TRAINING REPORT

COMPANY: DLF PROJECTS LIMITED

PROJECT UNDERGOING:- COMMERCIAL BUILDING14

SUBMITTED TO :SUBMITTED BY :1

Civil Engineering Department. Rohini Gupta Maharishi Markandeshwar University ,Mullana Roll no. 11082502 Ambala,Haryana

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It was a great experience undergoing my 6 weeks training at DLF PROJECTS LIMITED. I got a chance to learn to and experience ethos and environment of a multinational company. I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Parikshit Ahuja , who through their benevolent guidance has enabled me to accomplish this project. They have been great source of inspiration to me all the way. Without their keen interest, incessant, encouragement and invaluable suggestions, this report could not have retained its present shape with zeal and enthusiasm.I would like to extend my thanks to the entire staff members who have been very helpful throughout my training in supplying with all the necessary information. I would also express my thanks to DLF PROJECTS LIMITED for accepting me as a summer trainee in such an esteemed organisation.

Guided By:Mr. Parikshit Ahuja P.M (Project manager)

2

INDEX

CONTENTS :PAGE NO.

Introduction to DLF projects Limited 5-6 II. Salient Features of Building -14 7-8 III. Introduction 9-10 IV. Special Economic Zone 11-12 V. Location of Project site 13 VI. General feature and specification of building 14 VII.Plants and equipment 15 VIII.Drawings 16-18 IX. Formwork 19-23 X. Reinforcement 24-27 XI. Cement Concrete 28-34 XII. Finishing Work 35-36
I. 5

INTRODUCTION OF DLF PROJECTS LIMITED:

DLF Limited is India's biggest real estate developer. The DLF Group was founded by Raghuvendra Singh in 1946 and is based in New Delhi, India.[3] DLF developed residential colonies in Delhi such as Shivaji Park (their first development), Rajouri Garden, Krishna Nagar, South Extension, Greater Kailash, Kailash Colony, and Hauz Khas. DLF builds residential, office, and retail properties. With the passage of Delhi Development Act in 1957, the local government assumed control of real estate development in Delhi and banned private real estate developers. As a result DLF began acquiring land at relatively low cost outside the area controlled by the Delhi Development Authority, in the district of Gurgaon, in the adjacent state of Haryana. In the mid-1970s, the company started developing their DLF City project at Gurgaon. Its plans include hotels,infrastructure and special economic zones-related development projects.[4] The company is headed by Indian billionaire Kushal Pal Singh. Kushal Pal Singh, according to the Forbes listing of richest billionaires in 2009, was the 98th richest man in the world and the world's richest property developer. The company's US$ 2 billion IPO in July, 2007 was India's biggest IPO in history.[5] In its first quarter results for the period ending 30 June 2007, the company reported a turnover of Rs. 3,120.98 Crore and profits after taxes of Rs. 1,515.48 Crore

JOINT VENTURES
Laing O'Rourke is a UK-based construction company that built Dubai International Airport and London's Millennium Tower. It will construct all DLF's landmark projects. Nakheel of Dubai are partnering with DLF for developing townships in India. WSP Group Plc is also partnering DLF, providing management and consultancy to the built and natural environment. Feedback Ventures is providing consultancy for faster project execution. DLF has also teamed up with Hilton Hotels to jointly develop hotels in India.

Sponsorship
DLF is currently sponsoring Indian Premier League (IPL), a Twenty20 format cricket league in India. DLF Group has paid US $40 million to be the title sponsor of the tournament for 5 years.

