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Analysis and Design of the LmC Resonant Converter for Low Output Current Ripple
B. C. Hyeon, Student Member, IEEE, and B. H. Cho, Fellow, IEEE
AbstractIn this paper, an Lm C resonant converter is proposed for low output current ripple, and its steady-state analysis and design guidelines are investigated. In the Lm C converter, the current stress of the output capacitors is reduced due to the inductive output lter, and the series resonant inductor is removed while maintaining the benets of an LLC resonant converter such as zero-voltage switching and narrow switching frequency range. The mode analysis is described, and the steady-state characteristics are explored using the extended describing function. Based on the result, the design guidelines are suggested. A 240-W 24-V/10-A hardware prototype is built and tested to verify the analysis results and to evaluate the performance of the Lm C resonant converter. Index TermsLow current ripple, resonant magnetizing inductance, resonant power conversion, zero-voltage switching (ZVS).

Fig. 1.

Circuit diagram of the half-bridge Lm C resonant converter.

I. I NTRODUCTION N RECENT years, the LLC resonant converter has been widely used for an isolated dc/dc converter due to its attractive features such as the following: 1) zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of MOSFETs and zero-current switching (ZCS) of rectier diodes; 2) narrow switching frequency range according to the load current; 3) simple circuitry and low cost; and 4) utilization of parasitic elements for soft switching [1][9]. However, since an LLC resonant tank has a current-source characteristic and it is connected to a capacitive output lter, the ripple current of the output capacitor is large. Generally, an electrolytic capacitor has a large equivalent series resistance and a low current rating. Hence, several parallel capacitors are needed to satisfy the current rating and to reduce the voltage ripple and power loss. To overcome the problem, a multiphase LLC resonant converter is suggested in [10] and [11]. Although the N -phase converter reduces the ripple current of the output capacitor to 1/N , active and passive elements of the converter are increased by N times. Furthermore, an additional control is required for the current sharing [12][16]. To reduce the ripple current without additional elements, a half-bridge magnetizing-inductance (Lm C) resonant dc/dc

converter was proposed as a topology challenge [17]. The circuit diagram of the Lm C resonant converter is shown in Fig. 1. While it is similar to the LLC half-bridge resonant converter, there are two differences. In the Lm C resonant converter, the series resonant inductor is eliminated in the primary side of the transformer (T1 ), and the main resonant inductor, which transfers the power to the load, is changed to the magnetizing inductance (Lm ). The output lter inductor (Lo ) is used to reduce the ripple current of the output capacitor (Co ), maintaining the advantages of the LLC resonant converter such as soft switching and narrow switching frequency range. Thus, the converter is suitable for a high-current application with a low cost and a high power density. In this paper, the steady-state characteristics of the halfbridge Lm C resonant converter, such as voltage gain and peak value of the resonant elements, are analyzed. For this, the extended describing function (EDF) method with highorder terms is used. Based on the result, the practical design considerations are proposed for the efcient power stage. To show the validity of the analysis results and the performance of the converter such as ZVS and low output ripple current, the simulation and experiments with a 24-V/10-A hardware prototype are carried out for 320- to 400-V input range. II. M ODE A NALYSIS OF THE P ROPOSED C ONVERTER A. Circuit Descriptions A circuit diagram of the Lm C resonant converter is shown in Fig. 1. It is composed of a half-bridge switch network, an Lm C resonant tank, a transformer, a center-tapped rectier, and an output lter. For comparison among the previous resonant converter topologies, the equivalent resonant circuits during the energy-transferring period are shown in Fig. 2. In the case of the LLC resonant converter, the main resonant tank is composed of Ls and Cs . Lm did not resonate because its voltage is clamped to the reected output voltage. Due to the relatively large Ls , an additional inductor is required, or a sectional winding technique of the transformer is applied [4], [6].

