ = capacity reduction factor Shear Strenqth -

fiber to neutral

Calculated and measured nominal shear stresses at failure for all specimens are listed in Table 2. Calculated values are based on the ACI 318-71 shear strength equations for shear walls. The value of @, the under strength fac tor, was assumed equal to 1.0. Measured values represent the nominal shear stress at a section located at a distance Lw/2 from the base of the wall. Nominal 7.8J~ shezw stresses psi (0.451 Jr observed at ultimate varied between 1.7 Jr to 2.07 ~ kgf/cm2 ). As indicated in and

Fig. 12. Flexure-shear failure

?VA Research and Development Bulletin

15

Table 2, the two specimens that failed in flexure -shear, SW-3 and SW-5, had developed a shear stress greater than that calculated for $ = 1. If the recommended value of @= O.85 had been used, the measured to calculated shear strength ratios of specimens SW-3 and SW-5 are 1.33 and 1.35, respectively. It appears then, that the ACI 318-71 equations for shear strength of high-rise shear walls provide a conservative estimate of the strength of these specimens. Furthermore, no reduction in shear strength due to the proportions of the specimens, such as that postulated by Kani (27 ), was observed in any of these tests. Enera.y Absorption The area under the moment-curvature, M - ~, diagram is a measure of the energy absorbing capacity of reinforced concrete members. Consequently, the variables that affect the energy absorption of walls are the same as those affecting their moment-curvature characteristics. Figure 13 shows idealized M - # relationships for two rectangular shear wall sections subjected to bending. In constructing these curves, it was assumed that the amount of shear reinforcement was sufficient to develop the full flexural strength of the two walls. One of the sections considered was assumed to contain vertical reinforcement placed near the extreme tension and compression fibers. For the other case, the reinforcement was assumed to be uniformly distributed along the cross section. The total area of vertical reinforcement provided is such that both sections have the same flexural strength. The energy-absorbing capacity of the shear wall with reinforcement near the ends only can be calculated on the basis of the equations presented by Blume, Newmark and Corning ( 9).. The equations are based on the simplifying assumptions that the yield moment is equal to the ultimate moment and the M -0 relationship is elasto-plastic.

Acme.+
Mu

domnt

Moment, M My

Vy

.,

vu
Curvature, +

vu

Fig. 13. Energy absorption

of shear walls

16

Strength of High-RiseShear Walls-Rectangular CrossSection

For the shear wall with the uniform distribution of vertical reinforcement, the simpli&ing assumptions of Ref. (9) cannot be directly applied. As shown in Fig. 13, the moment at first yield is appreciably lower than that Consequently, the transition from the yield to the ultimate at ultimate. capacity requires an increase in load. This increase in load depends on the amount of vertical reinforcement and the presence of axial load. In practice, most rectangular shear walls contain a distribution of vertical reinforcement which is intermediate between those illustrated in Fig. 13. As a result, the shape of their M - p relationship lies somewhere between the boundaries illustrated. Table 3 lists the moment-curvature characteristics for the six specimens tested in his investigation. Characteristics of each specimen and measured and calculated test results are presented in Tables 1 and 2. For spec imens SW-1, SW-2 and SW-3 containing increasing amounts of uniformly distributed vertical reinforcement, the ductility ratio $11~, decreases with / Measured value; a~e the average increasing amounts of reinforcement. curvature over a 40-in. (1. 00 m) gage length near the base of the walls. Calculated values were obtained taking into account strain hardening of the reinforcement and using the assumptions of Chapter 10 of ACI 318-71. The influence of concentrating some of the vertical reinforcement near the ends of the cross section is illustrated by the results of specimens SW-3 through SW-6. Specimens SW-3 and SW-4 contained uniformly distributed vertical reinforcement while SW-5 and SW-6 represent an intermediate disof curvature tribution between uniform and concentrated. Comparisons ratios of SW-3 with SW-6 and SW-4 with SW-5 show the increase in ductility when reinforcement is concentrated near the ends of shear walls. CONCLUDING REMARKS The results of this investigation have provided basic information on the behavior and strength of rectangular reinforced concrete shear walls for highrise buildings. Important observations of these tests are listed at the beginning of the report under CONCLUSIONS. Although no load reversals were considered in these tests, it is expected that the test results would not be affected because of the relatively small magnitude of the shear stresses. For earthquake resistant design, particular emphasis should be placed on good detailing of the reinforcement, adequate anchorage and splice lengths, construction joint details, among others, in order to obtain a satisfactory performance. The effect of gravity loads acting on shear walls should also be considered. Neglecting these loads does not necessarily lead to conservative designs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This investigation was conducted at the Structural Development Laboratory of the Portland Cement Association under the direction of W. G. Corley, Manager. The authors thank E. Hognestad, Directorj Engineering Development Department and J. M. Hanson, Assistant Manager, Structural Devel opment Section, FQrtland Cement Association, for their constructive criticisms made throughout this investigation. Laboratory Technicians B. J. Doepp, B. W. Fullhart, W. H. Graves, Hummerich, Jr. , and O. A. Kurvits performed the laboratory work. W.

