Math 1217 Integration Summary INDEFINITE INTEGRALS f (x) dx = the indenite integral of f (x) (also known as the general

antiderivative of f (x).) f (x) dx = the ( most general ) function that, when dierentiated, gives you f (x). f (x) dx = F (x) + C if and only if 0 dx = C sin x dx = cos x + C sec2 x dx = tan x + C csc2 x dx = cot x + C ex dx = ex + C ax ax dx = ln a + C
1 1x2 d dx F (x)

= f (x) (with a little explaination).

n+1

xn dx = x n+1 + C, n = 1, any real number cos x dx = sin x + C, sec x tan x dx = sec x + C csc x cot x dx = csc x + C, 1 x dx = ln |x| + C

dx = sin1 x + C
sec1 x + C on intervals where x 1

1 1+x2

dx = tan1 x + C

1 x x2 1

dx =

sec1 x + C on intervals where x 1

Additional Rules/Techniques: 1. cf (x)dx = c Example: 3 dx = 5 + 5x2 2. f (x) g(x)dx = Example: x6 + 1 1 x 1 x2 dx = x6 dx + dx x 1 x7 dx = + ln |x| sin1 x + C. 7 1 x2 f (x)dx 3 5 1 1 + x2 dx = 3 5 dx 3 = tan1 (x) + C. 2 1+x 5 f (x)dx, c any constant

g(x)dx.

3. You can simplify an expression before integrating. Example: x3 4x + 1 4 x2 dx = x + x2 dx = 4 ln |x| x1 + C. x2 x 2 NOTE: Given an integral f (x)dx, rst see if any of the above formulae can be used. If not ask if there is a way to simplify/rewrite f (x) so that a formulae can be used. If not then consider trying the Substitution Rule below: 4. Substitution Rule: Given f (g(x))g (x)dx let u = g(x), (the inner function) then dierentiate both sides to obtain du = g (x) then nally solve for du. du = g (x)dx. Carry out the substitution, bringing in the u dx and du. You end up with the integral: f (u)du Which hopefully can now be integrated.

More formulae/techniques coming from the substitution rule and trig identities: 1. 2. 3. 4. tan(x) dx = ln | sec(x)| + C. cot(x) dx = ln | sin(x)| + C. sec(x) dx = ln | sec(x) + tan(x)| + C. csc(x) dx = ln | csc(x) cot(x)| + C. sinm (x) cosn (x) dx where m, n are non-negative integers and at least one of n

5. To integrate

and m is odd, make a substitution u = sin(x) or u = cos(x) (as appropriate) and use the identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1. 6. To integrate by
1cos(2x) 2

sinm (x) cosn (x) dx where m, n are both non-negative even integers, replace sin2 (x) and cos2 (x) by
1+cos 2x . 2

7. To integrate

secm (x) tann (x) dx where m, n are non-negative integers and it is not the case

that m is odd and n is even, try to make a substitution u = tan(x) or u = sec(x) (as appropriate) and use the identity tan2 x + 1 = cos2 x. If this doesnt work you probably need integration by parts or a reduction formula.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
b

1.
a

f (x)dx = the net signed area trapped between the xaxis and f (x) from x = a to x = b.
b

I.e.
a

f (x)dx = (the total area of the regions trapped above the x - axis and below f (x) ) -

(the total area of the regions trapped below the x-axis and above y = f (x).) 2. Some basic properties of denite integrals are:
a

(a)
a b

f (x) dx = 0. (There is no net area under a point).

a

(b)
a

f (x) dx =
b

f (x) dx. (If you swap the limits of integration the sign changes.)
c b c

(c) If a b c then
a

f (x) dx =
a

f (x) dx +
b

f (x) dx.
a

(d) If f (x) is an odd function (symmetric about the origin) then

a a

f (x) dx = 0.
a

(e) If f (x) is an even function (symmetric about the yaxis) then

a

f (x) dx = 2
0

f (x) dx.

(f) If f (x) g(x) h(x) on the interval [a, b] then

b b b

f (x) dx
a a

g(x) dx
a

h(x) dx.