Manuscript received March 24, 2010; revised September 16, 2010 and February 20, 2011; accepted May 23, 2011. Date of publication December 9, 2011; date of current version February 17, 2012. B. C. Hyeon was with the School of Electrical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea. He is now with the Advanced Research Group, Visual Display Division, Samsung Electronics, Suwon-si 443742, Korea (e-mail: novasa@naver.com). B. H. Cho is with the School of Electrical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea (e-mail: bhcho@snu.ac.kr). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TIE.2011.2179269

0278-0046/$26.00 2011 IEEE

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Fig. 2. Comparison of the resonant circuit congurations. (a) LLC resonant converter. (b) Lm C resonant converter. (c) Series parallel resonant converter. (d) Parallel resonant converter.

However, the sectional winding technique makes the design of the transformer difcult. Since the resonant tank of the LLC converter has a current-source characteristic and a capacitive output lter, the ripple current of the output capacitor and rectier is large. On the other hand, the main resonant tank of the Lm C resonant converter is congured with Lm and Cs . Thus, the Lm C resonant converter shows the simplest circuit structure in the primary side of the transformer among the various resonant tank congurations, and it provides the following advantages. First, the peak and rms currents of the resonant tank are reduced by the large resonant inductance Lm . Second, the ripple current of the output capacitor is decreased due to the inductive output lter. As a result, a number of output capacitors are replaced by a small inductor Lo . Therefore, the volume and cost of the converter are decreased. B. Mode Analysis of the Lm C Resonant Converter Before the explanation of the modes of operation, the following assumptions are made: 1) SH and SL are driven by a pushpull-type gate driving voltage, and both switches have 50% on-time with respect to the switching period TS ; 2) the current of Lo is constant, and its average value is the same as the load current; and 3) the junction capacitances of the MOSFETs and diodes are neglected. Before t0 , SH and DH are turned on. Lm and Cs resonate with an input voltage source vi , and then, power is transferred to the load from vi . At t0 , SH is turned off, and mode 1 starts. The circuit operations according to each mode are shown in Fig. 3, and the waveforms are shown in Fig. 4. Mode 1 (t0 t1 ): After SH is turned off, the voltage across SL is discharged by the current of Lm . When this voltage becomes zero, the body diode of SL conducts, and ZVS is achieved. SL is turned on during this mode. The negative voltage across Cs decreases the current of Cs and DH . Since the current of Lo is almost constant, DL starts conducting, and the currents of DH and DL are commutated. This commutation means that the terminal voltage of T1 is zero and the current

of Lm is constant. The absolute voltage across Cs reaches its minimum value, and it can be approximated to be constant during mode 1 because the time period of this mode is much shorter than TS . At t1 , the current of DH becomes zero, and the voltage across DH starts to increase. Mode 2 (t1 t2 ): The main resonance of Lm and Cs occurred, and the power is transferred from Cs to the load. The leakage inductance of T1 can be neglected because Lm is large. Mode 3 (t2 t3 ): At t2 , SL is turned off. The negative current of Cs conducts through the body diode of SH . The current commutation is similar to that in mode 1. Mode 4 (t3 t4 ): At t3 , SH is turned on. The voltage across the input terminal of the resonant tank is equal to vi . The circuit operation of this mode is analogous to that of mode 2 except the polarity of the current and voltage of the resonant elements. In the waveforms, the dc value of the capacitor voltage is equal to half of the input voltage due to the 50% duty ratio of the switches. It means that the transformer is reset by the resonant capacitor voltage naturally. Due to the full-wave rectication, the reected current of Lo is a square wave. Thus, the current shape of Cs is triangular because it is the sum of the resonant current of Lm and the reected current of Lo . III. S TEADY-S TATE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE C ONVERTER Various methods have been studied to analyze the resonant converter [18][23]. To nd the steady-state characteristics of the Lm C resonant converter, EDF is applied because it provides the steady-state solutions of all states regardless of the resonant scheme [19], [21]. In the Lm C resonant converter, the output voltage is the averaged value of the voltage across Lm (vLm ). However, vLm is unusable in a state equation because it is not a state of Lm . Therefore, a dummy element (Cd ) which is not a physical device is inserted. Then, the state variable vCd is usable in the state equation as a voltage across Lm because vCd is equal to vLm . In the nal result, Cd will be zero to cancel its effect. To establish the state equations, nonlinear waveforms are expressed using the functions {f1 , f2 , f3 , f4 }. Thus, the equivalent circuit for the state equations is congured and shown in Fig. 5. As observed in Fig. 4, the waveforms of the states {iLm , vCs , vCd } are quite similar to a sinusoidal waveform because the switching frequency is near the resonant frequency o dened in o (2fo ) = 1 . Lm Cs (1)

