Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

Bernd Schr der o

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separation of Variables
1. Solution technique for partial differential equations.

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separation of Variables
1. Solution technique for partial differential equations. 2. If the unknown function u depends on variables r, , t, we assume there is a solution of the form u = R(r)D( )T(t).

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separation of Variables
1. Solution technique for partial differential equations. 2. If the unknown function u depends on variables r, , t, we assume there is a solution of the form u = R(r)D( )T(t). 3. The special form of this solution function allows us to replace the original partial differential equation with several ordinary differential equations.

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separation of Variables
1. Solution technique for partial differential equations. 2. If the unknown function u depends on variables r, , t, we assume there is a solution of the form u = R(r)D( )T(t). 3. The special form of this solution function allows us to replace the original partial differential equation with several ordinary differential equations. 4. Key step: If f (t) = g(r, ), then f and g must be constant.

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separation of Variables
1. Solution technique for partial differential equations. 2. If the unknown function u depends on variables r, , t, we assume there is a solution of the form u = R(r)D( )T(t). 3. The special form of this solution function allows us to replace the original partial differential equation with several ordinary differential equations. 4. Key step: If f (t) = g(r, ), then f and g must be constant. 5. Solutions of the ordinary differential equations we obtain must typically be processed some more to give useful results for the partial differential equations.

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separation of Variables
1. Solution technique for partial differential equations. 2. If the unknown function u depends on variables r, , t, we assume there is a solution of the form u = R(r)D( )T(t). 3. The special form of this solution function allows us to replace the original partial differential equation with several ordinary differential equations. 4. Key step: If f (t) = g(r, ), then f and g must be constant. 5. Solutions of the ordinary differential equations we obtain must typically be processed some more to give useful results for the partial differential equations. 6. Some very powerful and deep theorems can be used to formally justify the approach for many equations involving the Laplace operator.
Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

How Deep?

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

How Deep?

plus about 200 pages of really awesome functional analysis.

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

The Equation u = k

u t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

The Equation u = k
1. Its the heat equation.

u t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

The Equation u = k

1. Its the heat equation. 2. Consideration in two dimensions may mean we analyze heat transfer in a thin sheet of metal.

u t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

The Equation u = k

1. Its the heat equation. 2. Consideration in two dimensions may mean we analyze heat transfer in a thin sheet of metal. 3. It may also mean that we are working with a cylindrical geometry in which there is no variation in the z-direction. (Heating a metal cylinder in a water bath.)

u t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

u (Temporal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u u + + 2 2 = k 2 r r r t r

u (Temporal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u u + + 2 2 = k 2 r r r t r u(r, , t)

u (Temporal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u u + + 2 2 = k 2 r r r t r u(r, , t) = R(r)D()T(t)

u (Temporal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u u + + 2 2 = k 2 r r r t r u(r, , t) = R(r)D()T(t) = R D T

u (Temporal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u u + + 2 2 = k 2 r r r t r u(r, , t) = R(r)D()T(t) = R D T 2 1 1 2 RDT + RDT + 2 2 RDT = k RDT r r t r2 r

u (Temporal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u u + + 2 2 = k 2 r r r t r u(r, , t) = R(r)D()T(t) = R D T 2 1 1 2 RDT + RDT + 2 2 RDT = k RDT r r t r2 r R DT

u (Temporal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u u + + 2 2 = k 2 r r r t r u(r, , t) = R(r)D()T(t) = R D T 2 1 1 2 RDT + RDT + 2 2 RDT = k RDT r r t r2 r 1 R DT + R DT r

u (Temporal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u u + + 2 2 = k 2 r r r t r u(r, , t) = R(r)D()T(t) = R D T 2 1 1 2 RDT + RDT + 2 2 RDT = k RDT r r t r2 r 1 1 R DT + R DT + 2 RD T r r

u (Temporal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u u + + 2 2 = k 2 r r r t r u(r, , t) = R(r)D()T(t) = R D T 2 1 1 2 RDT + RDT + 2 2 RDT = k RDT r r t r2 r 1 1 R DT + R DT + 2 RD T = kRDT r r

u (Temporal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u u + + 2 2 = k 2 r r r t r u(r, , t) = R(r)D()T(t) = R D T 2 1 1 2 RDT + RDT + 2 2 RDT = k RDT r r t r2 r 1 1 R DT + R DT + 2 RD T = kRDT r r R D + 1 R D + r12 RD r RD

u (Temporal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u u + + 2 2 = k 2 r r r t r u(r, , t) = R(r)D()T(t) = R D T 2 1 1 2 RDT + RDT + 2 2 RDT = k RDT r r t r2 r 1 1 R DT + R DT + 2 RD T = kRDT r r R D + 1 R D + r12 RD T r =k T RD

u (Temporal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u + + r2 r r r2 2 u(r, , t) = R(r)D()T(t) = R D T 2 1 1 2 RDT + RDT + 2 2 RDT r r r2 r 1 1 R DT + R DT + 2 RD T r r R D + 1 R D + r12 RD T r =k T RD

