5

. (
) V = kx 2 /2 (. 5.1)

dV
= kx
dx
x = 0.
, ,

. ,
V (x) , , x = 0
. V (x)
Taylor x = 0,
F =

1
V (x) = V (0) + V 0 (0)x + V 00 (0)x2 + .
2
x = 0 , V 0 (0) = 0
V 00 (0) = k > 0 V (x). -

234

. 5

5.1: .

,
, V (0) = 0,

1
V (x) = kx2 +
2
x

(. 5.2).
,
.
, ,
H|i = E|i

(5.1)

p2
1
p2
1
+ kx2
+ m 2 x2
(5.2)
2m 2
2m 2
p
, = k/m .
H=

235

5.2: V (x)
.

|i (x)

1
d
~2 d2
+ m 2 x2 ,
H
2
dx
2m dx
2
(1)




1
2m
1
~2 d2
2 2
2 2
00
+ m x = E + 2 E m x = 0,

2m dx2 2
~
2
x x,

p i~

00 + (2E x2 ) = 0

(5.3)

~, m
.()
()

, , ,
, .

:

.

236

. 5

,
, (5.3)

(x) = ex

2 /2

H(x),

(5.4)

ex /2 () H(x)
: : ( ) .
(5.3), (5.4)
Hermite
H 00 2xH 0 + (2E 1)H = 0

(5.5)

x n
(5.5) x
.

n(n 1) xn2 2nxn + (2E 1)xn = 0
xn2 xn
x,


2n + (2E 1) xn = 0

1
(n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
2

E = En = n +

n (x) = ex

2 /2

Hn (x)

(n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)

Hn (x) n Hermite.
()

x. + exp(x2 )
x, = 1/2 = 1/2. ( .)

1.

237

(5.1)

, (5.2) x p
[x, p] = i~.
.

1. .

.

. a a ( a ),
, , ( a) :
.
|ni
n = 0 , n = 1
... a a ( )

a |ni |n + 1i,

a|ni |n 1i,

(5.6)

N = a a
a a|ni |ni,

(5.7)

238

. 5

(5.7) |ni N = a a,


1
1
p2
2 2
+ m x 
= (x2 + p2 )
H=
2m 2
2
~=m==1

(5.8)

N
/ .
(5.9)

H = a a + ,

. ,
(5.9) a a
H.

H.() (5.8)
()
x ip x + ip
1

H = (x ip)(x + ip)
a,
2
2
2

(5.10)

x + ip
,
2

x ip
.
2

a a
a=

x + ip
,
2

a =

x ip

(5.11)

.
()

()

H H = AB, A, B .
, H = A A .
H = (x + ip)(x ip)/2, .

239

1.

a a H,
(5.10).
a a =
=

1
1
(x ip)(x + ip) = x2 + p2 + i(xp px)
2
2
1
1 2
1
(x + p2 ) + i [x, p] = H
2
2 | {z }
2
i

1
H = a a + ,
(5.12)
2
1/2 (5.10) , , x p (
xp = px)
xp px = i.
(5.6) a a
H.
[H, a ] = a .

[H, a] = a,

(5.13)

: (5.13) N = a a H,
1/2 .
[a, a ]
[a, a ] =
=

1
1
1
[x + ip, x ip] = [x, ip] + [ip, x]
2
2
2
1
1
1 1
(i) [x, p] + (i) [p, x] = + = 1
{z
}
{z
}
|
|
2
2
2 2
i

[a, a ] = 1

[N, a] = [a a, a] = [a , a] a + a [a, a] = a
| {z }
| {z }
1

[N, a ] = [a a, a ] = [a , a ] a + a [a, a ] = a ,
| {z }
| {z }
0

240

. 5

a a |ni
(5.13)

[H, a ]|ni = a |ni

(Ha a H)|ni = a |ni H a |ni a En |ni = a |ni


H a |ni = (En + 1)a |ni

(5.14)

, , |ni
H En . (5.14) .
a |ni a |ni
H E n + 1.

a|ni. E n 1.
. E n
En 1 ,
.
.
E0

En = E 0 + n
n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
E 0 .
|0i



1

|0i = E0 |0i
(5.15)
H|0i = E0 |0i a a +
2

a|0i = 0,

(5.16)

|0i a ,
. ( a|0i 6= 0, a|0i
, E 0 1,
E0 .)

