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壹、基因改造食品簡介2012
壹、基因改造食品簡介2012
2/22
2/29
3/07
3/14
3/21
3/28
()
4/04
4/11
4/18
()
10
4/25
11
5/02
12
5/09
13
5/16
14
5/23
15
5/30
()
16
6/06
()
17
6/13
()
18
6/20
20%
40%
40%
1.
|
2.
|
(Bt
)
3.
|
()
4. ()
|
5.
|
()
1996
25
6.
|
7.
|
DNA
8.
|
9.?
|
(
)
GMO,GMM,GMFandLMO
GMO:GeneticallyModifiedOrganism
GMM:GeneticallyModifiedMicroorganism
GMF:GeneticallyModifiedFood
96/10/04GMO
GMO
|
|
z
z OOO
z OO
Figure1.AdoptionofBtcotton
35
% Cotton Area
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Figure2.SpreadofBtbyprovince(percent
100
Hebei
% cotton area
80
S handon
Henan
60
Anhui
40
J iangsu
Others
20
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
1. (Bt)
2. (Roundup)
10
Bt
Bt (Bacillusthuringiensis)
()
Cry(deltaendotoxin)
BtCry
Bt
Bacillusthuringiensis
11
Bt
(crystal)
| :
1.cryI()
2.cryII(,)
3.cryIII()
4.cryIV()
5.cryV()
Bt
Bt?
12
Bt
|
|
|
|
|
|
= >
Bt
13
1. 2.
3.
4.Bt
1. 2.
3.
4.
Europeancornborer
Btcorn
14
5
4
3
2
1
0
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
Year
1998
: 5.3
: 1.4
:>5
2.0
Bt 19992001
1999
2000
2001
a
%
a
%
a
%
nonBt
9
2
22
31
9
29
49
6
12
nonBt
Bt
37
4
11
58
11
19
96
10
10
Bt
236
11
5
318
23
7
221
19
8
15
Bt:
z 1520 12
z 19992000
1 2500
(Rootworm)
()
16
(Bacillusthuringiensis strain149B1)
z Cry34Ab1(14kDa) Cry35Ab1(44kDa)
z
/
Liberty
z
|
|
DowAgroSciences
(NovelBtProteinDevelopedwithPioneerHybrid)
34
1999
17
1. (Bt)
2. (Roundup)
Roundup
Glyphosate
Herbicide
()
Roundup Monsanto
18
Roundup
Roundup:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Roundup
Glyphosate TolerantCrops
RoundupReady
Monsanto
19
Roundup
EPSPS
+
Roundup Ready
EPSPS
CP4EPSPS
Roundup
1.EPSPS
()
2.CP4EPSPS
Agrobacterium sp.strainCP4
20
Roundup
RoundupReady
CP4EPSPS
RoundupReady Soybean(RRS)
Line4032(Monsanto,1995)
RRS
21
(Golden rice)
22
200110
23
A
A
(300)
A
(Science,1999,285:994995)
24
/
/
/
/
/
/
25
GMO
|
z
z
z
:
z
z
z
z
z
DNA
GMO DNA
(crossing)
z
z
z
()
GMO
:
| (USDA):
(SafetoGrow)
| (EPA):
(SafefortheEnvironment)
(FDA):
(SafetoEat)
26
GMO
GMO
GMO
GMO
USDA
EPA
FDA
|
z
z
z
/
/ /
|
z
z
z
z
/
//
/
/
/
/
/
27
(mice)
28
~1012
Assessmentoftheallergenicpotentialoffoodsderivedfromgenetically
engineeredcropplants ILSIdecisiontree1996
Yes
SourceofGene
SourceofGene
(Allergenic)
(Allergenic)
Yes
SolidPhaseImmunoassay
Commonly
Allergenic
LessCommonly
Allergenic
Yes
No
DBPCFC
(IRB)
No(<5sera)
Yes
No(>5sera)
SkinPrick
Test
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
STOP
orlabel
No
Sequence
Similarity
No
Stabilityto
Digestion/
Processing
No
Consultwith
Reg.Agency
forappropriate
furthertests
Reg.Approval/Market
29
Aventis,DowAgroSciences,
Monsanto,Novartis,DuPontSpecialty
Grains,Pioneer/DuPont
DNA
30
DNA
Aventis,DowAgroSciences
,
Aventis,DowAgroSciences,
Monsanto,Novartis,DuPontSpecialtyGrains,
Pioneer/DuPont
Pioneer/DuPont
06/27/00
DNA
31
FDA
( GAO02566GeneticallyModifiedFood,May2002)
Notes:
Fig.2representstypicaltestsundertakenbyacompany
inthesafetyassessmentofaGMfood.Thefigure
isnotmeanttobeacomprehensiveillustration
thatisusedineverysafetyassessment.
