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ภาคผนวก
ภาคผนวก
ภาคผนวก
ilhim 2. lug bad 6. sum dried palm 7. fig 3. selj 4. sami earlier today
sour hand
CUP
6. @ 7. t q
8-
Problem 2: Zinza Prove that high tone [ ' I and low tone unmarked are phonemic. 4. obukdmbe wedding feast to krcolne wet 1. kuioba thunderstorm we forgot 5, obukombo 2. tukebwa to fish by line we were stolen from 6. kufdba 3. tukgbwa
Problem 3 : Oaxacan Chontal (Mexico) Prove that [I] and Is], [ k ] and [ X I , [ t l and [\I, [ e l and [ a ] and [ a * ] are separate phonemes. 1. kuahx needle 8. tepa 2. paUxa he is able 9. trepa 3. epa sugar cane 10. axap 4. saxpa 1 ate 11. fa-set8 12. parjxaw 5. pPa he bit 6. kuhx bitter 13. &-pa 7. twpa I went away 14. aka9
\
Problem 4 : Badaga Prove that [e.] is phonemically distinct from retroflex [ y 1, [ a ] from [0].
1.
4. kat-e
I learned
warh it! plural of to.
2.
ktt-e
3. beb
5. tosgu d to-gb
1. kisim
2.
4.
koktik sak
k'ak
3. p'akan
5. skuxu
10. k'a%m
1 1. k'i3in
6. snika
7. kak
ow
L*ln:s:uu
/r/
uar
/tS ~ ~ u n u a r r n u ~ u ~ ~ u ~ a i u \ ~ ~ i n n ~ ~ ~ ~ u u ~
Problem 6 : Venda (South Africa) Are [ p n I allophones of one phoneme? State your evidence. 151 is a strongly labialized fricative in contrast with 1 z 1. [ q ] dental [ n 1 alveolar I. bagu a t your place 7 ene he 8. hana child hood 2. !o g tooth 3. muge master 9. khouno there 4. pari buffalo 10. Batanu five 5. pfheae baboon lee! 1I , Banani 6. B a ~ a four now 12. q n o Problem 7 : Hypothetical Language Prove that If/ and Ivl am separate pbonemsr. 1. mfsa wbale 3. tam 2. mavma house 4. kmtevsa
walrur garden
Problem C : Tojolabal (Mexico) Define the distribution of [ t I and f th ] that they are in complementary distribution and form one phoneme. pig 5, ,Zatath kind of plant 1. Eitam 2. makton a patch 6: muth chicken 3. potot' kihd of plant 7. nahath long 4. tiuan upside down 8. 'inath seed
fIl~~n.3~~1
[ t ] occurs initially or mediatly. [ th ] occurs finally. [ t 1 and [ th I are in coaplsnentaN distribution and fork one phoneme.
Problem
State muons for proving that [ n ] and [g ] are one phonemc. 1. moygi', tomorrow ' 10. par~guy
his grand mothdr ho carria that he leevh wild borr she w a s h laple
i
11. fut3guy
12. e n t e b 13. tars 14. go? IS. 6 y 16. fabry? 17. bama? 18; nana
I grow
nsu8Jqwi
[ 01 occwa Woro a volu conaomnt or at final, [ n ] oocon elmwhore. Thus [ n ] and [ g] aro in complomatary distribution and form one phoneme.
Problem 8: A z W (Moxico) I 683. [ W $and [ w ] are allophona of a single phoneme. State their bitribvtion. fl, 1. iffiti fbart 6. watsinko tomorrow 2. iwa and 7. BieBeitsi biggish 8. tcusi Bi hungry 3 Beyak . la8 9. tehW3 we 4 Bebfbyi . big he tokes you yostorday 10. miW~ka S. iydWa
Problem 9 : Popoluca (Mexico) State the distribution of [ m l and [MI, I n ] and [ N I. 1. pwga noPj 3. hoN
2.
and [I$].
7.