PCY4 Research and Development Bulletin

17

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements crete (ACI 318-71 ), American Concrete Institute, Uniform Building Code, International Pasadena, California, 1970. dePaiva, H. A. R. and Siess, Beams m Wear, Proceedings ber 1965, pp. 19-41. Conference for Reinforced ConDetroit, 1971, 78 pp. of Building Officials,

C. P., Strength and Behavior of Deep ASCE, V. 91, No. ST5, Part I, Octo-

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Slater, W. A., Lord, A. R. and Zipprodt, R. R., Wear Tests of Reinforced Concrete Beans, National Bureau of Standards, 1926. Cardenas, A. E., Design Provisions Hanson, J. M., Corley, W. G. and Hognestad, E., for Shear Walls, to be published in the ACI Journal.

ACI Committee 442, Response of Buildings to Lateral Forces, ACI Journal, Proceedings, V. 68, No. 2, February 1971, pp. 81-106. Frischmann, W. W. and Prabhu, S. S., Plsnning Concepts Using Shear Walls, Tall Buildings, Pergamon Press, 1967, pp. 49-99. Davenport, A. G., The Treatment of Wind Loading on Tall Buildings; Tall Buildings, Pergamon Press, 1967, pp. 3-45. Blume, J. A., Newmark, N. M. and Corning, L. H., Design of Multistory Reinforced Concrete Buildings for Earthquake Motions, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, 1961, 318 pp. Rosenblueth, E. and Holtz, I., Elastic Analysis of &ear Walls in Tall Buildings, ACI Journal, Proceedings, V. 66, June 1960, pp. 1209-1222. Khan, F. R. and Sbarounis, J. A. , Interaction of Shear Walls and Proceedings, ASCE, V. 90, ST3, June 1964, pp. 285-335. Frames, Design of Combined Frm_nes and Shear Walls, Advanced Engineering Bulletin No. 14, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, 1965, 36 pp. Tall Buildings, Pergamon Press, 1967.

10.

11.

12.

13. 14.

- A Design Aid with McLeod, I. A., ShearWall Frame Interaction Special Publication SPO1l. OID, Portland Cement As so Commentary, ciation, Skokie, Illinois, April 1971, 62 pp. Wall Derecho, A. T., Analysis of Plane Multistory Frame-Shear Structures Under Lateral and Gravity Loads? Computer Program Series, SR097. OID, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, 1971, 90 pp. Schweighofer, J. and Microys, H. F., Analysis of Shear W@lS Using Standard ComWter Program s, ACI Journal, Proceedings, V. 66, No. 12, December 1969, pp. 1005-1007. of ConTomii, M., Introduction and Summary Design Procedures crete Shear Walls, especially edited for United States - Japan Joint Seminar, February 1967.

15.

16.

17.

78

Strength of High-RiseShear WallsRectangularCrossSectwn

X8.

Muto, K. and Kokusho, K., TExperim,entaI Study on Two-Story Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls, Muto Laboratory, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Translated by T. Akagi, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, August 1959.