Therefore, the states of the resonant elements can be approximated to the combination of sine and cosine terms like vCs (t) vCss (t) sin s t + vCsc (t) cos s t = vCd (t) vCds (t) sin s t + vCdc (t) cos s t = iLm (t) iLms (t) sin s t + iLmc (t) cos s t. = (2)

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Fig. 3. Modes of operation of the Lm C resonant converter. (a) Mode 1 (t0 t1 ). (b) Mode 2 (t1 t2 ). (c) Mode 3 (t2 t3 ). (d) Mode 4 (t3 t4 ).

The nonlinear terms such as va and ip in (3) are substituted to the combination of sine and cosine terms with the function coefcients {f1 , f2 , f3 , f4 } as in (4) vo = (iLo + io )rc + 1 rc RL vCo

To nd out the describing functions, Fourier series expansion is applied. Thus, the coefcients in (4) are obtained as (5) va (t) f1 (vi ) sin s t |vCd | f4 (vCds , vCdc ) sgn(vCd ) f2 (vCds , vCdc , iLo ) sin s t + f3 (vCds , vCdc , iLo ) cos s t f1 = 2vi 2Ap , n f2 = 4iLo vCds nAp f3 = 4iLo vCdc nAp (5) (4)

va = vCs + vCd dvCs dvCd Cd = iLm + ip Cs dt dt iLo ip = sgn(vCd ) n vCo dvCo RCo + = iLo + io Co 1+ Ro dt RL diLm = vCd Lm dt |vCd | diLo = vo , Lo where rc = (RCo //RL ). dt n

(3)

f4 =

where Ap =

2 2 vCds + vCdc .

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Fig. 6. Voltage gain curves according to fs /fo .

Since the coefcients (or envelope) of the states in (2) have a slow time-varying characteristic, they are treated as a constant with respect to the switching period. Thus, the steady-state solutions of (6) are obtained as in VCdc =
Fig. 4. Operating waveforms of the Lm C resonant converter.

2Re Vi 2 (1+()2 Re )
2 2()Re Vi 2 (1+()2 Re )

VCsc = VCdc VCss = 2Vi VCds Vo = 2Ap , n Re = n2 2 RL . 8 (7)

VCds =

ILmc =

VCds

VCdc ILms = =

where = Cs s ;

1 ; Lm s

Fig. 5.

Equivalent circuit for the EDF analysis.

By substituting (2), (4), and (5) into (3) and by equating the coefcients of the dc, sine, and cosine terms, respectively, the equations in (6) are obtained f1 = vCss + vCds 0 = vCsc + vCdc Cs Cs Lm Lm dvCss s vCsc Cd dt dvCsc + s vCss Cd dt diLms s iLmc dt diLmc + s iLms dt dvCds s vCdc = iLms +f2 dt dvCdc + s vCds = iLmc +f3 dt

The dc voltage gain curves according to the load resistance and normalized switching frequency are shown in Fig. 6. As the normalized switching frequency increases, two interesting features are observed. First, the voltage gains of the curves are converged to 0.5 due to the half-bridge inverter with 50% duty ratio. In that region, pulse frequency modulation (PFM) method is not applicable because the slope of the voltage gain becomes zero. Since this at gain means that the input impedance characteristic of the resonant tank is resistive, the ZVS is not achievable. The voltage gain variations according to the Q factor are small when the normalized switching frequency range is on 23. This means that the switching frequency range according to the load variation is narrow like the conventional LLC resonant converter. The Q factor is dened in Q= 1 Re Lm Cs (8)

= vCds = vCdc

RCo 1+ RL Lo

vCo dvCo + = iLo + io Co dt RL

diLo = f4 vo dt rc RL vCo . (6)

vo = (iLo + io )rc + 1

where Re is dened in (7). The normalized peak current of iLm is shown in Fig. 7, and two interesting facts are observed. First, the peak points are located below (about half) the resonant frequency. In Fig. 6, the voltage gain is decreased as the normalized frequency decreases in region 2. However, in this region, the normalized peak current of iLm is increased. The second interesting fact is that the normalized peak current is decreased as the Q factor is decreased. This means that the

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Fig. 8. Fig. 7. Normalized peak magnetizing current.