yovmo
8. nats
9. tsa%
4. w0.m 5. anokpa
6. mok
10. tsa*M
11, antalma
my country chill
corn
12. iii-wi
Problem 10 : Korean 11 ? I are in complementary distribution and form one phoneme. State the distribution. /UP/ is a high back unrounded vowel. 1. kal fruit that'll go 12. silkwa window 2. k m u l shade 13. tulzhag how much 3. mu1 water 14. almana name 4. pal leg 15. i h m i road 5. $a1 arm 16. kiri then 6. saul Seoul 17. k u ? m to the street 7. tatwl all of them 18. ka'riro 8. ilkop seven 19. sa'iam person we 9 ipalsa . barber 20. uA summer 10. omtlppam tonight 21. yaftun 11. pulphym discomfort Problem 11 : Swahili (I3ast Africa1 L3 Q ] are in complementary distribution and form one phoneme. State the distribution, Forms marked. contain both allophones. drum 12. watoto children 1. n g m a 13. ndoto 2. bma fort dream cattle 14. mboga 3. tjarnbe vegetable 15. ndogo little 4. b3mb P~P 16. $go rooster 5. m b a Pray 17. h k a axe 6. m a llec 18. okota 7. @ f a cure pick up 19. mbla nurse one 8. M a 20. mtego trap 9. 5fP taste incream 2 1. khmdn *sheep 10. njgeza 22. kamggo *wash-out 11. hqga strangle
'
212
Problem 12 : Zulu (South Africa) [3 o ] are in complementary d k r i b u W sad form one phoneme. State the distribution. lc q xl are clicks. 161 is a voiced bilrblal implosive stop. 13. i b n i I. 63aa see 14. umondli guardian 2. b h a bind one who roasts despoil 15. umosi 3. m3sa jeeloury 16. inoni 4.' um3na fat 17. udoli doll 5. i m M car story-teller 18. umxoxi 6. i q l 3 small of back 19. imomfu jerscy cow 7. im:, frog this 8. isicx:, head ring 20. lolu stove 21. isitofu 9. ibaiwe Pt and the tree picture 10. isitbanbe 22. nomuthi you acted like a man I I. inWana 23. udodile son strange man 24. ibokisi box 12. urnfrazi Problem 13': Karok (California) The difference between long and short consonants is not phonemic. State the distribution. Long consonants and vowels are marked by a following1. 8dk1in 2. o h a t
3. d & i k i r
4. yu'ftl
<
6 fand-kat .
7. Va*pun
8. 9d98p
5.
p h r
9. pi*fiE 10. ? h i
It will be necessary to describe four environmenu, two for each allgphone; marked 'contain both allophone#. 1. handiyiii 2. ma%w
14, v w i t
15;
I Problem 15 : Korean [ s 3 z 1 are in complementary distribution and form one phoneme. State the distribution. Items marked with contain two allophones. 1. satan division 12. giktag dining room color 13. 'Bilsu *mistake 2. srtk 3. s a new 14. Hinpu bride 4. s u o4 novel IS. bgza businoss 5. su number 16. inzn greetings 6. sul wino 17. inzw& publisher 7. susul operation 18. pagzft cushion 8. k k e world 19. $hugzok custom 9. k k r m taxes 20. wnzikEom restaurant lo. k u l i l *washroom 21, yqzucsln receipt I I. %hap game
\
Problem 16 : Totonac (Mexico) Voiculess vowels [ j g y ] are in complementary distribution with voiced voWls [ i a u ] and form throe phonemes /i a u/. State the distribution. 7. snapawhite I. c a w he stacks 8. stapt beans 2. cilinkq , it resounded cut it 3. kasitti 9. gumpi porcupine 10. t a a q h ~ you plunged it. uncle 4. kuk; 11. tiha% he rested Peppery 5. 4kak) 12. tuks. it broke 6. mikf snow
q
Problem I7 : Persian [ ? Y I ] are in complementary distribution and form one phoneme, State tho distribution. Forms marked with * contain two allophones. voiced 1. a?tCI 2. f a s i 3. &dFi 4. 7th
[?I
[i1 voiced
9. a h d l 10. b r h d : 11. b&id 12. b i b . n g
flap
pale
[ f ] voiceless trill ahdf starch udf last anaf pomegranate better behtdl
5. F&t 6. ?aeng 7. 8, ? z ;
'is
hairbrush
why?
you have
fe
Problem 18 : Ganda (East Africa) [ I i ] are in conlplementary distribution and form one phoneme. State the distribution. Forms marked * contain both allophones. I ' I marks high pitch. I' I marks,low pitch. Idyl i s an alveopalatal stop. Doubldd vowels are long.
I. 'okirdyd~b~i 2. bkddydy6la' / t t 3. bltugu~a 4. bkiggbl; 5 bkhl$t'a . 6. bkdtibidli \ 7. b m u ~ a ~ a \ # \ 8. bmulema I I I 9. nla'lwaana \\ LO, tuleep
# \ d
- to be full of
to dish up to buy to open to bring -to attack mad man lame person fought we tighten
11. ifi*ffmbf 12. 6iidvdl:fid 13. 'Cfliia' 14. e'ttd6ndhb I 5. mye%&r" 16. iidyfi; 17. 'ok'ulffrh 18. 61riieIo' 19. bkdmf8a' A.4 / 20. plrlpl?~
)
a *istle *beam name shop only Gospel *to eat with *story to swallaw Pepper
Problem 19: Karok (California) Are [ a a ] allophones of one phoneme? State your evidence. /I / is a combination of strong stress and high pitch. Unmarked vowels have strong stress and low pitch. 7itraax 2. tit$ 3. d r a 4. Eani'k
r.