Antinutrients aretestedasasubsetoftoxicity.In
addition,theyareoftenmeasuredwithasimple
nutrition/compositionprofile.
Ifacompanytransfersgeneticmaterialfroman
allergenicsourceandundertakesserumscreening
tests,itdoesnothavetogothroughserum
screeningagainifinvitro digestibilitytestsuncover
asimilaritytoanallergen.Atsuchapoint,itwould
beassessedbyaminoacidsequencesimilarityand
invitro digestibilitytestsforpotentialtoxicity.
IfacompanyreachestheStop(orconsult) decision
point,thentherearefoodsafetyconcernsabout
allergenicity ortoxicityissues.Atthispoint,FDAs
1992policystatementsaysthecompanyshould
consultwithFDA.However,thisusuallymeansthe
companywilldiscontinuedevelopmentoftheGM
productbecauseofallergenicity ortoxicity
concerns.AcompanymayconsultwithFDAif
therewerechangesinthenutrition/composition
profilethatwereintended.
GMO
( GAO02566GeneticallyModifiedFood,May2002)
32
GeneralAccountingOffice
( GAO02566GeneticallyModifiedFood,May2002)
33
|
|
(substantialequivalence)
GMO
USDA,FDA,EPA
2001.1.17
GMOs
GM
GMOGMOs
0.9%
GMO
1998GMOs
34
|
|
200141
30
GMOnoGMOunsorted
GMOs
5% GMOs
18
GMOs
(ANZFSC)
1999 5 13
2000 12 7
GMO1%
35
2001.3.1()
GMO 3%
GMOs
GMOs
20052010
GMOs 50%
36
37
IIIIIIIV
|
|
38
39
40
41
42
43
/
/
44
(PRSV)
45
z
z
12
46
z
z
z
z
|
|
|
|
47
48
49
|
|
z
z
z
z
z
|
|
|
|
|
/
/
24
GMO5%
50
92.1.1
93.1.1
94.1.1
51
52
(GMFAC)
|
200120032006
20082010
2012
()
()
z
z
z
z
53
|
|
54
()
|
|
|
13
7
4
55
()
|
91.07.22 ( 10) 22
98.02.17 ( 3) 24
56
57
(90.1.1)
-
(90.1.1)
()
58
-
(90.1.1)
59
()
Bt(
)
60
61
62
|
|
|
|
63
|
|
|
|
|
19988
lectin
64
TheRoyalSociety
ReviewofdataonpossibletoxicityofGM
potatoes
June1999Ref:11/99
20009
StarLink
FDA
FDACDC
65
InvestigationofHumanHealthEffectAssociatedwith
PotentialExposuretoGeneticallyModifiedCorn
AReport
totheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration
fromtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention
June11,2001
66
http://www.who.int/fsf/
67
30
Food
Safety 70
20
?
(
)
B1
1
129)
Q&A
Tel:(02)33664519
Fax:(02)33663838
Email:tmpan@ntu.edu.tw
68