27. Describe the distinctive features of urban life in colonial America. (p. 88,89) I. Good Things i.

Colonial cities served as trading centers for the famers of their regions and as marts for international trade. 1. ii. Their leaders were generally merchants who had acquired substantial estates. iii. Disparities in wealth were features of almost all communities in America, but in cities they seemed particularly glaring. iv. All wealth and social classes lived in cities 1. Merchants 2. Minor tradesman 3. Workers 4. Indigents v. The middle to lower class people lived in crowded often filthy conditions vi. Distinction of social classes was more apparent than any other areas of colonial life excluding the relationship between masters and slaves vii. Cities were also the center of much of the industry in the colonies. 1. Ironworks 2. Distilleries for turning imported molasses into exportable rum viii. Cities were home to the most prestigious schools and most sophisticated cultural activities ix. Made it easy to circulate a regular newspaper x. Taverns and coffeehouses provided forums in which people could gather and debate the issues of the day II. Bad Things i. Crime ii. Pollution iii. Epidemics iv. Traffic v. More vulnerable to economic crisis 1. If the market became glutted and prices fell effects were felt more harshly in the cities AWAKENINGS AND ELIGHTENMENTS 28. What were the two powerful forces competing got the American mind in the eighteenth century? (p. 90) I. Traditional Outlook i. Originated in the 1500-1600 s ii. Emphasis on personal God iii. Intimately involved with the world iv. Keeping watch over individual lives

II. The Enlightenment i. Originated in the 1700 s ii. Suggested that people had considerable control over their own lives and the course of their societies iii. The world could be explained and therefore could be structured along rational scientific lines III. Much of the intellectual climate of colonial America was shaped by the tension between these two impulses 29. What were the major religious groups in the colonies, what elements formed them, and where were they located? (p. 90,91) I. The Church of England i. Located in Virginia, Maryland, New York, the Carolinas, and Georgia ii. The reason it was so dominant in these colonies is that these were the colonies established by the king in his name iii. Established by King Henry VIII so he could split England from the Catholic church so he could divorce his wife II. Cavlinists i. Located in New York and New Jersey ii. Dutch settlers established these denominations and congregations in these regions iii. Split off from the Catholic church believing in predestination III. Baptists i. Located in Rhode Island ii. Roger Williams was the first Baptist iii. Baptists split off from the Church of England believing in rebaptism once a person is mature IV. Protestants i. Lived everywhere in America ii. Martin Luther felt there were certain doctrines that were wrong in the Catholic Church so he started his own religion. He is credited with being the first Protestant and more specifically the first Lutheran iii. Protestants were tolerant of other protestants of other denominations but they heavily persecuted Catholics particularly in Massachusetts V. Catholics i. Most Catholics in America lived in Massachusetts ii. Believed in salvation through faith and good works iii. Heavily persecuted in America VI. Jews i. Very few Jews lived in America but the largest community lived in New York ii. No more than 2000 Jews lived in colonial America at one time

iii. Jews believed in a Savior that hasn t come yet but he will come to save them and free them from their bondage. 30. What was the Great Awakening? Who brought it about, and what groups supported or opposed it? (p. 91,92) I. The Great Awakening i. Started in the 1730 s and reached a climax in the 1740 s ii. Appealed to the women and the younger sons of the third or fourth generation who stood to inherit the least land and who faced uncertain futures. iii. It emphasized the potential for every person to break away from the constraints of the past and start anew in his or her relationship with God iv. Beliefs such as this may have reflected the desires of many people to break away from their families or communities and start a new life. v. Divided congregations into revivalists and traditionalists II. Groups who supported it i. New Light revivalists 1. Some denounced book learning as a hindrance to salvation, and some communities repudiated secular education altogether 2. Others encouraged schools for the training of New Light ministers III. Groups who Opposed it i. Old light traditionalists 1. Favored the way things were done before the Great Awakening 31. What were the effects of the great awakening? (p. 92) I. Some of the revivalists denounced book learning as a hindrance to salvation, and some communities repudiated secular education altogether. II. Other communities saw education as a means of furthering religion, and the founded or led schools for the training of new light ministers 32. What was the Enlightenment? How did it differ from the Great Awakening? (p. 92,93) I. The Enlightenment i. Scientific and intellectual discoveries of the seventeenth century in Europe ii. Enlightenment thinkers argued that humans didn t have to turn to God for guidance in making right decisions II. How it differed from the Great Awakening i. The Enlightenment helped to undermine tradition authority but at the same time was different because it encouraged

