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Introduction (Script # 1)
Introduction (Script # 1)
BIOSTATISTICS
These are some notes that the doctor mentioned before start:
- We have two exam the first exam will be on 5th of March, the
second exam in 11th of April, the doctor will put the course description on e-Learning. - The book of this course is biostatistics foundation for analysis, and is available in book store. - The doctor said if you listen to lecture the question of exam will be from the lecture. - The doctor said if you come late for any reason it will be better don't enter the lecture because he dont like interruption .
Definition
We start with statistics and biostatistics Statistics: is a field of study concerned with:
- The collection, organization, summarization, and analysis of data. - The drawing inferences about a body of data when a part of data is observed. So statistics in general it is about collecting data for Example collecting data from this class (how many males and how many females, how many have Jordanian secondary certificate or non Jordanian, your grade in secondary certificate, your blood group.etc), this is what we called data
collection.
Then in organization we start organize the data for example, we divide blood grouping in four categories then we start analysis the data to see what is the percentage of those with blood group A or B..etc . Then based on that we could draw inference says most of student in this class lets say are males or most are females, or most of student graduated from secondary school certificate..etc. The only difference between statistics in general and biostatistics is in biostatistics we concerned with data from biological sciences, we dont talk about wind speed or directionetc, we are concerned with data from biological system, so biostatistics is tool of statistics used in biological sciences.
Source of data
Where we get our data from?
If we want data about student in Jordan University of Science and technology, where we can get it? Usually if we want data about student we go to student registration office or annual report of university, and if we want data about healthy status of Jordanian we can collect it from annual report of ministry of health or medical record. If we dont have these annual records, we do a survey by asking question to students and this is what we called surveys, or we can do experiments for example take blood sample from students and classify it to blood group, or we might go to scientific literature .
Common term used in statistics - Population: the whole group we are interested in, for
example we interested in Jordan University of Science and Technology students, so the whole number of university student is called population
Population
Variables
- A variable is a characteristic that take different values as we said height, weight and rate, different value for - Diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, these are different variable and each one has its own value.
Type of variables
What are the types of variable?
- Qualitative value: its quality and this mean lets say sick
or not sick, diabetics (yes or no), so its describe quality of the person or describe attitude of person .
Measurement
Now how we could measure variables? We have four different scales in measurement: 1- Nominal scales: like males or females, blood group ( A,
B, AB,O)and this nominal scales it's mutually exclusive that's mean if a person in this category, he/she can't be in other
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category, the person can't be in A and B category ,and also can't be male and female, so either he/she will categories in this group or other and this what we mean by mutually exclusive, and in nominal scale we can't say this group is better from another group.
Statistical inference
It's a conclusion we draw based on data about population based on information, usually we make the inference about population based on data we have from sample, let's say if we want to measure the weight of the students, I take sample and found the average weight is 65 KG, then we could said based on data that get from sample the average weight of JUST students is 65 KG, so we make inference from the data that got from sample and passed it to population and this is benefit of sample . In order to have good valid inference the sample should be random sample (each one has the same chance of being selected in sample).
Data
Data is number result from measuring or counting as we said discrete or continuous, so data is either measurement (body weight, body temperature) or counting (number of patient admitted in king Abdullah hospital) and both measurement and counting are called data and are also called variable because we have different number of people admitted in hospital and also we have different body temperature or body weight.
Statistic
Statistic is very useful and the person who writes statistical value, he/she could use it for passing judgment or sending message. for example in a class of two student, if someone says if I rank a second in a class my father will punch me and he/she can also says I rank the last in a class, both statements are right but one give different message from the other. Statistic gives the right answer in (95%) of time if it properly used, but if we take wrong sample the inference that we take from the sample is wrong, for example if you stand in basketball area and take sample to measure the height, you can't make inference for other students, or if we go to sick people to measure pulse rate we can't make inference for other population.
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Example
We make study and see the different in infant mortality rate between educated mothers and non educated.
It's not good to use phone during driving, but in order to be scientific we have to make study and see the number of accident resulting from using cell phones while driving compare to number of accident without using it.
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