1.

241

(5.16) (5.15) E 0 =
1/2,
En = n +

1
2

n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

(5.17)

. (5.17)


1
~,
(5.18)
En = n +
2
~, m
 = ~. (5.18) ~
.
a a . a ~
a
.
, (5.12) H|ni = (n + 1/2)|ni,

N |ni = n|ni
(N = a a)

N (= a a) ,
|ni. (5.13)


[H, A] = A,
(5.19)
= 1 a = 1 a.
(5.19) .
: H

A H
A [H, A] = A : )
H ||. ) < 0,

242

. 5

A H
A . : > 0, A
A .
A A
.

, , (raising and lowering operators)
, , (shift operators),
.

2.

..
a .
, (5.16) a|0i = 0 , ,




d
1

(x + ip) 0 (x) = 0 x +
0 (x) = 0,
dx
2
p=id/dx
( )
1 x2 /2
0 (x) =
e
.
4

, ,
c n
a |ni |n + 1i .
a |ni = cn |n + 1i

(5.20)

, () (5.20)
|ni ,

()

k|ik |i
p . k|ik = h|i.

243

2.

ka |nik = |cn |


|cn |2 = ka |nik2 a |ni a |ni = hn|aa |ni

(5.21)

, , Dirac.
ket
.() [a, a ] aa a a = 1,
aa (5.21) a a (= N )
aa = a a + 1 = N + 1,
|ni (n+1)|ni
N |ni = n|ni
|cn |2 = hn|(n + 1)|ni = n + 1 |cn | =

n+1

(5.20) c n

a |ni = n + 1 |n + 1i,
(5.22)

a|ni =

n |n 1i.

(5.23)

n = 0 (5.23) a|0i = 0, .
, (5.22) (5.23),
()

(X, Y ) X Y
ket
`

`
|i, |i |i |i = h| |i h|i

, ,
ka |nik2

`
a |ni, a |ni a |ni a |ni = |ni (a ) a |ni = hn|aa |ni.

244

. 5

n + 1 n. (5.22),
|0i,
1
|ni = (a )n |0i,
n!

1
n (x) = (a )n 0 (x)
n!

(5.24)





d
1
1
x
.
a = (x ip)
=
dx
2
2
p=id/dx

, , n = 1
1 1
1 (x) =
1! 2

d
x
dx

1 x2 /2

e
=
4

2
2
xex /2

1 , .
a 0 (x) (5.24)



1
d n x2 /2
e
n (x) = p
x
dx
2n n!

1
2
n (x) = p
ex /2 Hn (x),
n
2 n!

Hn (x)

n x2

Hn (x) = (1) e

d
dx

n

ex ,

(5.25)

Rodrigues
Hermite .
(5.25)
Hermite (5.25) .

3.

245

Mathematica, (5.25)





   





#  { }
+ *
 "! 
 $   # %%&')( "' ,-

Hermite
+./ .3
 .
(0'21

 
.
5.3 .

5.3: . , ,
, ...

3.

:
,

246

. 5

.
,
, .
: a a
(5.22) (5.23)
x p, a a
x=

a + a
,
2

p=

a a

i 2

(5.11), x p. hAi = hn|A(x, p)|ni

, .. Anm = hn|A(x, p)|mi, A(x, p) a a
|ni. :
1: x p |ni .
: hxi = hpi = 0 (;) (x)2 = hx2 i (p)2 =
hp2 i. hx2 i
hx2 i = hn|x2 |ni =
=
=

1
1
hn|(a + a )2 |ni hn|(a + a )(a + a )|ni
2
2

1
hn|(a2 + a2 + aa + a a)|ni
2
1
1
2n + 1
1
a a |ni = hn|(2N + 1)|ni =
hn| |{z}
aa + |{z}
=n+
2
2
2
2
N +1

x =

p =

n+

1
2

1
n+ .
2

x p

3.