ABOUT THE COMPANY

DLF Limited is India's largest real estate company in terms of revenues, earnings, market capitalisation and developable area. It has a 63-year track record of sustained growth, customer satisfaction, and innovation. The company has approximately 240 msf of completed development and 432 msf of planned projects. While the company initially started as an NCR-focused real estate player, over the years, it has expanded its development operations across the country and has significant presence in almost all important cities in India. DLF is the only company in India in the Consumer validated category from the real estate sector to have been awardedSuperbrand ranking. It was also conferred the Best Global Developer Award for 2009 by Euromoney magazine at Euromoneys Fifth Annual Real Estate Awards the most prestigious awards in global real estate. DLF is dedicated towards creating best quality products and aims to be trustworthy as far as customers are concerned. It promises to create its products in accordance with highest global standards. The companys primary business is development of residential, commercial and retail properties. It has a unique business model with earnings arising from development and rental.
7

SALIENT FEATRES OF BUILDING -14 :Client Name Architect Contractor Contract Value (Original) Contract Value (Revised) Original Contract Duration Type of Contract DLF Universal Limited Hafeez Contractor DT Projects Limited 70 crores 155 crores 26 months from letter of intent Cost plus block A&B & Item rate for C&D Contractual date of commencement
8

12th july 2007

Actual Date of Commencement Expected date of Completion

12th july 2007 31st march 2012

Plot Area Built up Area Saleable Area Type of Structure

8.89 Acre 3.16 MN SFT 2.02 MN SFT SEZ,Commercial

Extended Basement (3B) ,Energy Center, Underground Water tanks (Flush Water Tank, Soft Water Tank, Fire Tank, Raw Water Tank, and Domestic Water Tank)

TOWER-A

3B+G+3P+6

TOWER-B TOWER-C TOWER-D

3B+G+3P+13 3B+G+3P+15 3B+G+3P+16

Where B= BASEMENT G= GROUND FLOOR P=PODIUM

INTRODUCTION :The building S-14 has been constructed in Special Economic Zone(SEZ).S-14 is a commercial building and is located in sector-24A&25A,DLF cybercity , Gurgaon , Haryana. The modern and well planned work spaces of Building 14 lend a distinctive appeal to this aesthetically designed architectural wonder. Spread over 2 million sq.ft. approx, the building has four interconnected blocks,each block offering an intelligent IT/ITES SEZ workplace to new age professionals. Benchmarked to global standards, the smartly designed work spaces will be instrumental in transforming your worklife to a considerable extent.

10

The office blocks will be designed to ensure a dynamic interplay of open and enclosed spaces. The overall development would have a campus feel, with buildings and landscape visually integrated in to one complete environment. As the building comprises of four towers,named Tower-A,B,C&D. The pictorial status of project:-

The progress of the structure till present date is shown as Tower wise structure status:-

11

Figure:- Status of Completion of Towers As it is cleared from above status The Tower A&B has been completed and Tower C&D is under progress. So we inturns has learned about construction of superstructure in tower C&D. Tower C has to be constructed for 19th floor and during our period of training 16 floors has been constructed out and construction was carrying out for remaining three floors. Tower D was almost incomplete and the construction was carrying out by dividing the whole area of tower D into four pours.

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE (SEZ):A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic and other laws that are more free-market-oriented than a country's typical or national laws. "Nationwide" laws may be suspended inside a special economic zone.
12

The category 'SEZ' covers a broad range of more specific zone types, including Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Free Zones (FZ), Industrial parks or Industrial Estates (IE), Free Ports, Urban Enterprise Zones and others. SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator, government developer, government regulator) to 'fully' private (private operator, private developer, public regulator). SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement, in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure, equity investment, soft loans, bond issues, etc.) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20% depending on risk levels). The goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors, typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC).

SEZs IN INDIA:Special Economic Zones policy in Country ,deemed to be foreign territory for The government of India in April 2000,announced the introduction of the purpose of trade operations ,duties and tarrifs . As of 2007 more than 500 SEZs have been proposed,220 of which have been created. With a view to attract larger foreign investments in India, the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Policy was announced in April 2000. The Special Economic Zones Act, 2005, was passed by Parliament in May, 2005 which received Presidential assent on the 23rd of June, 2005. After extensive consultations, the SEZ Act, 2005, supported by SEZ Rules, came into effect on 10th February, 2006, providing for drastic simplification of procedures and for single window clearance on matters relating to central as well as state governments.

ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP :The functioning of the SEZs is governed by a three tier administrative setup. At the top there is the The Board of Approval which is the apex body and is headed by the Secretary, Department of Commerce. The Approval Committee at the Zone level deals with approval of units in the SEZs and other related
13

issues. Each Zone is headed by a Development Commissioner, who is ex-officio chairperson of the Approval Committee. Once an SEZ has been approved by the Board of Approval and Central Government has notified the area of the SEZ, units are allowed to be set up in the SEZ. All the proposals for setting up of units in the SEZ are approved at the Zone level by the Approval Committee consisting of Development Commissioner, Customs Authorities and representatives of State Government. All post approval clearances including grant of importer-exporter code number, change in the name of the company or implementing agency, broad banding diversification, etc. are given at the Zone level by the Development Commissioner. The performance of the SEZ units are periodically monitored by the Approval Committee and units are liable for penal action under the provision of Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, in case of violation of the conditions of the approval. Currently there are 114 SEZs (as of October 2010) operating throughout India in the following states: Karnataka 18 Gujarat 8 Rajasthan 1 4 ,West Bengal 2 Kerala 6 Haryana 3, Tamil Nadu 16 Orissa 1 . Chandigarh 1 Maharashtra 14 Uttar Pradesh

DLF cyber SEZ,building-14, being notified SEZ development will enjoy all following benefits like:

Custom & excise duty benefits Income tax exemptions for SEZ units Exemption from central sale tax Exemption from service tax,stamp dutyetc.

As under this zone the cost of material supplied is less than their MRP.it makes structure quite economical . For Example :-MRP of one cement bag =Rs 300 and cement supplied to our site @RS230/bag.Under SEZ DLF has saved upto RS 100 crores.

LOCATION :SEZ- BUILDING 14: EXCLUSIVE BUSINESS ADDRESS

DLF Cyber SEZ- Building 14 offers a unique location advantage. Located just of the National Highway-8 at entrance of Gurgaon from New Delhi.
14

In close proximity to international and domestic airport and is well connected to all major areas of capital city. The strategic location makes it the perfect destination to meet the bustling high end demands of IT companies.

GENERAL FEATURES OF BUILDING:

The building structure is designed to Seismic Zone Specifications and is structurally NFPA compliant.
15

Premium building finish, a combination of attractive glass facade, stones and metal panels. The building overlooks landscaped greens. The design incorporates large, efficient floor plans, wide column span and high floor-to-floor clearance for optimal space utilisation. A peaceful, noise-free environment, conducive to work.

BUILDING SPECIFICATIONS:-

100% power back-up.

Central air-conditioning- AHUs located on each floor. Separate passenger elevators and service elevators for each block. Modern fire detection and suppression systems with sprinklers, fire and smoke detectors. Sufficient car parking space. 24-hour CCTV security system. Cut-off points for telecom and electricity provided

PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT USED:16

Tower-Crane MC 115 B Tower-Crane MC 205 B Concrete Pump BP 350 DX Concrete Pump BP 1800 Backhoe Loader JCB 3DX Tractor with Trolley 12 Material Hoist (Wickam) Transit Mixer Flatbed Truck Bar Bending M/C Bar Cutting M/C Air compressor - 300 CFM Batching Plant CP-30 .

-01 No. -01 No. -03 Nos. -01 No. -01 No. -03 Nos. -02 No. -04 Nos. -01 No. - 04 Nos. -04 Nos. -01Nos. -02 Nos.