u (Temporal Part) t

= k

u t RDT t

= k

= kRDT = 2

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u + + r2 r r r2 2 u(r, , t) = R(r)D()T(t) = R D T 2 1 1 2 RDT + RDT + 2 2 RDT r r r2 r 1 1 R DT + R DT + 2 RD T r r R D + 1 R D + r12 RD T r =k T RD Constant is negative,

u (Temporal Part) t

= k

u t RDT t

= k

= kRDT = 2

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u u + + 2 2 = k 2 r r r t r u(r, , t) = R(r)D()T(t) = R D T 2 1 1 2 RDT + RDT + 2 2 RDT = k RDT r r t r2 r 1 1 R DT + R DT + 2 RD T = kRDT r r R D + 1 R D + r12 RD T r =k = 2 T RD c T c Constant is negative, because = gives T = ae k t . T k
logo1 Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science

u (Temporal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u u + + 2 2 = k 2 r r r t r u(r, , t) = R(r)D()T(t) = R D T 2 1 1 2 RDT + RDT + 2 2 RDT = k RDT r r t r2 r 1 1 R DT + R DT + 2 RD T = kRDT r r R D + 1 R D + r12 RD T r =k = 2 T RD c T c Constant is negative, because = gives T = ae k t . Now T k k > 0 forces c < 0,
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u (Temporal Part) t

Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

2u 1 u 1 2u u + + 2 2 = k 2 r r r t r u(r, , t) = R(r)D()T(t) = R D T 2 1 1 2 RDT + RDT + 2 2 RDT = k RDT r r t r2 r 1 1 R DT + R DT + 2 RD T = kRDT r r R D + 1 R D + r12 RD T r =k = 2 T RD c T c Constant is negative, because = gives T = ae k t . Now T k k > 0 forces c < 0, otherwise temperature would increase exponentially with no energy input.
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u (Temporal Part) t

Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

u (Azimuthal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

R D + 1 R D + r12 RD r RD

u (Azimuthal Part) t

= 2

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

R D + 1 R D + r12 RD r RD R D + 1R D r RD

u (Azimuthal Part) t

= 2
1 RD r2

+2 =

RD

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

R D + 1 R D + r12 RD r

u (Azimuthal Part) t

= 2 RD 1 R D + 1R D 2 RD r +2 = r RD RD 2 R + rR D r + r2 2 = R D

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

R D + 1 R D + r12 RD r

u (Azimuthal Part) t

= 2 RD 1 R D + 1R D 2 RD r +2 = r RD RD 2 R + rR D r = 2 + r2 2 = R D

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

R D + 1 R D + r12 RD r

u (Azimuthal Part) t

= 2 RD 1 R D + 1R D 2 RD r +2 = r RD RD 2 R + rR D r = 2 + r2 2 = R D

The constant is nonnegative:

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

= 2 RD 1 R D + 1R D 2 RD r +2 = r RD RD 2 R + rR D r = 2 + r2 2 = R D D The constant is nonnegative: = c leads to D + cD = 0. D

R D + 1 R D + r12 RD r

u (Azimuthal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

= 2 RD 1 R D + 1R D 2 RD r +2 = r RD RD 2 R + rR D r = 2 + r2 2 = R D D The constant is nonnegative: = c leads to D + cD = 0. D But D must be 2-periodic.

R D + 1 R D + r12 RD r

u (Azimuthal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

= 2 RD 1 R D + 1R D 2 RD r +2 = r RD RD 2 R + rR D r = 2 + r2 2 = R D D The constant is nonnegative: = c leads to D + cD = 0. D But D must be 2-periodic. For negative c we get nonperiodic exponential solutions.

R D + 1 R D + r12 RD r

u (Azimuthal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

= 2 RD 1 R D + 1R D 2 RD r +2 = r RD RD 2 R + rR D r = 2 + r2 2 = R D D The constant is nonnegative: = c leads to D + cD = 0. D But D must be 2-periodic. For negative c we get nonperiodic exponential solutions. Thus c = 2 , where is a nonnegative integer,

R D + 1 R D + r12 RD r

u (Azimuthal Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

= 2 RD 1 R D + 1R D 2 RD r +2 = r RD RD 2 R + rR D r = 2 + r2 2 = R D D The constant is nonnegative: = c leads to D + cD = 0. D But D must be 2-periodic. For negative c we get nonperiodic exponential solutions. Thus c = 2 , where is a nonnegative integer, because then D( ) = c1 cos( ) + c2 sin( ), which is 2-periodic.
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R D + 1 R D + r12 RD r

u (Azimuthal Part) t

Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

u (Radial Part) t

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

u (Radial Part) t

r2 R + rR + r2 2 = 2 R

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

u (Radial Part) t

r2 R + rR + r2 2 = 2 R r2 R + rR + r2 2 R = 2 R

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

u (Radial Part) t

r2 R + rR + r2 2 = 2 R r2 R + rR + r2 2 R = 2 R r2 R + rR + 2 r2 2 R = 0

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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Introduction

in a Rotationally Symmetric 2d Geometry

Separating Polar Coordinates

Separating the Equation u = k

u (Radial Part) t

r2 R + rR + r2 2 = 2 R r2 R + rR + r2 2 R = 2 R r2 R + rR + 2 r2 2 R = 0 and the last equation is called the parametric Bessel equation.

Bernd Schr der o Separation of Variables Bessel Equations

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