190 Ogura, K., Kokusho, K. and Matsoura N., Tests to Failure of TwoStory Rigid Frames with Walls, Part ~4, Experimental Study No. 6, Japan Society of Architects Reprt No. 18, February 1952. Translated by T. Akagi, university of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, August 1959. 20. Tsuboi, Y., Suenaga, Y. and Shigenobu, T., Fundamental Study on Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Structures - Experimental and Theoretical Study of Strength and Rigidity of Two-Directional Structural Walls Wbjected to Combined Stresses M. N. Q. Transactions of the Architectural Institute of Japan, No. 131, January 1967. PCA Foreign Literature Study No, 536, November 1967. Williams, H. A. and Benjamin, J. R. , Investigation of Shear Walls, Part 3 - Ex~erimental and Mathematical Studies of the Behavior of Plain and R&inforced Concrete Walled Bents Under Static Shear Loading, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Cal.if ornia, July 1953, 142 pp. Benjamin, J. R. and Williams, H. A., Investigation of Shear Walls, Part 6- Continued Experimental and Mathematical Studies of Reinforced Concrete Walled Bents Under Static Shear Loading, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, August 1954, 59 pp. Benjamin, J. R. and Williams,. H. A., The Behavior of One-Story Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, V. 83, No. ST3, May 1957. Also Transactions, ASCE, V. 124, 1959, pp. 669-708. Benjamin, J. R. and Williams, H. A. , Behavior of One-Story Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls Contaimng Openings, ACI Journal, Proceedings, V. 55, November 1958, pp. 605-618. Antebi, J., Utlm, S. and Hansenj R. J., The Response of Shear Walls to ~namic Loads, MIT Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering, (DASA - 1160), Cambridge, Mass., August 1960, 290 pp. Bresler, B. and MacGregor, J. G., Review of Concrete Beams Feiling in Shear, Proceedings, ASCE, V. 93, No. ST1, February 1967, pp. 343-372.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

:27. Kani, G. N. J., How Safe are Our Large Reinforced Concrete Beams ? ACI Journal, Proceedings, V. 64, No. 3, March 1967, pp. 128-141. 28. Hognestad, E. , Hanson, N. W., Kriz, L. B., and Kurvits, O. A., Facilities and Test Methods of PCA Structural Laboratory, Journal of the Portland Cement Association, Research and Development Laboratories, V. 1, No. 1, pp. 12-20 and 40-44, 1959; V. 1, No. 2, pp. 30D33. 37, 1959; V, 1, No. 3, pp. 35-41; PCA Development Bulletin Hanson, N. W., Hsu, T. T. C., Kurvits, O. A., and Mattock, A. H. , Facilities and Test Methods of PCA Structural Laboratory - Improvements 1960 -65, Journal of the Wrtland Cement Association, Research

29.

PCA Research and Development Bulletin

19

and Development Laboratories, V. 3, No. 2, pp. 27-31, May 1961; V. 7, No. 1, pp. 2-9, January 1965; and V. 7, No. 2, pp. 24-38, May 1965; PCA Development Bulletin D91. APPENDIX A

DETAILS OF TEST SPECIMENS This appendix describes the fabrication, instrumentation and testing of six Methods and procedures employed were those norshear wall specimens. mally used at the PCA Structural Laboratory ( 28, 2$1. Fabrication Because of the relatively large size of the specimens, 28 ft. 9 in. (8.76 m) by 6 ft. 3 in. (1.91 m), and the small thickness, 3 in. (7. 5 cm), ~1 sPeci This procedure facilitated both the mens were cast in a horizontal position. manufacture of formwork and placement of reinforce ent and concrete. Figure Al shows one of the specimens before casting. The formwork consisted of a double 3/4-in. plywood base supported on 2x4 and 2x6 stringers. The stringers were supported on 2x4 vertical struts properly braced. The height of the struts was selected to accommodate a tilt-up assembly underneath the double 3/4-in. plywood base. Reinforcement conforming to ASTM Designation: A-615-68, Grade 60 (4200 kgf/cma ) deformed bars and annealed deformed wire was used in all speci mens. The deformed bars were used as flexural (vertical) reinforcement and the annealed wire as shear (horizontal) reinforcement. Deformed bar sizes were No. 4 and No. 5. Measured yield stresses for specific groups of bars used in each specimen are listed in Table 1.