17

DRAWINGS:For the construction of a structure, site engineers has to go through the study of various structure drawings.For a safe struture ,drawings plays a very important role.Without drawings even a single work of the site cant be started. A structuraldrawings includes foundation plans and details,framing plans and details, wall sections, column and beam details, and other plans, sections,details, and schedules necessary to describe the structural components of the building or struc-ture. The general notes in the structural drawings should also include, when applicable, roof, floor,wind, seismic, and other loads, allowable soilpressure or pile bearing capacity, and allowable stresses of all material used in the design. Generally, there are four types of drawings which are as: 1. General arrangement 2. Reinforcement 3. Reinforcement of top and bottom slab 4. Architectural drawings

1.GENERAL ARRANGEMENT:It consist of plan layout of building i.e. dimensions and layout of columns ,column head, beams and slab .Drawings are generally made in 2d. In G.A of beam-length ,breadth and depth of beams are shown. In G.A of column-dimension of each columns are mentioned with detailing.

2.REINFORCEMENT :Under this we came to know the number of rebars used in columns,beams,their specifications like diameter etc..

3.TOP AND BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT OF SLAB:As the name suggests it explains the top and bottom reinforcement in a slab used with complete detailing.

4.ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS:It tells us about aesthetic looks of the building, elevations from all the four corners .we came to know about the elevation of the structure in advance and helps in comparing the actual construction and drawings. So that any fault existing during construction can be solved
18

With the study of drawings of 16 floor, we came to know about following data:-

FOUNDATION OF STRUCTURE:TYPE OF SOIL:Gurgaon soil is weathered quartzite and sandy soil. This type of soil is quite permeable and hence do not cause any problem during excavation .Even the water table of the site is at very low level and hence deep excavation can be easily carried out .So there was no problem in carrying out construction of sub structure.

TYPE OF FOUNDATION:Raft foundation is used in our site.

RAFT FOUNDATION:Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large areas, normally the entire area of the structure. These foundations are generally prefered If the area of the building is large and the main structure is drawn with the help of columns and beams .They are provided under different conditions:

When the bearing capacity of soil is low They are used when column loads or other structural loads are close together and individual pad foundations would interact. Raft foundations have the advantage of reducing differential settlements as the concrete slab resists differential movements positions between loading. They are often needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread the loads over a larger area.

METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION: The whole area is dug out to the specified depth and 30 cm more wide than the area to be covered. The bed is compacted and sprinkled over with water. Then a layer of Plain cement concrete ( 1: 8 : 16 ) is laid to a suitable thickness to act as a bottom cover. After this, the reinforcement is laid. The reinforcement consists of closely spaced bars placed at right angles to one another. Then the cement concrete (1 : 2 : 4 ) is laid and compacted to the required thickness The concrete slab so laid is then properly cured.
19

If the number of columns are equally spaced and form more than three panels in each direction then the slab can be designed as flat slab. From the drawings that we have studied ,we came to known about following features of the building:Flat slab has been used in the structure with beams at the end of slabs and near lift areas. 1. Location of shafts and cutouts 2. Slab to slab height=3.8m 3. Height of column to be casted=3.2m 4. c/c distance of column=8.4m 5. square columns with dimension=1.4m*1.4m 6. column head =2.8m*2.8m 7. depth of beam=.55m

BENEFITS OF USING FLAT SLAB:

Faster construction as formwork is minimized and simplified. The overall speed of construction will then be limited by the rate at which vertical elements can be cast. Reduced services and cladding costs. Flat slab construction places no restrictions on the positioning of horizontal services and partitions and can minimise floor-to-floor heights when there is no requirement for a deep false ceiling

20

FORM WORK :It is the total system of support for freshly prepared concrete including the mold that contacts the concrete as well as supporting members,bracings etc. It is more than a mold. It is a temporaray structure that supports its own weight,the weight of freshly prepared concrete,construction loads such as materials,equipments,workers and other possible live load during construction.They mold concrete to desired size and shape and control its position and alignment.

FORM WORK AFFECTS CONCRETE QUALITY:

Size,shape and alignment of slabs,beams and column and other concrete structural elements depends upon the accurate construction of formwork. If the formwork deflects,buldges in concrete work ,it may require expensive chipping and grinding. Misalignment of formwork destroy the integrity of the structure. It must stay in place until the concrete is strong enough to carry its own weight and any external loads.