247

H = (x2 + p2 )/2
hx2 i = hp2 i
hHi = En =

1
hx2 i + hp2 i = hx2 i = hp2 i
2

1
hx2 i = hp2 i = En = n + ,
2

.

hn|a2 |ni hn|a2 |ni , a2 a2
|ni , |n 2i |n + 2i
hn| . :

hn| |ni

.

2: hn|x4 |ni
|ni .
:
hn|x4 |ni =

1
1
hn|(a + a )4 |ni = hn|(a + a )2 (a + a )2 |ni
4
4

1
hn|(a2 + a2 + aa + a a)(a2 + a2 + aa + a a)|ni
4

1
hn|(a2 a2 + a2 a2 + aa aa + aa a a + a aaa + a aa a + )|ni (1)
4

.
H = a a + (1/2) = N + (1/2)
N = a a.
|ni

.
N ,
N n. (1)

248

. 5

a a = N aa = N + 1
[a, a ] = 1.
aa |{z}
aa = (N + 1)2 ,
|{z}
N +1 N +1

N +1

a a |{z}
aa = N (N + 1),
|{z}
N

aa |{z}
a a = (N + 1)N
|{z}

N +1

a a |{z}
a a = N 2 .
|{z}
N

a a a a [N, a] = a N a = aN a [N, a ] = a
N a = a N + a .
2 2

2 2

a2 a2 a |{z}
aa a = a(N + 1)a = aN a + aa
N +1

= a(a N + a ) + aa = (N + 1)N + 2(N + 1) = (N + 1)(N + 2)

a2 a2 a |{z}
a a a = a N a = a (aN a) = a aN a a = N 2 N.
N

hn|x4 |ni =

3
(2n2 + 2n + 1).
4

4.
()

a = (x + ip)/ 2 a = (x ip)/ 2
H = (x 2 + p2 )/2 ,

, H = , = (x + ip)/ 2
= (x ip)/ 2.
, A ,
1
1
1
Ecl = kA2 = m 2 A2 = A2
2
2
2

( m = = 1)

( )
1
Ecl = A A,
2
()

4.

249

H =
a a

A. (
,
,

A = A = 2 .)
a a ,

a|i = |i,
(5.26)
.
.
|i (5.26)
() (coherent states) :
: ) .
|i

1
hEi = ||2 + ,
E = ||.
(5.27)
2

) ,
.
|i = e||

2 /2

X n
|ni,
n!
n=0

(5.28)

|i |ni .
) , Im = 0,
1 (x2)2 /2
(x) hx|i =
e
.
4

()

(5.29)

a .
a .

250

. 5

:


1
1

) hEi = hHi = h| a a +
|i = h|a a|i +
2
2
= a|i

= +

1
2

1

1
1
a|i + = |i |i + = h|i +
2
2
2

(...)

(E)2 = hH 2 i hHi2





1 2
1
1

hH i = h| a a +
a a+
|i
|i h| a a +
2
2
2


1

|i
= h| a aa a + a a +
4
2

1
= h|a aa a|i + h|a a|i + .
4

()

h|a = a|i

= |i

= h| ,

h|
a ,
.
h|a a|i = h| |i =

()

h|a aa a|i = h| aa |i = h|aa |i

h|(a a + 1)|i = h|a a|i + 1
= ( + 1) = ||4 + ||2 .

(C)

251

4.

hH 2 i = ||4 + 2||2 +

1
4



1
1 2
2
(E) = hH i hHi = || + 2|| + || +
= ||2
4
2
2

(...)

E = ||
)
|i =

X
n

cn |ni,

(5.30)

cn . (5.30) (5.26)
!

X
X
X

cn |ni = a
cn |ni =
cn a|ni

n
n
n
(5.31)
X
X

cn+1 n + 1|ni
=
cn n|n 1i

(n n + 1)
n n = 0

n n = 0.
|ni
(5.31),

cn ,
cn+1 =
n+1

n
cn = c0 ,
n!
c0
!