Detailed voltage gain according to Q where n = 1.

relative increment of the peak current becomes small along with an increased load current. Thus, the converter is suitable for a high-current low-voltage application, and it is advantageous for transformer design due to the low normalized peak current. IV. D ESIGN C ONSIDERATIONS Based on the analysis result, the design considerations for higher efciency are as follows. First, the operation of the Lm C resonant converter in region 1 is recommended from the results in Fig. 6 and previous results of the analysis. Even though region 2 offers ZCS-off of MOSFET and smaller fs range for the load current variation than region 1, the peak current is much higher for the same output power. At points A and B in Fig. 6, the two operating points provide the same voltage gain when Q = 0.8 (the same load resistance). On the other hand, the peak current of point B is higher than that of point A in Fig. 7. This means that the circulating current is large. Thus, the conversion efciency is deteriorated at point B. To achieve ZVS at minimum-load condition, it is recommended that the maximum fs /fo is less than 2.5 because the gain slope becomes at. Enough voltage gain range is provided at the same load condition for a wide input and output application. Based on the aforementioned considerations, the proposed converter is designed as follows. The input range is 320400 Vdc , the output voltage is 24 V, and the output range is 110 A. fs max is limited to 150 kHz at minimum load due to electromagnetic interference in the application. For the regulation of the output voltage and lower switching loss at noload condition, the burst-mode operation is used as in the LLC resonant converter [24][26]. The required maximum gain (Mmax ) is 24/320 = 0.075, and the minimum gain (Mmin ) is 24/400 = 0.06. Thus, Mmax /Mmin = 1.25. Considering a 10% gain margin, the required gain range is 1.375. Using the detailed gain curve according to Q in Fig. 8, the Q value at minimum load and maximum input can be selected. To satisfy the two conditions (fs /fo < 2.5 and Mmax /Mmin = 1.375) for xed Q, Qmin = 0.05, and fs /fo = 2.02 is selected (point A). Since fs max is 150 kHz, fo is 74.26 kHz. fs min is obtained from point B in Fig. 8 as 96.5 kHz.

Fig. 9.

Operating region of the designed converter.

Since Mmin is 0.06 and the normalized voltage gain at point A is 0.6, the turns ratio (n) is selected to be ten. The values of the resonant inductor and capacitor are obtained from Lm = Qmax Re max = 317 H o 1 = 14.37 nF. Cs = 2 Lm o

(9)

Since the copper loss of Lo signicantly affects the conversion efciency, particularly for low-voltage high-current application, a small winding resistance is desirable. A small inductance value was enough to reduce the ripple current effectively (one-sixth) in [17]. The relation between fs min and Lo is given in fs min = k 2 (n2 Lo //Lm )Cs . (10)

It shows the relative magnitude of Lo for a negligible effect on the Lm C resonance. The value of k is recommended to be 1.11.3 by the empirical data through simulation. In the prototype hardware, two standard 33-nF capacitors are paralleled for Cs (16.5 nF), and Lm is 300.4 H. The operating region of the designed converter is shown in Fig. 9. The minimum switching frequency is higher than 100 kHz, and the maximum frequency when the load is 1 A is lower than

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TABLE I E XPERIMENTAL C ONVERTER PARAMETERS

150 kHz as designed. In the case of no-load condition, the converter is entered to burst-mode operation due to the higher switching frequency (> 150 kHz). From (10), the value of Lo is selected to be 3.5 H with a bar-type core of l = 35 mm and = 6 mm. V. S IMULATION AND E XPERIMENTAL V ERIFICATION The designed circuit parameters and devices of the Lm C resonant converter for the hardware experiment are listed in Table I. For comparison, an LLC resonant converter is built. Using a simulation tool, the validity of the EDF analysis with high-order harmonics is veried. The steady-state model from the EDF solutions of (7) is built, and it is compared to the switching circuit model in Fig. 10. The input voltage is 400 V, Ro = 2.4 , and fs = 140 kHz. From Fig. 10(a) and (b), the error between the steady-state values of the EDF model and the switching circuit is decreased when the rst and third harmonics are included in the EDF model. The high-order harmonics of the states are obtained using the relation in
n