STRIPPING:The operation of removal of formwork is known as stripping.

TYPES OF FORMWORK:The formwork are generally classified on the basis of material used in their manufacture. Wooden formwork is generally used in the construction sites as they are economically suitable .The disadvantage of wooden formwork is swelling and shrinkage of timber. But these defects can be overcome by applying water proof coating to shuttering .This coating also prevents shuttering from adhering to concrete and makes stripping easier. Steel formwork is more beneficial but is comparatively more costlier. so it is less preferable.

21

In S-14,components used for shuttering is:

Ply board-12-15mm thickness used for shuttering of slab Wooden batten- length=8-used in shuttering of slab. Secondary beam- Aluminium I-section ,containing wooden batten inside it. Primary beam- Aluminium I-section U-head jack-ht.=300mm Standard-ht.= 3m and at every .5m cup lock system is provided. Cuplock system Ledgers Baseplate Spygot- used to connect two standards. Lafoor is the shuttering component used in our site that carries load upto 10-20 tons.

22

Form work containing standards , ledgers , cup locks, u-head, primary beam, secondary beam and base plate

FIGURE :- Base Plate

In our site ,both types of form work is used . i.e wooden and steel form work

23

FIGURE:- Column Form Work

DOKA FORM WORK :Doka is an international producer and supplier of prefabricated formwork used in concrete pouring. Doka Formwork is generally preferred due to its following Advantages:

Reduces labor costs for formwork positioning and retraction. Reduces crane time as entire unit repositions quickly. Offers speedy, precision adjustment of the form work in all directions. Least damage to the plywood sheets whiles the removal of the form work. Easy to maintain the verticality than in the conventional form work. High efficiency in erection of form work than in conventional form wok. Offers complete safety in all phases of the operation. Wider plat forms increases the efficiency of work. Permit quick installation as platforms are preassembled Good quality of finish is achieved.
24

Doka formwork has been used in our site in lift areas for the construction of shear walls

SHUTTERING:Shuttering is the term used for temporary timber, plywood, metal or other material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support. 1. It provides supports to horizontal, vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size. 2. The form work also produces desired finish concrete surface. 3. Shuttering should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of shuttering. 4. It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete. 5. Shuttering should be easy in handling, erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard.

25

Before shuttering, shuttering oil is applied to shuttering material so that it may not get adhesive to concrete and deshuttering can be easily done without any damage to the casted structure. Engine oil or mobile oil can be used.

SCAFFOLDING:The term "scaffolding" most often refers to a temporary platform built around the face of a structure, allowing workers to perform construction or maintenance tasks that cannot be reached from the ground.

USES: Scaffolding is used for a wide range of construction projects. These include carpentry, masonry, surface finishing and numerous other construction objectives. Scaffolding is used in the construction and maintenance of private residences, commercial buildings, large pieces of art and other structures.

REINFORCEMENT:It is a main part of the concrete structures. Reinforced concrete is concrete in which reinforcement bars ("rebars"), reinforcement grids, plates or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen the concrete in tension. Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension, thus adding reinforcement increases the strength in tension. In addition, the failure strain of concrete in tension is so low that the reinforcement has to hold the cracked sections together. For a strong, ductile and durable construction the reinforcement shall have the following properties: High strength High tensile strain
26

 Good bond to the concrete Thermal compatibility Durability in the concrete environment Therefore, there is a need to hv a good attention about the workmanship of the reinforcement. Checking of the reinforcement is very important in the concreting work.There is a need to check the reinforcement before the concreting of any element.

CHECKING OF REINFORCEMENT :

First of all main reinforcement bar should be checked with drawings.In this the size of reinforcement,no. of reinforcement and spacing of the reinforcement should be checked,lap length and location of lapping should be checked. After the main reinforcement,shear links and size of shear links are checked, spacing of shearlinks and correct bar bends according to drawings are checked. Finally coverings of reinforcement for both top,bottom and sides are checked.

