Appendix C Cosmic Ray Experiments of Past and Present

C.1
C.1.1

Cosmic Ray Ground Level Facilities

Comments to Tables

In the following we present some lists of different types of ground based cosmic ray experiments of the past and present. In Table C.1 we present an extensive list of air shower arrays. The altitudes of the arrays are listed together with the corresponding atmospheric depths. The latter are in most cases the vertical atmospheric depths, however, sometimes authors may specify a different value in different publications for the same array. The reason for these discrepancies is that in some cases authors consider the slant depth for the average near vertical shower, e.g., ,,~ 15~ as compared to the depth for perfectly vertical showers that are the exception. In Tables C.2 we list major gamma ray air Cherenkov detectors. Many are narrow-beam detectors, some are stereo type installations, some telescope arrays, and some are hybrid type detectors. A recent list and detailed description of narrow-beam Cherenkov experiments is given by Bhat (1997). In Table C.3 we list emulsion chamber experiments and their locations. In Table C.4 we list some balloon spectrometer experiments, the years of the flights, the locations and altitudes from where the launches took place, the range of altitudes where the data were taken and the particles that were under investigation (the list is incomplete).

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1056

APPENDIX C. COSMIC R A Y EXPERIMENTS

C.1.2

E A S Array Sites of Past and Present

Table C.1" List of EAS Array Sites of Past and Present.

Name, Place, Country (nearest major city) AGASA, see Akeno Agassiz, (Boston) USA(I) Akeno, (Kofu), Japan ANI/Aragatz, (Erevan), Armenia (2) Auger, (Malargue), Argentina (2) Bagn~res de Bigorre, France Baksan, Kabardian-Balkarian Rep., Russia Buckland Park, (Adelide), SA, Australia CASA-BLANCA, (Dugway), Utah, USA CASA-MIA, (Dugway), Utah, USA Chacaltaya, (La Paz), Bolivia Cornell, (Ithaca), NY, USA(I) Cygnus, (Los Alamos), NM, USA Dugway, UT, USA Durham, England (I) EAS-TOP, Gran Sasso, Italy EAS-1000, (Alma Ata), Kazakhstan (2) Echo Lake, Colorado, USA (1) E1 Alto, (La Paz), Bolivia(I) Evans, Mt., Colorado, USA (I) Fly's Eye 1, (Dugway), Utah, USA Fly's Eye 2, (Dugway), Utah, USA GASP, (Cherenkov) South Pole (3) GRAND, (South Bend), Indiana, USA GREX, Haverah Park, (Leeds), England Gulmarg, (Srinagar), Kashmir, India(l) Haverah Park, (Leeds), England (I) HEGRA, La Palma, Canary Islands Homestake, South Dakota, USA (surface) Issik-Kul Lake, (Alma Ata), Kazakhstan (2) JANZOS, New Zealand KASCADE, Karlsruhe, Germany Kiel, Germany (1)

Altitude
a.s.1.

m 183 900 3250 1469 456 1700 s.1. 1435 1435 5230 260 2220 1450 60 2005 500 3260 4200 4300 1585 1435 2834 200 212 2743 212 2200 488 1600 1640 110 s.1.

Atmospheric Depth g/cm 2 1020 930 695 800 965 820 1033 870 870 530 998 800 865 025 820 970 715 630 615 860 870 688 1018 1018 740 1018 800 978 845 840 1022 1033

C.1. COSMIC R A Y GROUND LEVEL FACILITIES

1057

Table C.1" List of EAS Array Sites of Past and Present (continued). Name, Place, Country (nearest major city) Kobe, Japan KGF, Kolar Gold Fields, (Karnataka), India Liang Wang, Mt., Yun-Nan, China (2) Lodz, Poland MILARGO, (Los Alamos), N.M., U.S.A. Moscow, Russia Musala Mountain, Bulgaria(I) NASCA, see Akeno Norikura, Mt., (Matsumoto), Japan Ohya, (Nikko), Japan Ootacamund, (Mysor), India Pamir, Tadzhikistan (new Station) Pic du Midi, Pyrenees, France (i) Plateau Rosa, Italy Samarkand, Uzbekistan SPASE, South Pole (Antarctica) SPICA, see Akeno SUGAR, (Narrabri), Australia (i) Sulphur Mountain, Alberta, Canada(I) Sydney, Australia Tibet, Yangbajing, (Lhasa), CMna Tien Shah, (Alma Ata), Kazakhstan Tokyo, INS, Japan (i) Tunka Valley, near Baikal Lake, Russia UMC array, see CASA/MIA/Fly's Eye Verri~res (Paris), France (1) Volcano Ranch, (Albuquerque), N.M., USA (i) Yakutsk, Siberia, Russia Altitude
m 8.1.

Atmospheric Depth g/cm 2 1033 920 745 1000 747 1020 713 750 1020 8OO 596 729 675 958
688(3) 998 8O O 1016 606 690 1020 948 1020 834 1020

920 2700 230 2630 192 2925 2770 149 2200 4380 2855 3500 750 2834 260 2285 3O 4370 3340 59 68O 100 1768 105

(1) Shut-down. (2) Under construction or partial operation. (3) Non-standard altitude- pressure relation applies (see Chapter 7, Section 7.4). Note: Some of the atmospheric depths listed above do not correspond exactly to the vertical air column at the specified altitude, but to the effective air column of an incident trajectory subtending a mean zenith angle of about 10~ to 15~ This zenith angular cut is frequently used to select a reasonable number of quasi vertical events for analysis.