5. 6. 7. 8.
Gleason, Henry A., Jr. 1955. Workbook in Lkst~iptiveLinguistics. New York : Henry Holt and Company. Pike, Kenneth L. 1947. Phonemics. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Prcss.
I.
nibeci
2. ti beci
3. n i k d i
4.
I cry
you cry
tikoci
Problem I : Isthmus Aztec (Mexico) Identify the plural and future morphemes.
I.
patani
he flies he is ashamed he laughs they fly they laugh he drinks it they drink it he will laugh
9. kimaga
10. kimagah
he hits it they hit it he will fly he will be ashamed they will drink it he pities him they pity him they are ashamed
2. pina-wa
3. wecka
4. patanih
I 1. patanir
12. pina-was 13. koniash
14. kiknelia
15.
kikneliah
16. pina-wah
I saw
you will see me
you called
2. iLapisa8i
3. Eipisali
4.
I see you
you hit me (pres)
me
ihso
5. Eisoli
6. ihotok
7. soliEi
Problem 3 : Kanuri (Nigeria) What type of affix is shown? What is its form and approximate meaning? ~ivenlkajil'sweet', what is a likely fwm for kweetness'? Given Inam~alal 'goodness', what ig a likely form for 'good'? ' 1. gana 2. kura
3. kurugu
4.
''.
karite
5. dibi
namdibi
Problem 4: Ganda (Uganda) What type of affixes is shown? Whet are their forms and approximate meanings? Given labalongol 'twins', what is a likely form for 'twin'? 1. omukazi 2. omustlwo 3. omusika 4. omuwala 5. omulenzi woman doctor heir girl
b?'
Problem 5 : Bontoc (Philippine Islands) What type of affix is used to form tbo verb? Describe its form and relatiopship to the stem. Given lpusil 'poor', whet would be the most likely meaning of Ipumusil? Given /$tad/ 'dark', what would be the most likely form meaning 'he is becomingt dark'? Given lpuniukawl 'he is becoming white', what is tht&~ost likely form meaning 'white'?
I. fikas 2. kilad 3. bato 4. fusul
he he he he
is is is is
What typeofatax is used to make thoifarm, of the verb used with a plural subject? Describe its form and rtlationship to the stem. Given lgaluel '(he) works', what would be the most likely form with a plural abject? Given lalolofa/ '(they) love', what would be the most li.kely form with a singular subject?
(he) wishes (he) is old (he) is strong (he) .bends (he) travels (he) sings (he) weaves (he) is wise
(they) wish (they) are old (they) are strong (they) bend (they) travel (they) sing (they) weave (they) are wise
1. iwa
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Identify the possessive arm heart ia daki. head ti nose ka farm dawidi yucca pua hand uka house
adjective morphemes my la. tiwa my 2a. tia 3a. tiaki my 4a. tati my 5a. taka my 6a. tiawidi my 7a, tupua my 8a. tuka my
and state their distribution. Ib. niwa arm heart 2b. nia head 3b. niak/ nose 4b. nati 5b. naka farm yucca 6b. niawidi 7b. napua hand 8b. nuka house
your arm your heart your head your nose your farm -your yucca your hand your house
(t-1 occurs bef0re.a stem 4 t h vowel initial. (ti-) occurs before a stem beginning with Id1 and Id1 is deleted. (ta-1 occurs before a stem beginning with a voiceless consonant except Ipl. (tu-1 occun before a stem beginning with Ipl (t-lti-am-rtu-) are allomorphs of a single morpheme meaning 'my.' (n-1 occun before a stern with vowel initial. Ini-1 occun before r rtern be~inningwith Id/ and Id/ ir deleted. ' (no-) occurs beforo r rtem beginnin8 with a voioolm consonant. In--ni--na-l are allomorphs of the rune morpheme meaning 'your.' :Problem C: Englisb Prove that (irn-rinrri-1 are allomorphr of the Mme morpheme. 1. i m ' p a e a l impossible 7. i'revmnt irreverent
2. i.'litaract
3. insa'fizant
8. in'vaelyabal
9
in'friykwent
4. in'ept
5. in'talaraht
6. in'wdnat
~ l l ~ ~ ~ U * ~ I l l
{im-) occurs before a bilabial stem. (i-I occurs before E) retroflex or lateral stem. {in-) occurs elsewhere, (im--in-4-1 are allomorphs of the same morpheme. Problem 7: Yaruba (Nigeria)
Dewxibe the affix. Pitches am naarlcad / 'I high, /' I, unmarked mid. 1. bs bvertake la. IrSbs is ov~ftaking 2. ba hide 28. Ddba is hiding 3. bh perch 3a. 86b8 is perching 4. f5 break k b? nfl is breaking 5. b writs Sa. @ is writing 6. gitn climb %. b g h is climbing 7. WS come 7a. #+v4 is comimg 8. b 80 8a. & I is going 9. stm sleep 9 1 d@u 4, is sleepmg fi& 10. j 6 lOa.6j6 is fighting 1s M 1. is spreading wead 11. t5 12. ditn 1241.iadDn is paining pain '
Problem 8 : Ilocano (Philippine Islands) What are the allomorphs of the morphemes meaning 'my, your, and his'? State their distribution. your chair lb. tugawna his chair my chair la, tugawmo 1. tugawko
2. sabak
3. bapako
2b, aabana
3b. brgolna 4b. 8id8na
4. sidak
Problem 9: Turkish State the distribution of the albmorphr of the morpheme muniog 'my.' the hand the eye la, elim la. gi)ziim
my hand
m eye Y
I
'' 3.