REINFORCEMENT IN RC WALLS AND COLUMNS:

In the errection of reiforcemet of columns and walls,there is need to make the starter bars at their correct positions with correct cover and spacing. The required amount of shear links were placed on the columns. after that ,vertical bars are attached to the starter bars and bind it with correct spacing. Couplers are used for the further continuaton of loads. Minimum & maximum diameter of coupler used in our site is 16 &32mm respectively

27

After finishing the form work of slab and beams,it is need to start the reinforcement works of beam first and finsh it before the start of slab reinforcememt.

IN- SITU BINDING OF BEAM REINFORCEMENT :

Put the few main bars with suffcient cover block at the bottom Insert the required amount of links to the main bar. Put the remaining main bar and tie them with links. Put cover blocks to bottoms and sides of beams.

28

After the beam reinforcement, slab reinforcement can done in following steps:

Laying bottom reinforcement with required and bind them. Provide cover blocks for bottom reinforcement. Laying top reinforcement with required spacing and binding. Provide chairs to have the required cover.

29

FIGURE:- Arrangement of Reinforcement before concreting .

30

CEMENT CONCRETE:Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, fine aggregates(sand) and coarse aggregates (gravels, broken stone etc.) which when packed in forms and allowed to cure becomes hard like stone. Concrete grows stronger with age. Weight of cement concrete is 24000n/m2. It is mainly for foundation work and flooring work of buildings.

STAGES IN MAKING CONCRETE:-

Design of the concrete for strength and durability Selection of the materials and their proportioning for requisite properties. Mixing the ingredients of the concrete and placing the same in the position Curing of concrete.

FACTOR AFFECTING PREPARATION OF CONCRETE :(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Quantity of cement Size, grading and moisture of aggregates Water-cement ratio Proportioning of ingredients Methods of measuring materials by volume or weight Machine mixing or hand mixing Methods adopted for placing and compaction Methods of curing.

CONCRETING:Concrete is a composite material composed of cement ,aggregates and water. It has gained so much importance due to its strength and advantages so that more than 90% of the structures are constructed with concrete.
31

After formwork and reinforcement check ,the consultant engineer give approval for concreting. M-25 grade of concrete is used in our site. Concrete is transferred to the site by concrete trucks, generally named as transit mixers and its capacity is 6m3

At the batching plant slump test is carried out for concrete to check its workability and strength. But there is still need to check wheather concrete is still in the required quality at the moment it came to the site. Therefore, two tests were done for each and every truck before the approval for placing. Following tests were performed before concreting: 1. Slump test 2. Temperature test CONCRETE SLUMP TEST Slump is a measurement of workability. Higher slump indicates greater workability. Design slump of concrete is 185mm and allowable range of testing is 185mm/+25or-25mm and exceeding those causes rejection of concrete truck. It is not possible to maintain the required workability using the water while maintaining the strength at high values. Therefore admixtures are add to the concrete at the mixing. Two types of admixtures are used in our site- Kunal 37-S & super plasticizer. These retards the initial and final setting time of concrete. It is useful to delay the setting time until concrete brings to the site, pour it and vibrate.

TEMPERATURE TEST :In this project it was given that temp of concrete at the pouring should be below 30. So it is need to use chill water for mixing concrete at the plant. That was to control the temperature rise in concrete due to hyderation, In order to prevent the thermal cracks in concrete

PLACING OF CONCRETE :
There are two methods used in concrete transportation: 1. BY PUMPING CONCTRETE :Pumping concrete using concrete is the fastest way of placing concrete to the slabs or beams. Normally concrete pump is only used to pour the concrete in to slabs and beams and pump is not used in the RC walls columns and the staircase due to the segregation of aggregate and grout and high wastage.

