Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SE308 - Interactive and Intelligent Systems
SE308 - Interactive and Intelligent Systems
SE308 - Interactive and Intelligent Systems
,
, .
, ,
, , LISP
.
1943-1956
Gestation of AI
1952-1969
II
1966-1974
A dose of reality
III
1969-1979
IV
1980-1988
AI becomes an industry
1986-1990
VI
1987-1995
Modern events
VII
1990-2000
Recent events
VIII
2000-
Present
IX
(1943-1956)
1956: John McCarthy ( )
Dartmouth-
. 20 AI
MIT, Stanford, IBM , .
McCarthy-
. Artificial Intelligence .
(1952-1969)
1958: John McCarthy (1958)
Dartmouth- MIT- AI- LISP
.
(1966-1974)
. (exponential, microworld )
(1969-1979)
1971: Minsky & Papert
Perceptrons (1969) .
.
(1980-1988)
1982: McDermott (1982)
R1 expert system (ES) . DEC
40
.
(1986-1990)
. (, ..)
(1987-1995)
(Planning) . Microworld-
,
.
MIT (1989): Genghis () .
(1990-2000)
1997: Deep Blue vs Harry Kasparov (3.5 : 2.5)
1998: AI . (Remote
Agent, Deep Space 1)
(2000-Present)
200: Hal (computer baby) . -
. 2001 18 . Virtual
Reality . Turing- 15
. it
he ,
.
?
4 :
: Turing test
Turing- :
:
.
. ?!
.
:
- . :
. . IX-XX
.
: Rational agent
.
Rationality < = > .
.
(Early Versions)
. :
.
(solution)
.
:
. expanding .
(strategy) .
:
Completeness / /: ?
Time complexity / /: ?
Space complexity / /:
?
Optimality / /:
?
.
1. UNINFORMED.
2. INFORMED.
UNINFORMED:
. Blind search .
Breadth-first search
Uniform-cost search
Depth-first search
Depth-limited search
Iterative deepening search
Bidirectional search
b /branching factor/: .
.
d /depth/: .
m /maximum/: /state space/ .
INFORMED:
:
1. . .
.
2. .
3.
. (hash table)
Rationality ( ):
4 Rationality . :
1. Performance Measure
2. (persept history, percept
sequence)
3. ?
4. ?
.
4 . :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Environment
/Environment/ ,
/percept/ , /action/
. 5 . / /
= + +
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ACCESSIBLE, INACCESSIB
DETERMINISTIC, NONDETERMINISTIC
EPISODIC, NONEPISODIC
STATIC, DYNAMIC
DESCRETE, CONTINOUS
SINGLE-STATE problem ( )
MULTIPLE-STATE problem ( )
CONTINGENCY problem ( )
EXPLORATION problem ( )
Problem //:
. 4 :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Initial state
Operator .
Goal test .
Path cost .
.
/ABSTRACTION/ .
. / /
() -
,
.
:
,
, ( ),
:
(percept - )
- () .
.
.
- :
- (TELL).
(SK) . (SK) - - ,
-
.
: |
: true | false | P | Q | R |
: ()
|
| ~
: | | |
--- ~, , , ,
1. Modus ponens :
2. Modus tollens:
, ~ ~
3. :
1 2 n i
4. :
1, 2 , , n 1 2 n
5. :
6. :
, ~
7. :
~~
8. Resolution:
, ~
~ , ~
, ,
. () - .
, .
.
.
( )
: |
:
(,) | =
: (, )
|
|
: | 1 | | ...
: | | s | ...
( )
: ()
|
| ~
| ,
: | | |
: |
1.
x ~P ~ x P
2.
~x P x ~P
3.
x P ~x ~P
4.
x ~P ~x ~P
. ,
.
(domain)
1. ( )
2.
(Adjoin)
(Union)
(Intersection)
3.
4. .
(, ..)
( )
.
:
.
.. .
.
2 :
(restricted language)
STRIPS
(Planner) -
.
( ): Buy(x)
( ) : At(p), Sells(p,x)
(, ) : Have(x)
:
.
FOL
.
,
.
0 .
1 .
:
.
= + .