dif
4.
5.
kz i
38. diFim
48.
5a.
&im
kuhm giiliim kolum pulum Y U dostum evi m
my my my my my ny
Problem 10 : Hanunoo (Philippine Islands) Two affixes are illustrated in this data. Describe each of them. There are two morphophonemic changes in the roots. Describe each of them. They are best described in a particular order. Which? Why? 1. 2. 3. 4. vusa duwa tulu %pat
'
la. kasva 2a. kadwa 3a. katlu 4a. kapvat 5a. kalima 6s. kanvum fa. kapitu
once twice three times four times five times six times seven times
make it one! make it two! make it three! make it four! make it five! make it six! make it seven!
Problem D : Tzeltal (Mexico) List the allomorphs of the verb-forming suffix and under each allomorph the stem stems with which it occurs. to to to to to to to to loan nourish steal speak,with sowe take a wife be one's namesake commit sin bet "p velek' k'op vabat 63. 'inam 7a. helol 8%. mu1 la. 2a. 3a. 4a. 5a. debt strength stealing speesh servant wife namesake sin
01
9. -wayzin
10. -wayibin
to dream of to use for bcd to provide bod Ibt to accompany to fall backwards
9a. way@
I I. -mak'lin
12. -c'aklin 13. -hawc'un
NMes
I. The second column docs not nac~usrilyOive the forms of the stems.
2. The stem formative -1in 11 and 12 constitutes a morpheme.
3. There is a loss of a phoneme
111 in 9.
I-unl occurs with the stem: -ham' (-an1 occurs with the stems: bbS pip (-inw-am-unl k'op
,
(-in] occurs with the stems: Pabeg @inammu1 way8 helol wayib -mak' -c'ak are allomorphs of the same morpheme.
Problem 11 : Sierra Aztec (Mexico) State the condition of the p 1. piotet 088 2. tit fire 3. spat skunk 4. takat man 5. masat deer 6. askat ant 7. t d i n rabbit 8. miston cat 9. sitalin star 104 kimiEin rat I I. Zapolin grasshopper 12. tet rock 13. mosta day 14. pi0 chicken
and the distribution of its allomorphs, e8BS la. piotmeh fires 2a, timeh skunks 3a. epamsh men 4a. takah deer 5a, masamah ants 6a. askameh rabbits 7a. to8imah cam 8a. mistomeh stars 9a. sitalimeh ram 10a. kimiameh grasshoppers I la. 8apolimeh rocks 12a. temeh days Ifa. mostah chickens 14a. piomeh
Problem 12 : Tsotsil (Mexico) Identify all the morphemss and describe the distribution of the allomorphs of the morphemes. I. -k'u*si put a wedge in la. -k'u8 wedge
2.' -8ik'u
prop w d boneath an objoct prop uwd, against an objact crazy wet white good black smelly
Problem 13: Danakil (Eritrea) Identify all the allomorphr of the plural morpheme.