X
X
||2n
2
2
|cn | =
|c0 |2 = e|| |c0 |2 = 1
n!
n=0
n=0
c0 = e||

2 /2

n
2
cn = e|| /2
n!

252

. 5

|i = e

||2 /2

X
n
|ni.
n!
n=0

(...)

)
a|i = |i
1

d
x+
dx

(x) = (x)

( )

e 2 x

2 +

2x

( )

Im = 0
2

e x2 /2+2x
1 (x2)2 /2
e
e
(x) =

,
4
4

(...)

(= 1 + ia2 )
1 (x1 2)2 /2+i2 2x
(x) =
e
.
4

(5.32)

(5.27) (5.29) .
() 1/2 (5.27) hEi =
+ (1/2)
2. ( A = xmax

A = 2 .)
(5.27) E = || .


||
E
1
=

0,
2
hEi
|| + (1/2) || ||


. .

4.

253

(5.28) |i |ni. , |ni

||2n e||
Pn () =
n!

(5.33)

, ,
(5.33) n ,
n = nmax .
, ,
.. || = 4 n (n = n max )
||
p
(|| = 4)
nmax ' ||

(5.29) Im = 0,
. , ,
,
x0= 2
A = 2.
, , hxi = 2 hpi = 0 .

x = 0 () x 0 = A = 2
() . ,
(5.29) .
||

.
.
3: |i

|(t)i () (t)
(t) = eit

(5.34)

254

. 5

(m = = 1).
: , ,
|, ti = U (t)|i = eiHt |i
e||

= eiHt
= e||

= e||

2 /2

2 /2

2 /2

(~ = 1)
!

X n
|ni
n!
n

= e||

X n
1
ei(n+ 2 )t |ni
n!
n

eit/2

2 /2

X n
eiHt |ni
n!
n

X (eit )n

|ni
n!
n

(5.35)

( x) e it/2
(5.35)
|, ti = e|(t)|

2 /2

X (t)n
|ni |(t)i,
n!
n

(t) = eit , .

(= (t) = (cos t + i sin t) (5.32)

1 (x2 cos t)2 /2+i2 sin tx

(x, t) =
e
,
4

x0 (t) = 2 cos t () ()

hpit = 2 sin t,
(~ = 1)
.
(5.34)
Heisenberg (. 4, 2.2)

()

1
(x) (x) = (x)eikx , (x)
, ~k.

255

|i a a(t)
Heisenberg



da(t) 
i
= a(t), H = H, a(t) = a(t)
(5.36)
dt
, , [H, a] = a a(t) a a(0)
(. 4, 2.2). (5.36)

a(t) = aeit ,
(5.37)
a a(0) Schrdinger. (5.37)
, , Heisenberg ( ) (5.34)
(5.37).

(squezed states)

.

1. , ,
(x) = N ex

/2

(1)

E 0 = 1/2
. E1 = 3/2 ;
2.

V (x) =

,
x<0

kx2 /2, x > 0

256

. 5

3.
(x) = N x2 ex

/2

(1)

. ,
;
()
. E 0 , E2 , E4 , . . ..
() (1) : i) hEi = 3, ii) hEi =
1/4.
() (1) hKi = 5/2.
() (1) hpi = 2.

4.
.
;
5. m

1 2 1 2 1 2 1
kx + ky + kz = m 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
(1)
2
2
2
2
.

.
~ = m = = 1.
V =

6. m ( )
1 2 1 2
kx + ky + 2kz 2 .
2
2
.
7.
E0 = 1/2 E1 = 3/2 P0 =
1/3 P1 = 2/3.
V (x, y, z) =

() .
()
:

i) hxi = 0 ii) hxi = 1/3 iii) hpi = 0 iv) hpi = 2/3.

8.
. :
) hEi = 1, hxi = 1/2 ) hxi = 1/2, hpi = 1/2 ) hEi = 5/4, hpi = 0.