Fig.Al. Sheerwallbeforecasting

20

Strength of High-RiseShear Walls-Rectangular CrossSection

The D4 (A = 0.04 sq. in. = O. 26 sq. cm) deformed wire reinforcement used conforme $ to ASTM Designation: A-496-64. Because of the relatively high yield stress of the wire, it was necessary to anneal it to obtain a yield stress of about 60 ksi. Results of trial runs in the laboratory indicated that annealing the wire at 1100 F for one hour would provide the characteristics needed. Based on these results, all deformed wire reinforcement was commercially annealed at 1100 F in a gas-fired furnace for a period of one hour. Yield ,stresses obtained for individual groups of reinforcement are listed in Table 1, Figure A2 shows representative stress-strain curves for both the deformed bars and deformed wire reinforcement used in all specimens. The normal weight concrete used was made with a blend of Type I cement and 3/4 -in. maximum size Elgin aggregate. Desi cylinder compressive strength at test age, usually 10 days, was 600 r psi (420 kgf/cm2). Measured concrete strengths are listed in Table 1 in the text. Concrete quality control was based on a measured slump of 3 ~ 1 in. All specimens were cured under ~lyethylene sheets for a period of 3 days. Instrumentation Reinforcing bars were instrumented with electrical resistance strain gages. Vertical bars were instrumented at a section near the base of the wall and also at a section a distance 4W from the base of the wall. Instrumented ver tics.1 bars permitted measurement of the strain distribution alon the wall at these two sections. Several horizontal bars placed within a heig x t ~ from

80

II x-\ 0.01
Strain

Annealed Wire *

Deformed Bars

Stress,
ksi

\ o

0.02

0.( 3

Fig.

A2.

Reinforcement

stress-strafn

ratitlo!mhips

PC4 Research and Development Bulletin

21

base of the wall were also instrumented. These gages provided of the strains produced by the shear deformations.

an indication

Gages were also placed on the concrete surface. These gages were located nem the base of the wall and at the extreme tension and compression fibers. Other gages were placed at mid-length of the wall. Rotations near the base of the wall were measured with LVDTs placed near the extreme tension and compression fibers of the specimens. The LVDTs were connected to directly measure angle changes. Gage lengths for measured average rotations were 40-in. (1. 00 m) for the 21-ft. (6.40 m) high walls and 12-in. (30 cm) for the 12-ft. (3. 66 m) high walls. Lateral deflections of all specimens were meaSured at 3 ft. (91 cm) or 18-in. (45 cm) intervals from the base of the wall. Graduated scales were read with a precision level (28) that has an optical micrometer reading to O. 001 in. Out-of-plane deflections were measured near the cantilever end of the wall using mechanical dial gages reading to O. 001 inches. Applied axial and lateral loads were measured with load cells. Reactions at the restraining portion of the specimens were also measured with load cells.

Fig. A3. Loading and instrumentation

22

Strength of High-RiseShear WalIsRectangularCrossSection

All of this instrumentation w as connected to continuous oscillographic re corders or strain indicator boxes as required. Figure A3 shows some of the locations where instrumentation was used in the specimens. Test Procedure After the specimens were set in the test rig, readings were taken to assess the effects of dead w eight and loading equipment. The axial compression force was then applied in increments. At the end of each increment, outof-plane deflections were checked. When necessary, adjustments were made in the position of the hydraulic rams to insure that no large out-ofplane deflections occurred. After the full axial load was applied, lateral load was applied by hydraulic rams. The number of increments of lateral load to obtain failure was usually between 10 and 15. After each increment, all instrumentation was read and cracks were marked and recorded. In addition, load versus deflection and load versus maximum compressive strain were continuously monitored on X-Y recorders throughout the test.

APPENDIX

B STRENGTH

EQUATIONS FOR FLEXURAL

AS a part of this investigation, a simple equation to calculate the flexural strength of rectangular shear walls with uniformly distributed vertical rein-forcement was developed. The solution is developed in accordance with Section 10.2, Assumptions, of ACI 318-71 (l). Figure Bl(a) shows the cross section of a rectangular shear wall subjected A , to combined bending and axial load. The total area of reinforcement, is assumed to be a continuous line of steel along the full length of the wafi. The assumed strain distribution at ultimate is shown in Fi . Bl(b). This distribution implies that the load producing failure is smal Yer than that at balanced failure conditions, From equilibrium of forces as shown in Figs. =0.85 Bl(c) and Bl(d): -#)$ . . ...(1)

P#[~-c(l+P)]fj+Nu where Pv = As/Jwh

f:131hc+P/c(l

h= thickness of shear wall, i~. Aw = depth or horizontal length of shear wall, in. c = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral = cy/o. 003 P f specified yield strength of reinforcement, psi Y= Nu = design axial load at section, positive if compression, f: = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi

axis,

in.

lbs.