Fig. 10. Simulation results of the EDF model and the switching circuit model. (a) Simulation results with the rst harmonic. (b) Simulation results with the rst and third harmonics.

xn (t) =
k=1

xs |k sin ks t + xc |k cos ks t.

(11)

The high-order harmonics of the describing function in (5) are obtained as f1 |k=1,3,5,... = f3 |k=1,3,5,... = 2vi k 1 4iLo vCdc k nAp f2 |k=1,3,5,... = f4 |k=1,3,5,... = 1 4iLo vCds k nAp 2Ap . nk (12)
Fig. 11. Comparison of voltage gains when Ro = 2.4 .

The voltage gain according to switching frequency is shown in Fig. 11. The theoretical gain curve with fundamental component shows similar shape to the experimental result while there is offset error. It is observed that the error becomes smaller

as the high-order harmonics are included. Fig. 12 shows the ZVS of the MOSFET at no-load [Fig. 12(a)] and full-load [Fig. 12(b)] conditions. The current shape of the resonant tank (iCs ) shows good agreement with the analyzed waveform in Fig. 4. For both load conditions, the switching periods are

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Fig. 12. Steady-state waveforms and ZVS achievement of the MOSFET. (a) 400-V input voltage and no-load current (0 A). (b) 400-V input voltage and full-load current (10 A).

Fig. 13. Comparison of the ripple currents of the output capacitor. (a) Operating waveforms of the LLC resonant converter (400 V; 10 A). (b) Operating waveforms of the Lm C resonant converter (400 V; 10 A).

almost the same because the gain characteristic according to the load is quite similar to that of the LLC resonant converter, while the resonant tanks are different. The measured ripple current of the output capacitors of the LLC resonant converter shows 20 App in Fig. 13(a). Therefore, several capacitors are required due to the current ratings. On the other hand, the ripple current of the Lm C resonant converter is reduced to 6.3 App as in Fig. 13(b). Therefore, the current stress and power losses in the output capacitors and secondary windings of the transformer are reduced. In the primary side of the transformer, the rms and peak values of iCs are reduced due to the increased characteristic impedance of the resonant tank. To meet the input voltage range and narrow switching frequency, the LLC resonant converter is designed Lm /Ls = 4. Since the LLC resonant converter uses a sectional winding method, the magnitudes of Ls and Lm are smaller than Lm of the Lm C resonant converter for the same ferrite core. Thus, it is expected that the conduction loss and turnoff loss of the MOSFET are decreased. Furthermore, the circulation current also decreased; the light load efciency is increased. The measured switching frequency ranges according to the load and input voltage are shown in Fig. 14. When vi = 400 V, the switching frequency range from 0 to 10 A is 138168 kHz (fs = 30 kHz). The burst-mode operation in Fig. 15 is

Fig. 14.

Switching frequency range of the Lm C resonant converter.

helpful to limit the maximum switching frequency under the extremely light load (fs = 5 kHz). In the case of the LLC resonant converter, the switching frequency range from 0 to 10 A when vi = 400 V is 112138 kHz (fs = 26 kHz). Therefore, the switching frequency range of the Lm C resonant converter is quite similar to that of the LLC resonant converter.