257

9. () .
10. (
) H = a a+ 21
N = a a, H|ni = (n + 21 )|ni

N |ni = n|ni,
N . ( n ~
.) [a, a ] = 1,
:
) [N, a ] = a
) [N, (a )2 ] = 2(a )2
) [N, a] = a

) [N, a aa ] = a aa

) [N, a2 ] = 2a2 ) [N, aa a] = 2aa a.

. ; ;
11. , , aa a a . . .
N = a a.
: ) aa a a, ) a aaa , ) aaa a , ) aaaa a a .
12. a a
(aa a a) : ) , )
.
13.
.
;
14.

2
(x) = e(xa) /2 / 4 .


2
1 ea
P (a) =
.
2
;
15.
hn|x4 |ni, ,

2
hn|x4 |ni = hn|x2 x2 |ni = x2 |ni ,

258

. 5

|ni
2

x =

a + a

2

1 2
a + a2 + aa + a a
2

, .

hn|p4 |ni.
;
16. ,
, |ni, x p. ,
. .
17. xp (;) hxpi
.

1
(~ = 1).
Rehn|xp|ni = 0,
Imhn|xp|ni =
2
18.
1
n (x) = (a )n 0 (x)
n!
a ,

2
1
n (x) = p
ex /2 Hn (x),
(1)
n
2 n!

Hermite Hn (x)
Rodrigues
n x2

Hn (x) = (1) e

d
dx

n

ex .

(2)

19. a
|i .
h|i ,

1

h|i = e 2 () .

, ;

259

20. hxi hpi |i

.


x(t) = |x(t)|
Heisenberg
. ;

21. |i
D() = ea .

|i = N ea |0i,
N . N ;

22. = + i hxi,
hpi, hx2 i, hp2 i x p.
;
23. a|i = |i
xp = 1/2 (~ = 1)
(

) . x = p = 1/ 2.
24. .
x 6= p. , a a

1
1
A = (x + ip),
A = (x ip)
(1)
2
2
: ( ) x
p A A .

A|i = |i
(2)
.

r
1

x =
,
p =
2
2
: x p = 1/2 x 6= p
6= 1.

260

. 5

[A, A ] = .
(1) (2)
(squeezed states)
(2)
. .
25.
: ) Heisenberg

iA(t)
= [H, A(t)] )


1
a(t) = x(t) + ip(t) ,
2

1
a (t) = x(t) ip(t)
2

Heisenberg x(t) p(t). |i; ; , ;

26.
A A .

A(, t) = A(, 0) cos t iA(1/, 0) sin t

(1)

A (, t) = A(, t) . (1) ;
; = 1, |, i
A A .
27. , A A H = (x2 + p2 )/2



1
(2 1)(A2 + A2 ) + 2(2 + 1)A A + (2 + 1) .
2
4
= 1;
H=

28. Legendre, Hermite, Laguerre ..

.
G(x, t) t Pn (x) .
G(x, t) =

n=0

cn Pn (x)tn ,

(1)

261

cn Pn (x) .
G(x, t)
: . ,
. Hermite, . . . (!)
G(x, t) = exp(2xt t2 ) . . .
e

2xtt2

Hn (x)

n=0

tn
,
n!

(2)

() Hn (x) (2)
Hermite
Hn00 2xHn0 + 2nHn = 0

Hermite.
()
Z +

2
ex Hn (x)Hm (x) dx = 2n n! nm

Hn+1 = 2xHn 2nHn1 ,

Hn0 = 2nHn1 ,

()
. H0 = 1 H1 = x.

Mathematica HermiteH[n, x].
29. Hermite
, ..

Z +
Z +
2
ex /2 Hn (x)(x) dx,
(1)
cn = (n , ) =
n (x)(x) dx = Nn

Nn = ( 2n n!)1/2 (1) 18 (x) . (1)

Z +
In =
Hn (x)F (x) dx
(2)

262

. 5

I(t) =

G(x, t)F (x) dx =

e2txx F (x) dx,

In Taylor I(t) (2) .

c n
r
2
4
ex /2
(x) =

= 1 , ,

, ,
X
(x) =
cn n (x)
n

cn . cn ;