32

First of all, the concrete pipe line was washed and due to that extra water can be added to the concrete. Therefore initially some concrete amount was through away as it may not in good quality. So also after finishing the concreting pipe line is need to wash with pressurized water to remove the concrete from it. Continue breakdown of the concrete pump is a huge problem in the concrete pouring. This problem occurs due to the back pressure of the pump and concrete block near the pump. If this happened beginning part of the pipe line need to clean and it takes time and wasting concrete. So also it delays the concreting work. Due to that problem concrete buckets and cranes should be ready for extra works. Three concrete pumps are used in our site. Length of one pipe is 3m long ,diameter is 125mm and is further enlarged by using clamps. 1. BY USING CONCRETE BUCKET :For small scale concrete works and for the places where the boom cannot be reached, tower crane was used with the concrete bucket, to lift and transit the concrete to the required location. It takes more time to concrete than with concrete pump. So also it needs extra time for filling, transitioning and handling. Therefore when bucket use the efficiency of the concreting goes down. So also other site works also slow down due to the busyness of the tower crane. Sometimes both pump and the bucket were used together for concreting when pump cannot reach for concreting areas like edges of the building. Size of concrete bucket is .3m3.

Laying

FIGURE :of Concrete

33

COMPCTION OF CONCRETE
Compaction is most important while pouring the concrete. Otherwise, honeycombs are formed due to poor or no compaction. For good concreting work honeycombs cannot be appear after removal of the formwork. Vibrator is used to compact concrete and to remove the trapped air inside the concrete Vibrator used: Mechanical Vibrator .

FIGURE :- Compaction of Concrete

LEVELING AND FINISHING OF CONCRETE

In every floor survey team mark finish level marker on the lift core. Using this mark they level the building. When concreting the slab and beams survey team mark the slab top level using the level instrument and leveling staff and masons level the concrete according to those points using trowel and level bar.

REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE :In cement concrete when reinforced material i.e steel is provided then it is called as reinforced cement concrete.

APPLICATION OF R.C.C :-

34

R.C.C. is the most commonly used construction material, consumed at the rate of 01 tone for every living human being. R.C.C. is used for Construction of: Beams, Columns and slabs in residential commercial and industrial buildings. Highway and railway bridges. Water retaining structures like ground and overhead water tanks. Thermal and nuclear and hydro-electrical power plants. Marine structures (watch towers, light houses.) Tunnels and irrigation works. Pavements for highways and airport runways. Poles for electric power transmission.

ADVANTAGE OF R.C.C. : It can be easily molded to any desired shapes and size. It makes the construction work look easy due to the availability of its material. It is fire resistant It is impermeable to moisture It is durable as it can resist the action of weathering agencies It is cheap in long run as its maintenance cost is very low

LIMITATIONS OF R.C.C.:-

The initial cost of R.C.C is high. The dead loads of the structure is increased. Its construction requires large quantity of timber or steel plates for formwork. It requires skilled labour for construction.

REINFORCING MATERIALS:-

35

The material which develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase opts strength is called reinforcing material.

CHARACTERISTICS OF REINFORCING MATERIALS : It should be cheap and easily available It should be durable It should be able to develop a good bond with concrete so that the stresses are easily transferred from the one material to another It should have high modulus of elasticity It should be easy to cut, bend or weld

SUITABILITY OF STEEL AS REINFORCING MATERIAL:Steel fulfills almost all the characteristics required for a reinforcing material. Hence it is the most suitable reinforcing material. It is highly elastic It has high tensile strength It can be developed good bond with concrete as its coefficient of expansion is nearly equal to that of concrete.

CURING OF CONCRETE
Concrete gain strength when curing. Water or any other curing compound can be used for curing. Purpose of the curing is facilitating the complete hydration of cement. When hydration process happens, concrete gain strength. In the project site contractor use water for cure the slab. So also wet gunny bags used to retain the water for long time and continuous wetting the slab is need without drying it. Due to the difficulty to cure walls and columns using water, special curing compound is used to cure the RC walls and columns. Curing compound was applied immediately after removing the formwork and it applyed using the roller
36

brush. Curing compound works as a membrane and it reduce the water evaporation from the concrete. Therefore concrete can use its own water for the hydration process.

