Section 3

25 Time25 Minutes Questions 23 Each sentence below has one or two blanks, and each blank indicates that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole. EXAMPLE: Todays small, portable computers contrast markedly with the earliest electronic computers, which were -------. (C) useful (A) effective (B) invented (E) enormous (D) destructive
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Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. 4 In order to create a more welcoming environment for newborns, the nursery has been thoughtfully ------with soft lighting, quiet monitors, humidified air, and plush new armchairs in which new mothers can cradle their infants. (A) conflated (B) endowed (C) outfitted (D) designated (E) bequeathed 5 The Legion of Honor is a chivalrous order founded by the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and now ------deserving citizens of France by the president of the nation. (A) conscripted to (B) consigned to (C) redeemed for (D) conferred upon (E) divested of

Because Roberta had not ------- her company through the usual legal pathways, the Internal Revenue Service considered her firms tax-exempt status to be a ------- matter. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) determined . . confirmed verified . . contradictory established . . disputable undermined . . adverse quantified . . specialized

One can take ------- measures to ensure one does not fall behind in homework, such as setting up a study schedule at the start of the semester and making sure each subject is allocated time every day. (A) presumptive (B) predictive (C) preliminary (D) premeditated (E) preventative

Several of the students struggled to explain the difference between synecdoche and metonymy, until Heather was finally able to ------- the distinction in clear terms. (A) derogate (D) iterate (B) articulate (C) invalidate (E) epitomize

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Section 3

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The passages below are followed by questions based on their content; questions following a pair of related passages may also be based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passages and in any introductory material that may be provided.

Questions 67 are based on the following passage. The disappointing failure of Russian forces in the Crimean War made painfully clear to the government of Russia, the last feudal state in Europe, that the country was seriously behind the times and in need of significant change. In the hopes of stimulating a market economy, an industrialized society, and therefore military strength, Tsar Alexander II instituted emancipation of the peasants, or serfs, in 1861. Though, technically, peasants were now free landowners, the effectiveness of the grand gesture was hindered by provisions of the law designed to retain the cheap labor force that had been at the disposal of privileged classes under feudalism. The passage best supports which of the following inferences about the Crimean War? (A) That the Russian government had made strategic errors affecting its outcome (B) That it ended in 1861 (C) That it was brought on in part by Russias lagging behind the rest of Europe (D) That the dissatisfaction of the serfs under the feudal system led to Russias defeat (E) That the feudal system and its impact on the Russian economy contributed to Russian military weaknesses 7 The author of the passage implies that the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 (A) resulted in a more economically and socially powerful peasant class (B) was opposed by the privileged class of Russian society (C) did not actually result in significant economic changes for peasants (D) came too late to effect major reforms in Russian society (E) was an utter failure

Questions 89 are based on the following passage. The Bermuda Triangle is a 440,000-square-mile area of ocean bordered by Florida, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico. Several ships and airplanes, including a fleet of five U.S. bombers, have disappeared when traveling through this triangle. Some blame a magnetic field for the disappearances, maintaining that magnetic forces cause fluctuations in compasses, and cause pilots and captains to veer off course unwittingly. A second explanation blames violent air currents for the missing crafts; strong wind storms, this theory holds, destroy the ships and sweep the wreckage away from the scene, never to be found. Still others believe there is a more sinister explanation for the disappearances, claiming that an unknown force mysteriously kidnaps the vessels. By this theory, the ships remain trapped in the Triangle, never to return.

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8 The author uses quotation marks around the word kidnaps (line 14) in order to (A) suggest that this is the theory with which the author agrees (B) emphasize the mysterious nature of this explanation (C) show that the word is being used figuratively (D) compare this explanation to the wind current theory (E) lend credibility to the explanation by implying a reference to another document 9 The explanation in lines 1215 differs most significantly from the others in that it (A) pertains only to airplanes (B) refers to a process that occurs in other parts of the world (C) is more widely accepted than the other theories (D) is concerned with preventing future disappearances (E) does not refer to a scientific phenomenon