Singular Rural
la!den 'fillit I i'fi9 a'9u r tor'bus wa'kaii gi' ra gu'lub tor'bal da'le a'mo guru'muda / an tas'wir a'midda ma'go sir'wal manfi'o hanga'la bu'rnar 'nabti roga'va t 'alvi ay'yam
18den'wa filli'ts
Ufi"a
a9u'ra to' rabus wakal'wa gira'ri gulu'ba to'rabil dale'la amolrna gurumud'wa raii'te , ta'sawir &mid'& mago'ga si'rawil manfi'wa hanga11w8 bi'samit nabsl'to mgavat 'wa alPi'te ayyami'te
polics "cap companion nre kneb canvas cloth sore heed log nose picture houw pole debt panu sieve brain nail face* heelth patoh baby week
Henry
Norpkdogy-
The Univorrity of
.pl---rr~-~*-w
.~rrrRllP.-
0
(1
JL
ne m
W a
lurr3
= M '
SaMOlr
npQdlmuluznuijn', m n) Y u u u 4 12 4 tR n c z o d . 0
nrd, a, 30
n?uin?nrtu, 1 2 7 n3uito~. 169
n?ui 2 1 9 6
fltihfflfloll;, 5.45.66, 12 3
nziejrauj, 22.52
nirnta~iurruuv"nn!io,39.71
nirnnunn"utauj.122
nitnaun~u1au~olliu6avu'i, 12 2
nitoonrauj, 21
nirwnt?alao~~~di. loo
hnou, 51 uuaunir4if~6iuauuo~uiinorl,
17 5 d 0 f i ~ i ~ 6 ~ 03 i i ~ . 1t3 nru'flfliuiffierolli*7
nirllnud. 1 7 6
fllf dtzG41, 1 7 6 fllld?371fl, 1 61 2 1 7 185,189, 190 3 , 6 , 6,
nir~~.J%u~;uu, 37.39
nitddaulfiul~u~d~n~iu~~ud~, 13 2 nittdduuldn~~nu wzl&~j, 21.25
~ l f ~ ( ~3 l ~ 4 , 1 ~ 2
flltll~fll~~4, 18-19
~1aiuiGuvo~1~0.~, 47
flaiufiir.iun'uni~hmaolli, 39
d P 3 U , 47, 57 11 C l
rraiuifiuratilauuojntznau, 4 1
naiufanuo~l#iuo~tli~i,153 13 3,
nit3aut au, 87
raium~rPinirlauinrPi, 154.155
fi37UQ4UO4flnU,46, 5 1
A
nitda~vdaur~uj. 101,102
~~aiuvaiiu,3,154. 1 5
19 7
amplitude, 51
allomarph, 39 allophone, 39 analogous, 72 Anthony, Edward M., 67, 78 arytenoids. 23, 24 Bloch, Betnard, 85 BlOOmf~eld, Leonard, 84, 85, 92 broad-band, 53
Chomslry, Noam, 11, 13.97. 156,
coda. 102 checked syllable, 102 closed syllable, 102 complementation, 39 complementary distribution, 39 contour tone, 93 constituent s t m a , 163
crest, 102
HnOMlU, 20,21,25 Ha'ntffSl4ln"0,42 sn~~un7u1.173 0 ' l ~ l l Z .25, 29, 35, 43, 44, 71, 87, 89, 101, 1% 0~UIUSIYBU, #JZUl, 1, 126 0930ffI'CIBl$, 6, 121 o i u ? e i l ~ f i u moonri5u.j. i g - ~ r o'au'CIfZ,74
QRU ? ~ I R ~ & 67.78.97.198 ~ U ~ A ~
cricoid, 23
onla, 54.55
fdters, 52
finite state grammar, 157
fin&state language. 156
Francis, W. Nelson, 91
I
marpheme, 117
narrbw-bwd, 53
Nida, Eugene, 121 Noss, &hard B., 77. 197 octave, 47 Ohio State University, 15
onset, 102
Gamer, R. L.,. 10
generate, 152
, Haas, Mary R., 65, 66, 77, 95, 197
Qalle, Morris, 97, 193 harmonics, 50, 51, 52 Hiuris, Zellig, 136 Hill, Archibald A., 11, 91, 100, 115 Hockett, Charles F., 33, 85, 91, 92, 143 Indiana University* 15 inhexent features, 203 interlude, 103 .Internatid Phonetic Alphabet, 19, 79, 225-227 Jakobsoh, Roman, 19.3 Jones, Daniel, 82, 84 level tone, 93 lexical meaning, 3 lexicon, 167 linguists, 14
'
29,57, 61
242
LI 210
sound spectrograph, 5, 53
speech synthesizer, 59 stmctud meaning, 3, 11 style, 134 substiMe, 13 substitution, 167 Summer Institute uf L i i s t i c s , 15
surface structute, 150
trandonnations, 167
UCLA, 15
f University o Washington, 15
unreleased. 4, 1% 87 voiced conson~t, voiceless consonaat, 87 vowel lengthening, 124
zero--
124