IMPORTANCE OF CURING : It improves the wear resisting and weathering effect. It increases impermeability and durability. It reduces shrinkage. It helps in making adhesive bond.
It increases the strength and durabiity.

CRACKS AND HONEYCOMB :HONEY COMBHoneycomb formed due to the poor or no vibration. Most of the time honey combed concrete was noticed at the bottom of the columns and walls. So also this was happened due to the weaker providing of sponge at the bottom of the formwork .Therefore some noticeable grout leakages can be identified. However if honeycomb appeared, the consultant Engineers check it and order to repair the honeycombs. Honeycomb repairing process is as follows. Hack out the honeycombed area using chisel Clean the hacked surface to remove the dust Fill with high strength non shrink grout (used Grout 280) Curing after 4-6 hours. If hacked area is too large, the area is covered using formwork and concrete again

37

FIGURE :- Honeycomb of a RC wall (before and after the hacking)

CRACKS Due to the effect of hydration, inside temperature of the concrete is increased. When concrete is setting, temperature is rising up to about 700 C. However, near the expose concrete surface temperature is lesser. Therefore heat exchange occurs and cracks are form. To avoid cracking heat of the concrete should be reduced. To do that batching plant use Chile water for their production. So also keeping the formwork for some time without removing, heat loss is reduced.

FINISHING:After the completion of base structure a pleasant look is given to building by removing all the remedies in structure . The process invovlved in finishing are generally 1. Plastering 2. White washing 3. Distemper

PLASTERING:-

38

Plastering is the process of covering the rough surface of walls , columns, ceilings and other building components with thin coat of plastic mortars to form a smooth durable surface. The coating of plastic material is termed as plaster. Plastering on external exposed surfaces is known as rendering. Plastering on walls should be of ratio 1:4 i.e one bag of cement and four bags of sand. External plastering is of 20 mm and is done in two coats first of 12mm and then of 8mm. The joints of the brick work shall raked out to a depth of 12 mm and the surface of the wall washed and clean and kept wet for the two days before plastering. The material of mortar should be of standard specification. The thickness of the plastering shall be of 12mm to ensure uniform thickness of plaster; patches of 15 cm shall be applied first at about 2 m apart to act as guide. First mortar shall be dashed and pressed over the surface and then brought to a true smooth and uniform surface by means of float and trowel. Wall plastering shall be started from top and worked down towards floor,. Ceiling plastering shall be completed before starting of wall plaster. All corner and edge shall be rounded. The plastered surface shall be kept wet for 10 days the surface should be protected from rain, sun, frost, etc. For wall plastering 1:5 cement mortar and for ceiling plastering 1:3 cement mortar with coarse sand is used.

FINE AGGREGATES:Plastering work shall contains coarse sand/coarse stone dust conforming the relevant IS. While internal plastering is of 12mm and done in a single coat. Mixing of materials should be done with mixture machine only, and if hand mix mixture is used then acc. to the I.S. standards 10% of cement extra is used in mixing.

WHITE WASHING :White washing is generally made form pure unslaked lime. The unslaked lime is dissolved in a container with a sufficient amount of water and then thoroughly stirred with a wooden rod untill it attains the consistency of thin cream. According to thumb rule 5 liter of water is required fot 1 kg of lime. This mixture is allowed to stand for 24 hours and then strained through a clean coarse cloth. In present time white washing is not used . Distempering and Emulsion paints are commonly used for inner beauty of walls.

DISTEMPERING:Distempering is defined as a water paint consist of little amount of lime in powdered form, coloured pigment , glue mixed in water . This is act as a sealer over porous surface and are
39

generally used over plastered surface to which a primary coat of white washing or putty has been applied. Distempering is commonly used now a days because it is more durable and provides smooth and distinctive appearance as compared to white washing . Before doing distempering two cat of white putty is generally done. Putty is a mixture of cement ,lime and water . A viscous paste is first made and then it is applied on the plastered surface as shown in figure.

40

41