By: Ni Putu Ayu Frida Ningsih X Science 2 05

REPORT OF THE CONVEX LENS

I.

Objective
a. Understand the relationship between distance of object (s), distance of image (s), and focal length of convex lens. b. Determine focal length of lens c. Calculate the focal length, magnifying, distance of the object and image to the length.

II.

Theorical background

Convex lens is fatter in the middle of lens compare with its edge. Convex lens has function to collect light. The rays that through the principal axis will converge into one point and look like come from one point. That point called focal point. There are two focal points, F1 and F2. F1 called the active focus stay in the back of lens and F2 called passive focus in front of the lens. The distance from the lens to the focal point we can call focal length.  There are three special rays in convex lens: a. The rays parallel with the principal axis refracted through focal point F. b. The rays through F refract parallel with the principal axis. c. The rays through central optic will not refract.  Forming image in convex lens: a. Object in room III, image in room 2 - inverted Characteristic of image: - Real - inverted - reduced b. Object in room II, image in room 3 Characteristic of image: - Real - increased c. Object in room I image in room IV Characteristic of image; - Virtual - erect - increased

III.

Equipment
a. b. c. d. e. Ray box Light source Ray box holder Precision rail Screen f. g. h. i. Convex lens Diaphragm Power supply Wire

IV.

Procedure
a. b. c. d. Prepare the equipment according apparatus list Set the distance to the object and lens (s) Move the screen to obtain a sharp image in the screen Measure distance of screen and lens (s). Write the experiment result in the table e. Repeat step b-d for 10 times. f. Complete the table with analysis result using the equation.

V.

Data result and analysis

a. Data result 1/s 0.125 0.111 0.108 0.100 0.090 0.083 0.076 0.071 0.066 0.057 S (cm) 26 25 19.7 16.5 14.1 13.1 12.1 11.1 10.5 9.6 1/s 0.038 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.076 0.082 0.090 0.095 0.104 1/s+1/s 0.163 0.151 0.158 0.160 0.160 0.159 0.158 0.161 0.161 0.203 1/f 0.163 0.151 0.158 0.160 0.160 0.159 0.158 0.161 0.161 0.203 F (cm) 6.134 6.622 6.329 6.250 6.250 6.289 6.329 6.211 6.211 4.926 M (s/s) 3.250 2.777 2.141 1.650 1.281 1.091 0.930 0.792 0.700 0.548

No S(cm) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 8 9 9.2 10 11 12 13 14 15 17.5

From this table we can see that the distance of image increase same like the distance of object increase too. This doesnt have influence to the focal length. The focal length remains constant. Data error No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. x2 37,62596 43,85088 40,05624 39,0625 39,0625 39,55152 40,05624 38,57652 38,57652 24,26548 380,6844 ( x x )2 0,000445 0,217996 0,030241 0,009006 0,009006 0,017929 0,030241 0,003125 0,003125 1,510687 1,831801

F(x) 6,134 6,622 6,329 6,250 6,250 6,289 6,329 6,211 6,211 4,926 6,155

x-x -0,0211 0,4669 0,1739 0,0949 0,0949 0,1339 0,1739 0,0559 0,0559 -1,2291 0

There are three main sources of experimental uncertainties (experimental errors): 1. Limited accuracy of the measuring apparatus - e.g., the force sensors that we use in experiment M2 cannot determine applied force with a better accuracy than 0.05 N.

2. Limitations and simplifications of the experimental procedure - e.g., we commonly assume that there is no air friction if objects are not moving fast. Strictly speaking, that friction is small but not equal to zero. 3. Uncontrolled changes to the environment. For example: small changes of the temperature and the humidity in the lab.

The pattern: Xbest = X N Standard deviation (SD) = 1 N-1 (X X )2

Relative error (RE) = SD x 100 % Xbest

Result of experiment = Xbest + SD Finding: Xbest = 6.155 : 10 = 0.615 Standard deviation (SD) = 1 x 10-1 = 0.451 1.831

Relative error (RE) = 0.451 x 100 % 0.615 = 73.333 Result of experiment = 0.615 + 0.451 = 1.066

b. The relationship between 1/s, 1/s, and 1/f. 1 = 1 + 1 f s s f = focal point of lens or mirror (cm) s = distance of object to lens or mirror (cm) s = distance of image to lens or mirror (cm)

From this equation, we can see the relationship between 1/s, 1/s, and 1/f. Use this equation to find focal length, distance of image and object to the lens if we know two of them. This is very useful for us in learning program about lens. VI. Discussion Before start the experiment, we must arrange the equipment that have prepared. Put the light source in the first edge. In front of the light we put the convex lens after that we put the ray box holder. At the other edge, we put the screen to see the image that formed. First, we put the object 8 cm from the lens, and the distance of the image from the lens is 26 cm and we got the focal point 6.134. At the second measurement, the distance of the object from the lens is 9 cm. The image that formed has distance 25 cm from the lens and the focal point that we got is 6.622. We repeat this activity until ten times. The last measurement, we try to put the object 17.5 cm from the lens. After we did observation, we got the distance of the image is 9.6 cm. Its mean is the focal point is 4.926. Conclusion From this experiment, we can take conclusion that: a. The longer distance of object from lens, the shorter distance of image from lens. b. The characteristic of image based on the distance of object and image. y The longer distance of object from lens and the shorter distance of image from lens make the image be reduced in the size. y The shorter distance of object from lens and the longer distance of image from lens make the image be increase in the size. c. The distance of object to the lens doesnt influence the focus. Suggestion From this experiment we can find the focal point of lens, and magnifying of the object. We must carefully to calculate the distance between lens and image. Start to calculate when the image has seen distinct. It will show the certain image. The certain image makes our measurement more accurate.

VII.

VIII.