RADAR level transmitters RADAR level transmitters allow simple and reliable non-contact level measurement of fluids in a metal

tank. The microprocessor-controlled electronics transmit a 6.3 GHz electromagnetic pulse at the fluid's surface, which is then reflected back to the antenna. The "round trip" time of flight is then calculated to determine the fluid level in the container.

Ultrasonic flow meter

The meter can measure pure water, wash water, sewage, process liquids, oils, and other light homogeneous liquids. The basic requirement is that the fluid be capable of ultrasonic wave propagation and have a reasonably axis-symmetrical flow. Level Switch Displacer Displacer actuated units are less sensitive to surface wave action than other models which are actuated by floats. Spring opposed displacer type units are suited to difficult services where the fluid contains entrained solids or otherwise would tend to cause hang-ups in float actuated units. Operation is based on a buoyancy principle. A displacer, which is more dense than the process liquid is suspended from a spring. The length of the spring is proportional to the amount of weight that it supports; the less the weight, the longer the spring will be. When liquid covers a displacer, an amount of weight equal to the weight of the process liquid displaced, is removed from the spring and supported by the process liquid. The spring length is proportionally increased and the attractor is moved up into the field of the switch station magnet. The magnet is pulled in against the outside of the sealing tube and the output switch is actuated. Similarly, when the process fluid uncovers the displacer, the displacer liquid weight is transferred back to the spring. The length of the spring is decreased to its original length and the attractor is pulled out of the field of the magnet. The magnet returns to its original position and the output switch deactivates. The two separate displacers are supported by a single spring. As the liquid covers the first displacer, the spring lifts the entire displacer assembly (along with the attractor) upward a precise amount. The second switch station will be operated as the liquid level continues to rise covering the upper displacer. The displacers may be placed on the cable at widely separated points and the switch action will then be produced when the liquid level surface covers a displacer at the separated points.

Level Switch Fork The TFLS incorporates a piezoelectric crystal that vibrates the fork at its natural frequency. When the fork comes in contact with material the vibration is dampened and the switch changes state. As the fork becomes free of material the switch changes back to its normal state. Intrinsically safe: Intrinsically safe is defined as "equipment and wiring that are incapable of releasing sufficient electrical energy to cause ignition of a specific hazardous mixture in its most easily ignited concentration." Valves Types Gate = on/off Globe = Throttling (normally called S valve) Check = To prevent back flow Plug = ON/Off( for corrosive solutions, Lubrication is required) Ball = on/off (no lubrication is required) Butterfly = Throttling device

Thermowells: Thermo wells are pressure-tight receptacles that extend the life of a temperature in environments where the sensor is not chemically compatible with the process media or the sensor does not have the mechanical strength to withstand the process flow or pressure.

Thermowells also facilitate removing, changing, checking or replacing sensors without draining the process system. The use of standardized thermowells throughout a plant permits easy relocation of sensors. Pulsation Damper: The performance of a pulsation damper in a hydraulic circuit with a dosing or metering pump-with piston or membrane- is to stabilise the variable and oscillating flow in each revolution of such type of pumps.( we will see later the characteristics of this types of pumps) The main performance of this pumps is to deliver a constant volume of liquid during one complete revolution with independence of the circuit resistance or pressure. When a pulsation damper has been installed the volume supplied by the pump during a complete rotation or work cycle is divided in two parts; one is going to the circuit needs and the other part goes into the pulsation dampener. This volume stored into the dampener is returned immediately to the circuit while the pump is in its suction cycle. Second definition for pulsation damper: Pulsation dampers are normal applied immediately downstream of reciprocating, positive displacement (PD) pumps. Whether simplex metering pumps or large triplex machines, reciprocating PD pumps produce pulsating flows. And with each pulsation comes a resultant pressure peak. These pressure peaks may not be desirable in a given piping system, therefore the need for pulsation dampers. Generally, the application of pulsation dampers is based on one or more of the following criteria: to prevent potential pipe hammer / vibration , to reduce the load on the pump itself , to minimize or eliminate pulsations for the benefit of downstream instrumentation ,or to minimize or eliminate pulsations as a dictate of process In these instances, the size of the pulsation dampers relative to the displaced volume per stroke of the pump, limits pressure peaks to a pre-determined level. A gas charge pressure of nominally 80% of mean system pressure is separated from the process fluid by some sort of membrane, e.g. elastomeric bladder, diaphragm, or bellows. If actuality, these devices work much like a filter in a power supply as it converts the ripple of a rectified sine wave into dc current. Solenoid Operated Valves
Solenoid operated valves are devices that control the flow of liquids or gases. When energized, a magnetic field builds in the wire coil of the solenoid and this attracts the plunger to the iron top, against the force of the plunger spring. When de-energised, the magnetic field collapses, the plunger returns to its original position and the valve re-sets to its normal position. Straightening vane: Straightening Vanes installed in the upstream section of a meter tube reduces disturbance before irregular flow reaches the meter. That means a smoothing flow, creating a consistent flow profile for the meter, increasing meter accuracy for the user. Sump pump:

A sump pump is a pump used for drainage that removes accumulated water from a sump pit. Sump pumps are installed particularly where

basement flooding is seen as a problem, but are also used to ameliorate dampness by lowering the water table under the foundation. Ingress Protection Rating
There are six IP ratings for protection against foreign objects. Type 0 enclosures do not provide protection. Type 1 (>50 mm), Type 2 (>12 mm), Type 3 (>2.5 mm), and Type 4 (1 mm) enclosures provide protection against foreign objects of various sizes. Type 5 enclosures provide protection against dust. Type 6 enclosures are dust-tight. There are eight IP ratings for protection against moisture. Type 0 enclosures do not provide protection. Type 1 and Type 2 protect the enclosed equipment against dripping water. Terminal and junction boxes with Type 3 (spraying water), Type 4 (splashing water), Type 5 (water jets), Type 6 (heavy seas), Type 7 (immersion), and Type 8 (submersion) IP ratings are also available.