Tom Ware

Science assignment

20/02/12

1.a) Te = TD/D Td = torque at drive shaft (Nm) D = distance (radius) of torque lever. = 0.3 m Td = Te x O.R x t Te = torque at crankshaft (Nm) = 170 Nm t = transmission efficiency = 90/100 = 0.9 O.R 1st = overall gear ratio = 3.66 x 4.4 = 16.104:1 Td = 170 x 16.104 x 0.9 = 2454.12 Nm Td = F x D F= F= F = 8180.4 Te 1st = 8180.4 N Te 2nd = = = 3141.6 N Te 3rd = = = 3141.6 N Te 4th = = = 2176.68 N

Science Assignment

Tom Ware

Science assignment

20/02/12

Te 5th = = = 1683 N b) Road speed of vehicle in each gear: engine RPM/O.G.R x Circumference = metres per min x 60 = metres per hour divide metres by hour by 100 to achieve kilometres per hour. Circumference = 2R = 2 x x 0.3 = 1.88

1st gear = 4300/16.104 = 267.01 267.01 x 1.88 = 503.3 m/min 503.3 x 60 = 30198 m/hour 30198/1000 = 30.198 kph 2nd gear = 4300/9.064 = 474.4 474.4 x 1.88 = 893.4 m/min 893.4 x 60 = 53604 m/hour 53604/1000 = 53 kph 3rd gear = 4300/6.16 = 698 698 x 1.88 = 1315.6 m/min 1315.6 x 60 = 78936 m/hour 78936/1000 = 78 kph 4th gear = 4300/4.268 = 1007.4 1007.4 x 1.88 = 1898.9 m/min 1898.9 x 60 = 113934 m/hour 113934/1000 = 113 kph

5th gear = 4300/3.3 = 1303

Science Assignment

Tom Ware

Science assignment

20/02/12

1303 x 1.88 = 2456 m/min 2546 x 60 = 147360 m/hour 147360/1000 = 147 kph

c) i. Tractive effort = The tractive effort of a vehicle is the effort the vehicle must produce to pull a load. The heavier the load the more tractive effort is needed to propel the vehicle. ii. Rolling resistance = The rolling resistance of a vehicle comes from the flattening of the road tyres whilst moving. The flattening of the tyre produces a resisting torque and therefore produces a rolling resistance and reduces the overall effectiveness of the propelling force. iii. gradient resistance = The gradient resistance of a vehicle is the resistance the vehicle has to do going up an incline. The steeper the gradient of the incline the more gradient resistance there is on the vehicle for example an incline of 1 in 100 requires a force of only 100th of the weight of the vehicle to go up the incline. iv. Air resistance = The air resistance of a vehicle is the resistance the vehicle has to push through the air at low speeds there is relatively low air resistance and at high speeds a very high resistance this all can very depending on the shape of the vehicle and its cross sectional frontal area. A truck travelling at 70 mph will have much more air resistance than a sports car at 70 mph. v. Transmission efficiency = The transmission efficiency of a vehicle is defined by how much energy it can retain in any given gear introducing factors like the type of clutch mechanism use and slip produced by that clutch as well as losses due to friction etc.

Science Assignment

Tom Ware

Science assignment

20/02/12

2. kerbside weight = 1360 kg rolling resistance = 140 N per 1000 kg frontal area = 2 m2 drag coefficient = 0.25 a) rolling resistance = 140/1000 = 0.14 N per kg 0.14 x 1360 = 190.4 the rolling resistance of the vehicle is 190.4 N

b) gradient resistance (Rg) at a 1 in 20 or 5% incline.

A c

b=1

a = 20

Use Pythagoras to identify c. 202 + 12 = c1 = 401 = 20.024 Sin B = o/h Sin B = 1/20.024 = 0.04994 Sin-1 0.04994 = 2.8625 Rg = 1360 x 9.81 x 0.04994 = 666.27 N or 0.666 kN c) Air resistance at 100 kph = Ra = KAv2 K = drag coefficient = 0.25 A = frontal area = 2m2 V = velocity = 100 kph or 27.77 m/sec
Science Assignment

Tom Ware

Science assignment

20/02/12

Ra = 0.25 x 2 x (27.77)2 = 285.6 N the air resistance at 100 kph = 385.6 N d) Total tractive resistance at 70 kph = Rr + Rg + Ra = Rt Rr = 190.4 N Rg = 0 N Ra = KAv2 K = 0.25 A=2 V = 70 kph or 19.44 m/sec = 0.25 x 2 x (19.44)2 = 188.95 N Rt = 190.4 + 0 + 188.95 = 379.35 3. HGV road wheel rotates at 150 rev/min (N) has a diameter of 1.075 metres. a) Angular velocity = = 2 x x N/60 Angular velocity = 2 x x 150/60 = 15.7 rad/s The angular velocity of the wheel is 15.7 radians per second. b) Angular acceleration = w2 - w1/t w1 = 15.7 w2 = 2 x x 250/60 = 26.26 t = time = 20 Angular acceleration = 26.26 15.7/20 = 0.523 rad/sec The angular acceleration from 150 to 250 rev/min is 0.523 radians per second. c) Linear speed of the vehicle when the wheel is rotating at 300 rev/min. RPM = 300 Diameter = 1.075 Circumference = x d = x 1.075 = 3/375m Linear speed = RPM x Circumference

Science Assignment

Tom Ware

Science assignment

20/02/12

= 300 x 3.375 = 1012.5 m/min 1012.5 x 60/1000 = 60.75 kph The linear speed of the vehicle is 60.75 kph 4. Angular velocity = 2 x x 3000/60 = 314 rad/sec Linear velocity = radius x angular velocity Radius = 75m 75/10 = 0.075m 0.075 x 314/2 = 11.775 m/sec second. 11.775 metres per

Science Assignment