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8 EM Simulation
8 EM Simulation
Introduction to EM Simulation
EM Simulation
EM simulation setup has changed in 7.5. EM uses drawing layers. Case 1: Draw and Simulate a Structure in the EM Environment. Case 2: Using a Layout Created in the EM Environment in normal layout. Case 3: Importing DXF and GDSII Layouts Into EM. Case 4: Extracting layout from the Schematic Layout.
EM Simulation
The EM Environment
Step 1: Open up the project 4Layer_PCB_Start.emp. This is the EM Socket. Projects go in here. To create a project - RC on EM Structures.
EM Simulation
EM Enclosure Settings
The Enclosure menu controls many of the important features of EM: X and Y box dimensions, and grid size. Bulk material properties. Dielectric Layer Setup. The conducting line properties - layer, conductivity, and thickness. EM Layer Mapping (Used when working with schematic layout and artwork cells. Note: Later we will be seeing the Stackup Element for extraction. It is almost the same as the Enclosure (with some extra features).
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EM Enclosure Settings - 2
Enclosure
Sets the x and y dimensions of the enclosing box. The height (z) we set later.
Sets the grid in the x and y directions. You want the box size a whole number of cells.
EM Simulation
Box size - Dont have the wall too close to nearest metal ... two substrate heights away is good. Make sure gaps / spacing in filters is an integer number of cells. If possible - start on a simple problem you know the answer to - simple bend, open line, 2 coupled lines,...
Gives you an idea how many cells to use.
Double your number of cells and see if your answer changes a lot.
Note: 1000 unknowns - runs in 30 seconds/frequency. Solution time grows as N3...10,000 unknowns - 30,000 seconds/frequency. Number of Unknowns.
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EM Enclosure Settings - 3
Material Definitions
Adding Dielectrics
Conductor Properties
EM Enclosure Settings - 4
Dielectric Layers
Draw scale used for 3D visibility. Materials can be picked from the list of Dielectrics. New in 7.5 - Place the mouse on a layer to see its properties. Can set the top and bottom Boundary Conditions.
EM Simulation
EM Enclosure Settings - 5
Materials
New in 7.5: Perfect Conductor will always exist made out of material definition - Perfect Conductor. Sets the conducting lines properties: The thickness of the line. What its made of (from list of Conductors in Material Definitions). Note: Etch Angle and Roughness are reserved for future use.
EM Simulation
EM Enclosure Settings - 2
EM Layer Mapping
This controls how drawing layers are mapped to EM layers. Well worry about it later.
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New in 7.5: The stackup display shows you the layer you are on.
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New in 7.5: Always check the 3D view - it will only show what is being included in the simulation.
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EM Simulation
Step 3: Add an edge port to each of the lines. Select the line.
EM Structure Layout
Select the edge port icon, and click at the end of the line. Double click the edge port and use the drag handles to select the deembedding length.
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Ports
You can double click on a port and change its impedance. Also can change how much power goes into it.
Note: This only affects current and antenna pattern viewing. S parameters are not changed. There are 3 kinds of ports: Edge Ports - Like network analyzer hooking up at edges of structure. There are 3 Webinars in KB on this - EM Simulation: A Look Under the Hood: 1, 2, 3. Tip: Be careful! Where is ground for an internal port? Via Port - One port to top or bottom of box (ground). Like 1 point probe. Internal Port - Across gap like 2 point probe.
EM Simulation
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You can see the shape properties in the Lower left corner of the UI. Note: The Mesh Options Tab controls how finely a shape is meshed. You normally dont change this - unless you want to override default automesh settings.
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Tip: You can use the mouse wheel to go through the layers.
EM Simulation
EM Simulation Options
RC to set solver options. RC on project to get individual project options. Some global options under: Options > EM Options.
EM Simulation Options - 2
Frequency Control Project frequencies can be overridden locally.
Tip: Often you want fewer EM frequencies because of long simulation times.
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EM Simulation
EM Simulation Options - 3
Advanced Frequency Sweep
AFS - simulates over frequency band with (hopefully) fewer frequencies and (hopefully) more accuracy than just set, discrete frequencies.
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EM Simulation Options - 4
AFS adds frequency points up to the maximum - until convergence is reached. You can specify a band besides the default if you want. Note: When AFS is finished, the frequency points displayed in graphing will be the original points in the frequency tab... So - you might want to set at a high number.