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Section 3
Questions 1014 are based on the following passage. Americans have always taken spelling ability rather seriously. Thomas Jefferson once gave this advice to his daughter: Take care that you never spell a word incorrectly. Always before you write a word, consider how it is spelled, and, if you do not remember, turn to a dictionary. It produces great praise to a lady to spell well. Though many scoff at its merits, spelling ability is commonly seen as admirable. Spelling tests rank with school lunch in the off-putting but essential components of early education in the United States. As my school system never outgrew spelling tests, I was doomed to improve my spelling until my final day of high school. I felt insulted by these tests, and was of the outspoken opinion that the content of my reports should be of greater consideration than the accurate spelling of the words within them. It was unfair, I argued, that my understanding of the major themes of Crime and Punishment be overshadowed by the presence of an a in the word indefinitely. Ive often agreed with Samuel Butlers observation that most people mistake correct spelling for words or schooling for education, and I continue to believe that there is much more to a word than the order of its letters. Yet, be it the result of my own improvements in spelling or my advancing age, I have come to appreciate the illusion of intelligence, work ethic, and class that proper spelling creates. A general dissatisfaction with spelling can sometimes intensify and become a spelling reform movement, an organized group working to simplify spellings. The creation of the Shavian alphabet, a phonetic alphabet invented by playwright George Bernard Shaw, was one such attempt. His feelings on the subject were quite clear. He stated, As to spelling the very frequent word though with six letters instead of two, it is impossible to discuss it, as it is outside the range of common sanity. In comparison, such a monstrosity as phlegm for flem is merely disgusting. Mark Twains famous parody of spelling reform movements, A Plan for the Improvement of English Spelling, portrays how spelling modifications rapidly lead to incoherent text. As one takes the writings of a humorist with a grain of salt, one should not take his parody as his creedhe did, in fact, support such reforms.
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Yet, despite such small victories as the dictionary listing of catalog as a preferred spelling (over catalogue), spelling reform has made no serious headway into the English language. We like our words with silent letters and doubled letters, and we demand that these meaningless letters are present and in the right order. The perceived link between spelling and character persists, and the future promises not simplified spellings, but improved spell-checking software.

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10 In line 16, consideration most nearly means (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) importance thoughtfulness deliberation subject evaluation

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11 The quotation in lines 2122 indicates that Samuel Butler believed that (A) it is more important to understand literary works than to spell perfectly (B) the ideas that words convey are more important than their spelling (C) even meaningless words can be spelled correctly (D) a good writer can misspell a word occasionally (E) a good education includes learning to spell words correctly 12 Shaws statement in lines 3540 (As todisgusting) suggests that simplified spellings (A) provide a revolting alternative to traditional spellings (B) demand the creation of a new alphabet (C) appeal only to the mentally incompetent (D) mock the complexity of traditional spellings (E) demonstrate obvious improvements over traditional spellings

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13 It can be inferred from lines 4750 (Yetlanguage) that these small victories (A) indicate a shift in the attitude of the American public (B) suggest that progress is not impossible (C) cannot take place without the help of dictionary writers (D) represent only a partial fulfillment of reformers objectives (E) result from the persistent campaigning of reformers 14 In line 53, the link is best described as (A) the increased likelihood of social advancement for good spellers (B) an effort to prove spelling abilitys relationship to intelligence (C) the persistence of good spelling among high-class people (D) the inevitability that one will be judged on ones spelling ability (E) the curious presumption that spelling offers particular insights into an individual