PC21Research and Development Bulletin

23

0.003

35 f;
---1 -r
/3 ,C

-1

R03CC

-L

/3c

i-l
(a) Crass Section (b) Stroin Distribution; 19=&5 (c) Concrete Stress Distribution ond Axial Load

fy

(d) Steel Stress Distrithtion

a strength rectangular he= walls of s Fig. B1. Assumptions t flexural

= a factor

defined infection

10.2.7,

AC1318-71 compression fiber to the

From Eq. (1) the distance neutral axis, c, becomes: c=

~ (d+o!

from the extreme

2 u + 0.85j31

. . ...(2)

where

u+
and CY=.= The ultimate

pv

. ...(3) c Nu
. . ..

(4)

resisting

moment,

Mu, of the cross

section becomes:

J%=

fhfyJw[(l+

#-)(+ -$)-$ p++?%)]

Sy w w . . ...(5) loss of ac;uracy, by f?l. Equabon (5) then

Equation (5) can be approximated, without significant eliminating the terms containing ca/l~ and dropping reduces to: Mu = O. 5 AsfyAw

(l+&j

(l-f-)

. . . .

(6)

24

Strength of High-RiseShear WallsRectangular CrossSection

Figure B2 shows a comparison of results using Eqs. (5) and (6) for different amounts of uniformly distributed flexural reinforcement. Two values of axial compressive load are plotted: Nu = O and Nu = O. 26 f& iwh. The results show that for the case of pure bending, Nu = O, the approximate Eq. (6) compares very well with the results of the more exact Eq. (5). The above derivations are limited to rectangular shear walls with uniformly distributed reinforcement and subjected to an axial load smaller than that producing balanced flexural failure. In practice the magnitude of the axial compres~on load is almost always smaller than Nu = O. 25 f: ~wh. Since Eq. (5) is applicable up to Nu = 0.425 PI f~ Awh, the proposed flexural strength equations should apply to most rectangular Shew walls found in practice. Similar equations can be derived for different shear wall cross sections and for distributions of vertical reinforcement other than uniform.

I
I

2.0

1 \ I 1 \ \ \ \ \ \ fy= 60,000 f~= 4,000 psi (4219 kgf/cm C) psi (281 kgf/cm~)

Flexural

Strength, Asfylx

1.0
Eq. (6)

Eq.(6) ~ I I Lo of Uniformly Distributed 1 I 1 2.0 Vert ica I Reinforcement, I 3.0 p, percent

o Amaunt

Fig. R?. FlexUralstrength rectangular of shearwalls

APPENDIX NOTATION As 4 c = total area of vertical = area of horizontal = distance reinforcement

at section,

sq,. in. s, sq. in. in.

shear reinforcement compression

within a distance, fiber to neutral axis,

from extreme

distance from extreme force, in. story shear forces, square specified specified thickness lbs.

compression

fiber to resultant

of tension

root of specified compressive yield strength of shear wall,

compressive strength

strength

of concrete, psi

psi

of concrete,

of reinforcement, in.

psi

total height of wall from its base to its toD in. depth or horizontal design resisting axial stress length of shear wall) in. at section, in. -lbs.

moment

at the point of contraflexurd positive if compression, lbs.

design axial load at section, Asfy/~wh vertical nominal nominal f c spacing

of horizontal shear

permissible

shear reinforcement, in. ,, stress carried by concrete, psi psi lbs.

total design shear

stress,

shear force at the point of contraflexure~ total applied design shear

force at sectiom lbs.

cy/o. 003

fraction 318-71) capacity A#h A#wh curvature curvature

defining location reduction factor

of the neutral (Section 9.2,

axis,

(Section 10.2.7,

ACI

ACI 318-71)

at ultimate

load

at yield load

PCA R/D Ser. 1498

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