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EM Simulation
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Answer - it autogenerated these drawing layers. Note: All autogenerated EM layers begin in +. So long as we are only in EM - this is fine. But - what happens if we use this layout in the schematic layout?
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The problem is the schematic layout has no idea where to put the autogenerated layers.
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EM Mapping file for EM project - start. These 3 layers have material and EM layer position. Note: Layer number is top of dielectric layer.
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EM Simulation
This is why it doesnt know what to do with the autogenerated layers... They arent even defined in the schematic layout LPF.
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They arent needed. For example, it knows if you want a conductor on em layer 3, you are on drawing layer met2. Note: Any new EM projects will also have this mapping - as they are generated from the default project LPF.
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EM Simulation
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Examples: Switch between lossy lines and perfect conductors. In MMIC - might not want to map to EM all metal layers.
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EM Layout Method 1: Copy and paste the drawing layers. Select the shapes and change the layers. Method 2: Change the EM Mapping file - so can repeatedly use the mapping in the future.
EM Simulation
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Step 9: Copy and paste the artwork cell - New_DXF_Cell into the EM Project. - You can use Ctrl - C, Ctrl - V.
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EM Simulation
Its placed on the Error layer. You can fix it by selecting the properties of each element ... and moving it to the right drawing layer. Step 10: Set the shapes on TopMetal to met1... the shape on Pad to EMLayer 2, Via.
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To finish it up - you would change the box size, and extend the line and add a port.
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Step 12: Setup the mapping or Pad and TopMetal. Note: We could have just modified the Default Mapping - but this gives us practice with multiple EM Mappings.
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EM Simulation
You have the EM Mappings from the LPF in the EM project. Select PadMap - and you can now import the shapes.
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EM Extraction
Extraction sends selected PCells and other shapes to the EM Socket.
Advantages Drawing carried out by the PCells. As schematic layout changes - can keep sending new layout to EM simulator easily. Ports, and deembedding lines are automatically included. S parameter results are automatically brought back into the schematic and re-simulated.
Disadvantages Almost too easy! Never see the EM layout. Box can be too small, wrong layers, boundary conditions... Can get off mesh.
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EM Extraction - 2
Step 15: Open up the project double_stub.emp.
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EM Simulation
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EM Extraction - 3
Simulation Results.
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EM Simulation
EM Extraction -4
To extract the circuit to EM we need two elements. The Extraction Element Controls Size of enclosure and mesh Simulator Type What elements are extracted. The Stackup Element Elements > Simulation Control Controls Layers, Materials, ... Its essentially the same as Enclosure with extra feature of Line Type extractions. Elements > Substrates
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EM Extraction - 5
Step 16: Add the Extraction block to the schematic and configure it.
EM_Doc - The EM Project created. Name - The extraction group name. Note: Put in .
Extension - The box will be this much bigger than nearest conductor.
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EM Simulation
EM Extraction - 6
Step 17: Configure the Stackup block.
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EM Extraction - 7
Note: When you change the mapping file - you will get a warning ... next slide.
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EM Simulation
EM Extraction - 8
Line Type Mapping - This can be used as an alternative to EM mapping - when you setting up what EM Layer and Material for a Line Type to use. Note: It is normally used with iNets.
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EM Extraction - 8
The project LPF - will be changed to the new EM Mapping file. Be careful before you do this. Tip: Make a new EM mapping file - before you do this - so you dont overwrite the original.
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EM Simulation
EM Extraction - 9
Step 18: Select all the elements. - RC on properties - enable all of them for extraction under Model Options.
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EM Extraction - 10
Selecting the Extract block shows the elements are enabled for extraction.
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EM Extraction - 11
Step 19: RC on the schematic icon and Add Extraction. The EM project is created.
Tip: Its always a good idea to check things over the first time you extract. Look at the 3D, etc.
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EM Extraction - 12
Step 20: Enable AFS for the EM Project.
Simulate - and look at the results in the graph. Note the S parameters are automatically updated.
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EM Simulation
EM Extraction - 13
Note: After simulating the EM: I froze the traces: Ctrl - F. Went to the schematic and disabled the Extraction Block. Resimulated. There is a large difference in filter response.
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Viewing Currents
Currents can be viewed as a 3D annotation. Note: You cannot view currents with AFS turned on.
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Viewing Currents - 2
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