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Section 3
Questions 1523 are based on the following passages. The significant extension of the human lifespan has become a distinct possibility in light of recent medical advances. This possibility goes beyond simply curing common fatal diseases, such as cancer or heart disease; we may soon be able to extend our actual maximum lifespan from its current limit of around 120 years, to 130 years, 140 years, or even beyond. Each of the passages below discusses the potential benefits and disadvantages of this possible extension. Passage 1 Extending the maximum human lifespan would create serious societal and economic issues for an already overpopulated world. Not only would it worsen the already pressing problem of overpopulation, but it would render the task of caring for an increasingly elderly population nearly impossible. A huge part of our nations budget, as well as equally large portions of the budgets of most of the other nations in the world, is devoted to providing medical care, prescription drugs, and even physical assistance to the elderly. In fact, many countries have recently cut their budgets for senior health care because they already cannot afford it. We can only imagine how much more it would cost if everyone lived an additional 10 or 20 years. The extension of the human lifespan also has the possibility of expanding the current gulf between the wealthy and poor into an unbridgeable chasm. One must expect that when these life-extending treatments are made available to the general public, they will be extremely expensive and therefore only available to people with the highest incomes. If the wealthy who already have a longer average lifespan than the poorhave 10 or 20 more years to accumulate wealth, the gap between the richest and poorest people in the world will only widen. Since extending the human lifespan has become a distinct possibility, many scientists have repeatedly reassured the public that extending the maximum human lifespan would also extend the healthy lifespan of humans, allowing us to work and stay healthy longer, and would therefore cause no additional burden on the health care systems of the world. They also claim that many of the treatments currently being researched could be made available to all who wanted them. However, this optimism may not be warranted. It still stands to reason that a treatment as powerful and desirable as one that extends the human lifespan could not possibly reach all those who would desire to use it.
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Passage 2 In light of all the opposition from the scientific community, and even the general public, to the possibility of extending the human lifespan, it would be easy to assume that all research pertaining to the subject should be immediately discontinued. However, is the goal of extending human life necessarily a bad one? We have already been extending the average length of our lives by curing or diminishing many of the diseases, such as measles or smallpox, that used to kill many people early in life. I doubt many people would argue that we should not have developed the vaccines that prevent people from contracting those diseases. One common argument against the development of life-extending therapies is that these treatments would only be available to a relatively minute portion of the population. While there are many difficult ethical issues associated with expensive medical treatment, we cannot simply quit researching a potential treatment because of the costs associated with it. Many of our current treatments for diseases, such as cancer, were once extremely expensive but are now used all over the world for effective treatment. In some cases, it takes a long time for a particular treatment to become widely available, but that doesnt mean that it shouldnt be developed. But even if it is ethical to develop life-extending treatments, can the economies of the world even afford them? If many people were living 10 or 20 years longer than they currently do, would we have enough money to pay for all of the costs associated with all of these additional years of life? Until this point in history, societies have always found ways to pay for the expense created by new scientific discoveries. Often, these discoveries come with benefits that help to offset the cost; the same may be true with extending human lives. If extending the maximum human lifespan is something that many people desire, the potential cost should not discourage us from pursuing this goal.

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15 The authors of both passages agree that (A) the development of life-extending treatments raises difficult ethical questions (B) research into life-extending treatments should not be continued (C) life-extending treatments, when developed, should be distributed free to everyone (D) life-extending treatments will never actually be produced because they are too complex (E) the government should pass a law defining the legality of life-extending treatments

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16 The claim in lines 46 (but it wouldimpossible) assumes that (A) only wealthy people would have access to new life-extending treatments (B) methods to extend the human lifespan will be developed in the near future (C) many countries will outlaw the creation of lifeextending treatments (D) most of the general public is in favor of extending the human lifespan (E) extending the human lifespan would involve an increase in the cost of caring for the elderly 17 The author of Passage 1 includes the statement who alreadythe poor (lines 2223) to emphasize that (A) it is necessary that wealthy people live longer than poor people (B) extending the human lifespan will only widen the gap in the distribution of wealth (C) wealthy people need to give more money to charity (D) life-extending treatments will enable everyone to have longer lives (E) the cost of developing life-extending treatments should be paid by wealthy people 18 The purpose of the first two sentences of the last paragraph of Passage 1 (lines 2635) is to (A) present two counterarguments to the position taken by the author (B) argue that extending the human lifespan will not cause any problems (C) suggest that not everyone will be able to afford life-extending treatments (D) show that all scientists think that life-extending treatments should be researched (E) imply that the author would purchase life-extending treatments when they become available 19 In line 27, distinct most nearly means (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) separate different likely remote pleasing

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20 The purpose of the sentence in lines 4447 (We havein life) is to argue that (A) dangerous diseases must be cured before science should work to extend the human lifespan (B) vaccines for potentially fatal diseases should not be developed (C) life-extending treatments, if developed, could take the place of traditional vaccines (D) the development of life-extending therapies may cause people to be more susceptible to common diseases (E) developing life-extending treatments is similar to curing fatal diseases 21 In line 52, minute most nearly means (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) small instant great intelligent public

22 In the questions at the beginning of the last paragraph of Passage 2 (lines 6368) the author suggests that (A) the development of life-extending treatments will be impossible due to their enormous costs (B) the potential costs of extending the human lifespan will not present a problem (C) wealthy people will be the only ones who can afford to pay for lifeextending treatments (D) the cost to society of lifeextending treatments is a larger problem than the cost to each individual (E) more scientists are needed to work on the development of life-extending treatments 23 Both authors agree that life-extending therapies (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) need to be regulated by governments should not be researched would initially be extremely expensive have the potential to improve the quality of life should be given free to all people

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT TURN TO ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.

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