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Input Transducer
Input Transducer
ELECTRICAL TRANSDUCERS
Devices which convert the value of a controlled variable into an electrical signal are called electrical transducers.
Physical variables include: position, speed, acceleration, force, power, pressure, flow rate, temperature, light intensity, and humidity.
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POTENTIOMETER
an electrical transducer that is attached to mechanical sensor to convert a mechanical motion into an electrical variation parts include: resistive element and a movable contact called tap, wiper, or slider positioned anywhere along the length of the element
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POTENTIOMETER LINEARITY AND RESOLUTION Linear means that a given mechanical movement of the wiper produces a given change in resistance, no matter where the wiper happens to be on the element. Potentiometers used as industrial transducers have linearities of less than 1% or as low as 0.1%.
POTENTIOMETER RESOLUTION
Resolution: the minimum possible resistance variation, expressed as a percentage of the total resistance. Potentiometer used for industrial measuring purposes have good resolution, good linearity, and good environment characteristics (temperature and humidity); but expensive.
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POTENTIOMETER
POTENTIOMETER
-Conductive plastic- Infinite resolution - Servo mount -3600 degree rotation - 3600 degree electrical angle -Power rating : 2 watt -Options : Taps, bushing mount, gears, flatted and slotted shafts
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POTENTIOMETER
-7813/14 -7/8" diameter -Conductive plastic- Infinite resolution - Servo mount -3600 degree rotation - 3600 degree electrical angle -Power rating : 2 watt -Options : Taps, bushing mount, gears, flatted and slotted shafts
POTENTIOMETER
- Rocker pots - looks like an on/off switch operates like a single axis joystick - Foot Controllers - Cobra head joysticks
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POTENTIOMETER
- M2261 - Single or Ten Turn potentiometer - Up to 6 single turn pots or switches can be added - MOTOR 115VAC : Reversible RPM 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 30, 60 - M3279 - Ten Turn potentiometer - MOTOR 115VAC : Reversible RPM 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 30, 60 - M3248 - Single Turn potentiometer - MOTOR 115VAC : Reversible RPM 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 30, 60
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PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS
PRESSURE SENSING DEVICES: devices that detect the measured pressure and convert it into a mechanical movement which is then converted into an electrical signal by either a pot or an LVDT. Types: 1. BOURDON TUBES 2. BELLOWS
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BOURDON TUBES
a deformed metal elastic tube with an oval cross section open at one end and sealed at the other end Types: 1. C shaped 2. spiral 3. Helical shaped 4. Twisted most often used to measure pressures in the range from 10 to 300 psi
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BOURDON TUBES
BELLOWS
a series of metal diaphragms connected together that when subjected to fluid pressure will distort slightly metal diaphragms movement will actuates a mechanical linkage which moves the wiper of a pot or the core of an LVDT to furnish an electrical output signal Bellows measure pressures in the range from 0.5 to 20 psi
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BELLOWS
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BELLOWS
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THERMOCOUPLES
an industrial temperature measurement transducer consist of a pair of dissimilar metal wires joined together in a complete loop forming two junction Cold junction: subjected to a low temperature Hot junction: subjected to a high temperature
THERMOCOUPLES
a small net voltage is created in the loop proportional to the difference between the two junction temperature. the higher the temperature at the junction, the greater the voltage produced by that junction. relationship between voltage and temperature is approximately linear.
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THERMOCOUPLES
THERMOCOUPLES
Thermocouples will cause an electric current to flow in circuit when subjected to changes in temperature.
The amount of current that will be produced is dependent on the temperature difference between the measurement and reference junction; the characteristics of the two metals used; and the characteristics of the attached circuit.
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THERMISTOR a temperature measurement device that uses metallic oxides that is formed into shapes which resemble small bulbs or small capacitors utilize the resistance change as their temperature changes with large negative temperature coefficients and are non constant
THERMISTOR
non linear response: poorly suited for measuring temperatures over wide ranges great response for small temperature change preferable when the expected temperature band is narrow (-150oF to +800oF)
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THERMISTOR
Thermistor Composite Network: connecting the thermistors in a series parallel combination to compensate its non linearity response. used over a wide temperature range (about 200oF) more expensive Thermistor Self Heating (I2R): used for time delays, delicate components protection from surge current, detecting the presence or absence of a thermally conductive material
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OPTICAL PYROMETERS
a temperature transducer used in high temperatures and when contact type temperature sensors are impractical measures temperature from a distance by sensing the visible (light) and/ or invisible electromagnetic radiation emitted by the hot body
PHOTOCELLS
small devices which produce an electrical variation in response to a change in light intensity (illumination) Types: 1. photovoltaic 2. photoconductive
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PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
an energy source whose output voltage varies in relation to the light intensity (illumination) at its surface fast response can be switched at higher frequencies
PHOTOCONDUCTIVE CELL
a passive device, not capable of producing energy; its resistance varies in relation to the light intensity (illumination) at its surface
as the illumination goes up, resistance goes down
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PHOTOCONDUCTIVE CELL
- Resistance Varies with Incident Light - More Light = Lower Resistance
5V
R1
R2 10k
PHOTOCONDUCTIVE CELL
cells resistance change over 1 million ohms to less than 1 kilo ohms as the illumination changes from darkness (less than 0.01fc) to average room brightness (10 100fc) preferred when very sensitive response to changing light condition is needed
used in chopping a dc voltage signal insertion into an ac amplifier (photo chopper)
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