IME 301 - ENGINEERING MATERIALS NOVEMBER 20, 2008

STRENGTHENING THROUGH WORK HARDENING AND GRAIN SIZE REDUCTION

Reading Review and Class Preparation

This should be filled out prior to class.

Key Concepts to Be Discussed in Class:

Questions About Subject Matter for Class Session:

So What? Why? Who Cares?

! Inhibiting Dislocation Motion or Polymer Chain Movement Strengthens Materials
! Stretching Brass, Aluminum and Polymers can Quadruple Yield Stress
" Accompanied by Decrease in Ductility
! Reducing Cooling Temperature Can Have Similar Results
! Both Undone By Elevated Temperature Exposure

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IME 301 - ENGINEERING MATERIALS NOVEMBER 20, 2008
STRENGTHENING THROUGH WORK HARDENING AND GRAIN SIZE REDUCTION

Plan for Today

Focus
• Processing Changes
Structure
• Inhibit Dislocation Motion
• Design Decisions and
Implications

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IME 301 - ENGINEERING MATERIALS NOVEMBER 20, 2008
STRENGTHENING THROUGH WORK HARDENING AND GRAIN SIZE REDUCTION

Concept Question
! What is the Key to Strengthening Ductile Metals?
" What Properties are Most Effected?
" Which are Not?
" What has to Happen at the Atomic Level?
! How Do Processing and Structure Relate to This
" Why?
" How?
" What Limitations Must Be Considered?

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IME 301 - ENGINEERING MATERIALS NOVEMBER 20, 2008
STRENGTHENING THROUGH WORK HARDENING AND GRAIN SIZE REDUCTION

Work Hardening
! Dislocation Motion Inhibited by Other Dislocations

Example of C110 Copper 250

! Look At General Stress Strain Curve
" Ductility
" Necking Occurs 200
! What If?
" 20% WH
" Load to ,= 0.2 150
" Unload

100

50

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Strain

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IME 301 - ENGINEERING MATERIALS NOVEMBER 20, 2008
STRENGTHENING THROUGH WORK HARDENING AND GRAIN SIZE REDUCTION

Elastic Recovery 250

! Definition of Elasticity
" Energy Recovered
! When Plastically Deformed 200
! Still Elastic Portion
! Shrinkage Observed
150

100

50

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Strain

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IME 301 - ENGINEERING MATERIALS NOVEMBER 20, 2008
STRENGTHENING THROUGH WORK HARDENING AND GRAIN SIZE REDUCTION

Copper - 20% WH 250

! Pick Up in Lab
" Test
! Different Results 200
" Higher Yield Stress
" Less Ductility
" Same Modulus 150
! Dislocations
" Make Difference
100

50

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Strain

Comparison of Properties 250

! One Stress -Strain Curve
! Work Hardened
! Original 200

150

100

50

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Strain

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IME 301 - ENGINEERING MATERIALS NOVEMBER 20, 2008
STRENGTHENING THROUGH WORK HARDENING AND GRAIN SIZE REDUCTION

Work Hardening - Dislocations

! Strength Increase Can Be Attributed to Dislocation Density

σ = σ 0 + αGb ρ

∆ σ = αGb ρ
2
 ∆σ 
ρ=  
 αGb 

Example - Al 3003
! Dislocation Density
" Increases Yield Stress
" Decreases Ductility
" Increases UTS

Grade YS (MPa) Dens. cm-2 Ductility UTS MPa

3003-0 41 Nominal 0.30 110
3003-H12 124 3.7E+10 0.10 131
3003-H14 145 5.8E+10 0.08 152
3003-H16 172 9.2E+10 0.05 179

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IME 301 - ENGINEERING MATERIALS NOVEMBER 20, 2008
STRENGTHENING THROUGH WORK HARDENING AND GRAIN SIZE REDUCTION

Team Problem 400

! Consider Brass 15% WH
" Compare the Stress 350
Strain Curves
" How Are Processing
and Structure Related 300

to the Strength
Increase?1 250
! Which Material has the 400

Higher Upper Use 350

200
Temperature? 300

" How Do Processing

250
and Structure Play a 150
Role in This1 200

150
100
100

50
50
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Strain
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Strain

1
You will be required to combine your knowledge of processing and structure with
mechanical properties and strengthening on future tests and the final exam. This is part of the
explanation demonstrating clear reasoning. It will not be explicitly stated in the question.

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IME 301 - ENGINEERING MATERIALS NOVEMBER 20, 2008
STRENGTHENING THROUGH WORK HARDENING AND GRAIN SIZE REDUCTION

Grain Size
! Grain Boundaries Inhibit the Motion of
Dislocations

Effect of Grain Boundaries

! Hall-Petch Relation

ky
σ = σ0 +
d

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IME 301 - ENGINEERING MATERIALS NOVEMBER 20, 2008
STRENGTHENING THROUGH WORK HARDENING AND GRAIN SIZE REDUCTION

Grain Size Effect in Copper 1200

1000
ky
σ = σ0 + 800
d
600
! Parameters
" k=0.11 MPa m1/2
" F0= 25.50 MPa 400
! Nanoscale
! Doubling Ranges 200

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Grain Diameter (microns)

Effect of Grain Size in Copper

! Note log Scale
! Nanoscale Possibilities

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IME 301 - ENGINEERING MATERIALS NOVEMBER 20, 2008
STRENGTHENING THROUGH WORK HARDENING AND GRAIN SIZE REDUCTION

Team Problem
! Assuming that Red Brass has Similar Properties to Copper
" G=42GPa
" r=0.128nm
" k=0.11 MPa m1/2
" F0= 25.50 MPa
! Determine the Grain Size Required to Acheive the Same Effect as WH the Material by 15%
" How Are Processing and Structure Related to the Strength Increase?2
! Which of the 3 Materials will Have the Higher Upper Use Temperature?
" How Do Processing and Structure Play a Role in This2

2
You will be required to combine your knowledge of processing and structure with
mechanical properties and strengthening on future tests and the final exam. This is part of the
explanation demonstrating clear reasoning. It will not be explicitly stated in the question.

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IME 301 - ENGINEERING MATERIALS NOVEMBER 20, 2008
STRENGTHENING THROUGH WORK HARDENING AND GRAIN SIZE REDUCTION

Summary
! Application to Improve Properties
" Lab Experience
" Tests
! Inhibition of Dislocation Motion
" Dislocations as Barriers
" Grain Boundaries as Barriers
! Stress-Strain Diagram Presentation
" Best Way to Present Data
! Processing-Structure-Property Relations
" Key To Answering Questions Regarding Strengthening and Mechanical Properties

Final Notes
This should be filled out after class
Key Concepts HW Connection Questions Remaining

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IME 301 - ENGINEERING MATERIALS NOVEMBER 20, 2008
STRENGTHENING THROUGH WORK HARDENING AND GRAIN SIZE REDUCTION

Homework Data
(Some of this data is estimated and should not be used as a reference for design)

Alloy YS (MPa) UTS (MPa) Ductility (%)

1060-O 28 69 43
1060-H12 76 83 16
1060-H14 90 97 12
1060-H18 125 130 6

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