Impedance (Z) voltage is the amount of voltage applied to the primary side to produce full load current in the

secondary side(short circuited). It is usually listed on the transformer nameplate, expressed as a percent, and measured by conducting a short circuit test. Impedance in measured in ohmes but shown as % in Transformer Industry. Higher the impedance higher the losses. And vice versa. imdence of transformer can be determined by taking short ckt test. short HV winding , inject voltage in LV winding gradually till secondary current reaches full load current. The voltage at which full load current is achieved is impedance voltage of transformer. % of the same is % impedance The no-load current of a transformer is the current which is drawn from the source at rated voltage and frequency even when no actual load current is being supplied. The no-load current is what must be drawn to overcome the inherent and unavoidable losses of the transformer's components. Those losses comprise the primary circuit's resistance (known either as the "copper losses" or as the "resistance losses") and the transformer's magnetic reluctance (known either as the "iron losses" or as the "magnetic losses"). Reluctance is the techical description given to the energy necessary to excite the magnetic circuit and overcome its hysteresis, the effects of eddy currents, etc. Transformer Losses Compensation

1. Transformer losses Consideration Transformer losses are the sum of no load losses and load losses [1-4]. 1.1 No-Load Loss and Exciting Current The no-load losses are essentially the power required to keep the core energized. When the winding is energized, the exciting current consists of real component (core loss) and a reactive component (energy stored momentarily in the winding inductance). The typical distribution transformer exciting current is less than 0.5% of the rated current.

1.2 Load Loss Transformer load losses are result from the flow of load current in the windings. Load loss can be divided into two parts: (1) I 2 R loss and (2) eddy loss.  I 2 R Loss It is caused by transformer winding electrical resistance when load currents flow.  Eddy Losses Eddy losses are caused by currents circulating within the winding conductors. Stray losses are proportional to current frequency and thus can increase dramatically when loads with harmonic currents are served.

A deeper discussion would include at least the following, however, they are not covered in this document: y Temperature correction y Stray losses y Harmonics

Voltage is a measure of the energy carried by the charge. Strictly: voltage is the "energy per unit charge".

y y y y y y

The proper name for voltage is potential difference or p.d. for short, but this term is rarely used in electronics. Voltage is supplied by the battery (or power supply). Voltage is used up in components, but not in wires. We say voltage across a component. Voltage is measured in volts, V. Voltage is measured with a voltmeter, connected in parallel. The symbol V is used for voltage in equations.

y y y y y

Current is the rate of flow of charge. Current is not used up, what flows into a component must flow out. We say current through a component. Current is measured in amps (amperes), A. Current is measured with an ammeter, connected in series. To connect in series you must break the circuit and put the ammeter acoss the gap, as shown in the diagram. The symbol I is used for current in equations. Why is the letter I used for current? ... please see FAQ.

kv stands for kilovolt. It is the amount of voltage required to run the motor. kva stands for kilovoltampere. it is the product of curent and voltage required to run the mottor or a device. But it does not consider the form factor. kw stands for kilowatt. it is also the product of voltage and current to run the device. but it includes the form factor. The power of any electric device is the product of current and voltage. so it cannot be expressed in terms of kv. When you consider kva and kw, watts is the better term used as kva does

not involve form factor in the case of ac current. ac current is widely used worldwide except a very few countries like Russia. So kw or w is the best term to be used to express the power of any electric or electronic device.

Vector Groups Transformer nameplates carry a vector group reference such at Yy0, Yd1, Dyn11 etc. This relatively simple nomenclature provides important information about the way in which three phase windings are connected and any phase displacement that occurs. Winding Connections HV windings are designated: Y, D or Z (upper case) LV windings are designated: y, d or z (lower case) Where: Y or y indicates a star connection D or d indicates a delta connection Z or z indicates a zigzag connection N or n indicates that the neutral point is brought out In a pure capacitor current leads the voltage by 90 degrees. when a resistor is introduced in between the current leads an angle less than 90 degrees.

Similarly in a Dielectric material when a cavity or deterioration starts , the life of the material starts deteriorating , as there is a resistance getting added and hence leakage current increases In tan Delta we find the difference in the angle and periodically note down the pace at which deterioration takes place.