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APPENDIX C. COSMIC R A Y EXPERIMENTS

C.1.3

Air Cherenkov Array/Telescope Sites

Table C.2" List of TeV Gamma Ray Air Cherenkov Array / Telescope Sites (~). Name, Place, Country (nearest major city) Akeno, Kofu, Japan ASGAT, Targasonne, France BIGRAT, Woomera, South Australia Cangaroo, Woomera, South Australia CAT, Thdmis, France Crimean AP Obs., Nauchny, Ukraina DICE, Dugway, UT, USA GASP 1, South Pole GRAPES, Ootacamund, India Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii, USA (2) HEGRA, La Palma, Canary Islands Mark-6, near Narrabri, Australia Mount Cedar, Utah, USA PACT, Pachmarhi, India Nooigedacht, Potchefstrom, S. A. Shalon Alatoo, near Tien Shan, Kazakhstan TACTIC 1, 2, Mt Abu, India Th6mistocle, Targasonne, France Whipple Obs., Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, USA Altitude
m

Atmospheric Depth g/cm 2 930 840 1000 1000 842 8OO 87O 695 8OO 695 8OO 998 847 920 88O 671 875/833 840 730

9OO 1650 160 160 1650 2100 1435 3300 2200 3297 2200 250 1600 1075 1429 3338 1300/1700 1650 2380

(D Some systems have thresholds as low as 0.1 TeV. (2) Shut-down.

References
Bhat, Chaman, L.: PICRC, 8, p. 211 (1997)..

C.2.

BALLOON EXPERIMENTS

1059

C.1.4

Emulsion Chamber Sites

Table C.3: List of Major Emulsion C h a m b e r Sites.

Name, Place, Country (nearest major city) Chacaltaya, BASJE, (La Paz), Bolivia (1) Fuji, Mt., Japan Kanbala, Mt., Tibet, China Pamir Mountains, Tadzhikistan (Old Station) (2) Pamir Mountains, Tadzhikistan (New Station)

Altitude
m

Atmospheric Depth g/cm 2 540 650 520 625 596

5230 3776 5450 3860 4380

(1) coupled with dedicated counter array. (2) shut-down.

C.2

Balloon Experiments
Table C.4: List of Some Balloon Experiments

Experiment
BESS 1 BESS 1 BESS 1 BESS I MASS I MASS I IMAX I CAPRICE I CAPRICE I CAPRICE 1 HEAT I HEAT 1 LEAP 1 PBAR 1 BETS BETS BETS

Flight Year

Launch Location Name I m a.s.1. 360 s.1. 360 s.1. 600 1270 360 360 1270 1270 1270 360 600 600 s.1. s.1. s.1.

Altitude [g/cm 2] 4- 5 1020 4- 5 1020 910- 5 886- 5.8 960- 5 1000- 3.9 886- 3.9 886- 5 850- 5.7 960- 4.8 4.7 (36 km) (38 km) (35- 36 km) (34- 35 km)

Particles Investigated p,~, He , He p+ p+,p,~,He, He p t~ ~, e p p, p, e He #u # p, ~, e

1993-95 Lynn Lake 1995 Tsukuba 1997-99 Lynn Lake 1998 Tsukuba 1989 Prince Albert 1991 Ft. Sumner 1992 Lynn Lake 1994 Lynn Lake 1997 Ft. Sumner 1998 Ft. Sumner 1994 Ft. Sumner 1995 Lynn Lake 1987 Prince Albert 1987 Prince Albert 1995 Sanriku 1997 Sanriku 1998 Sanriku

p+,~

/~ e e /~ e

p
P,P e

spectrometer experiments.

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A P P E N D I X C. COSMIC R A Y E X P E R I M E N T S

C.3

Underground, Underwater, Under Ice

Experiments

Table C.5" U n d e r g r o u n d , U n d e r w a t e r and Under Ice Muon and N e u t r i n o Detectors of P a s t and Present. Detector
AMANDA

Location South Pole Ukraina Mediterranean Lake Baikal

Technique Cherenkov in ice Liquid scintillator Water Cherenkov Water Cherenkov Liquid scintillator Boron reaction Liquid scintillator Water Cherenkov Geiger & flash tubes Gallium solution Plastic scintillators Scintillators Water Cherenkov Liquid Argon Water Cherenkov Water Cherenkov Scintillators Water Cherenkov Scint. + flash tubes Liquid scintillator Liq. scint., str. tubes Liq. scint., str. tubes Water Cherenkov Streamer tubes/Fe Liquid Gallium D20 Drift tubes/concrete Water Cherenkov Radio detection

Depth [hg/cm u] 1800 (1) 600 2350 (1) 1300 (1) 850 3100 8890 4500 (1) 4000 m.w.e. 3100 71.6 4- 1.2 4200 m.w.e. 1700 m.w.e. 3100 1570 2700 m.w.e. 730 1590 ,~7400 m.w.e. 5200 3100 3100
3800(1)

Artyomowsk Antares(2, s) Baikal Baksan BOREXINO (u) CWI (4) DUMAND (4) Fr~jus (4) GALLEX Holborn (4) Homestake HPW (4) Ikarus (2) IMB (4) Kamiokande KGF(4) KGF (4) KGF(4) LSD LVD MACRO NESTOR(2, 3) NUSEX SAGE SNO SOUDAN II Super-Kamiokande
RAMAND

Caucasus (Rus)
Gran Sasso (I) South Africa Hawaii France Gran Sasso England

S.D. (USA)
Utah (USA) Grail Sasso (I) Cleveland (US) Japan Karnataka (Ind) Karnataka (Ind) Karnataka (Ind) Mont Blanc (I) Gran Sasso (I) Gran Sasso (I) Pylos (GR) Mont Blanc (I) Baksan, Russia Sudbury(Canada) S.D. (USA) Japan Antarctica

5000 4715 m.w.e. ~-6300 m.w.e. 2100

(1) bottom module; (2) under construction; (3) prototype; (4) shut-down.