humans to think for themselves and not look directly to God for all the answers to their problems. ii. The Enlightenment produced a higher emphasis on government and education as opposed to a great emphasis on religion 33. What Colonial colleges were in operation by 1763? Why was each founded, and what subjects were studied in the mid-eighteenth century? (p. 93) I. Harvard i. Established in 1636 ii. Founded to train priests and ministers II. William and Mary College i. Established in 1693 in Williamsburg, Virginia ii. It was conceived as an academy to train clergymen III. Yale i. Established in 1701 and named for one of its first benefactors Elihu Yale ii. Founded by conservative Congregationalists who dissatisfied with what they considered the growing religious liberalism of Harvard IV. College of New Jersey (Princeton i. Established in 1746 and was located in Princeton ii. Founded to train New Light ministers (Jonathon Edwards was one of the first presidents V. King s College (Columbia) i. Established in 1756 in New York ii. First interdenominational church established to spread secular knowledge VI. The Academy and College of Philadelphia (University of Philadelphia) i. Established in 1755 in Philadelphia ii. It was founded as a completely secular school trying to increase learning in the colonies VII. Subjects taught at these schools i. Religious 1. Theology 2. Logic 3. Ethics 4. Physics 5. Geometry 6. Astronomy 7. Rhetoric 8. Latin 9. Hebrew 10. Greek ii. Non-religious

1. All of the subjects taught at religious schools except theology plus a. Mechanics b. Chemistry c. Agriculture d. Government e. Commerce f. Modern Language g. Medics and First Aid 34. What evidence was there that the influence of the Enlightenment was spreading in America? (p. 93-96) I. Increasing interest in scientific knowledge i. Many early colleges established chairs in the natural sciences and introduced some of the advanced scientific theories of Europe 1. Copernican astronomy 2. Newtonian physics ii. The most vigorous promotion of science in these ears occurred in outside the colleges, through the private efforts of amateurs and the activities of scientific societies 1. Leading merchant, planters and even theologians became corresponding members of the Royal Society of London, the leading scientific organization 2. Benjamin Franklin, the most celebrated amateur scientist in America, won international fame through his experimental proof of the nature of lightning and electricity and his invention of the lightning rod. iii. The high value that influential Americans were beginnig to place on scientific knowledge was clearly demonstrated by the most daring and controversial scientific experiment of the eighteenth century: inoculation 1. Cotton Mather was the first American to try inoculation during an epidemic in the 1720 s 2. The results confirmed the effectiveness of this experiment 3. Many other theologians and physicians took up the cause and inoculation became a common medical procedure by the mid-eighteenth century 35. Explain the working of the colonial law in America-the concepts on which it was based and the way it functioned. (p. 96, 97) I. Although the American legal system adopted many of the essential elements of the English legal system, including such ancient rights as trial by jury, significant differences had already become well established

II. Pleading and court procedures were simpler in America were simpler and punishments were different i. Instead of the gallows or prison, colonists more commonly resorted to the whipping post, the branding iron, the stocks, or, for gossipy women, the ducking stool ii. In a labor-scarce society it was not in the interests of communities to execute or incarcerate potential workers iii. In England a printed attack on a public official whether true or false was considered libelous. In the 1734-1735 was publisher John Peter Zenger who was powerfully defended by the Philadelphia lawyer Andrew Hamilton, the courts ruled that criticisms of the government were not libelous if factually truea verdict that removed some restrictions on the freedom of the press III. Even more significant for the future of the relationship between the colonies and England were important emergencies differences between the American and British political systems. Because the royal government was so far away, Americans created a group of institutions of own that gave them large measure of self-government. i. In most colonies, local communities grew accustomed to running their own affairs with minimal interference from higher authorities ii. Communities were expected to maintain strict control over their delegates to the colonial assemblies, and those assemblies came to exercise many of the powers that Parliament exercised in England iii. Provincial governors appointed by the crown had broad powers on paper, but in fact their influence was very limited iv. Some governors were native-born Americans but most were Englishmen who came to the colonies for the first time to assume their offices. The result was that the focus of politics in the colonies became a local one. IV. The provincial governments became accustomed to acting more or less independently of Parliament and a set of assumption and expectations about the rights of the colonists began to take hold in America that policymakers in England did not share i. These differences caused few problems before the 1760 s because the British did little to exert the authority they believed they possessed ii. Beginning in 1763 the English government began attempting to tighten its control over the American colonies, a great imperial crisis occured