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experiments of the two converters, the same switches, rectier diodes, and transformer core are used except the number of output capacitors and small output inductor. Thus, the reduced volume in the Lm C resonant converter is affected by the decreased number of capacitors, and it is 9462 mm3 . VI. C ONCLUSION This paper has presented the steady-state analysis and design considerations of the half-bridge Lm C resonant converter. Furthermore, the performance evaluations are shown compared to the LLC resonant converter. The large-signal characteristics such as voltage gain, peak stress, and frequency ranges are determined by the steady-state solutions using the EDF method. The accuracy increment of the analysis result according to the high-order terms is veried. Based on the result, the requirements for a practical circuit design under the given specication are suggested. Simulations and experiments using a 24-V/ 10-A hardware prototype for laser printer applications are carried out to show the validity of the analysis results and compared to the conventional LLC resonant converter. Even though the obtained EDF model shows a small amount of error, it is applicable to the initial design procedure of the converter. The Lm C resonant converter shows a narrow switching frequency range for the input and load conditions like the LLC resonant converter. Moreover, it provides a higher efciency than the LLC converter at light and middle loads. Furthermore, the number of output capacitors is much reduced due to the decreased capacitor current. R EFERENCES
Fig. 16. Conversion efciency according to the load current (vi = 400 V). [1] B. Yang., F. C. Lee, A. J. Zhang, and G. S. Huang, LLC resonant converter for front end DC/DC conversion, in Proc. 17th IEEE APEC, 2002, pp. 11081112. [2] X. Wu, G. Hua, J. Zhang, and Z. Qian, A new current driven synchronous rectier for seriesparallel resonant (LLC) DCDC converter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 289297, Jan. 2011. [3] H. de Groot, E. Janssen, R. Pagano, and K. Schetters, Design of a 1-MHz LLC resonant converter based on a DSP-driven SOI half-bridge power MOS module, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 2307 2320, Nov. 2007. [4] H. S. Choi, Design consideration of half-bridge LLC resonant converter, J. Power Electron., vol. 7, pp. 1320, 2007. [5] F. Dianbo, L. Ya, F. C. Lee, and X. Ming, A novel driving scheme for synchronous rectiers in LLC resonant converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 13211329, May 2009. [6] J. H. Jung, J. M. Choi, and J. G. Kwon, Design methodology for transformers including integrated and center-tapped structures for LLC resonant converters, J. Power Electron., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 215223, 2009. [7] C. M. Lai and K. K. Shyu, A single-stage AC/DC converter based on zero voltage switching LLC resonant topology, IET Electron. Power Appl., vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 876881, Sep. 2007. [8] J. Ke, R. Xinbo, Y. Mengxiong, and X. Min, A hybrid fuel cell power system, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 12121222, Mar. 2009. [9] G. Yilei, H. Lijun, and L. Zhengyu, A exible converter with two selectable topologies, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 48544861, Nov. 2009. [10] T. Jin and K. Smedley, Multiphase LLC series resonant converter for microprocessor voltage regulation, in Conf. Rec. IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 2006, pp. 21362143. [11] K. H. Yi and G. W. Moon, Novel two-phase interleaved LLC seriesresonant converter using a phase of the resonant capacitor, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 18151819, May 2009. [12] B. C. Kim, K. B. Park, C. E. Kim, and G. W. Moon, Load sharing characteristic of two-phase interleaved LLC resonant converter with parallel and series input structure, in Proc. IEEE ECCE, 2009, pp. 750753.

Fig. 15. Operating waveforms (burst) at no-load condition.

When vi = 320 V and load current range is from 1 to 10 A, the frequency range of the Lm C resonant converter is 102.7114.23 kHz. On the other hand, in the LLC case, the range is 8996.4 kHz. From the experimental result, the Lm C converter shows a narrow frequency range which is almost the same as that of the LLC resonant converter for a small input range. However, as the input range is increased, the switching frequency range is increased more in the Lm C resonant converter than in the LLC resonant converter. The conversion efciencies of the Lm C and LLC resonant converters are shown in Fig. 16. Compared to the efciencies of the LLC resonant converter, the efciencies of the Lm C resonant converter at light- and middle-load conditions are increased because the turnoff loss and conduction loss in the primary side of the MOSFET are decreased as the peak and rms values of the resonant current are decreased. Since the dominant loss term is the conduction loss of the rectier diode as the load increased like (13), the efciencies of the two converters become the same Pdiode = vf Idiode.avg = vf ILoad (13)

where vf is the forward voltage drop of the rectier diode and Idiode.avg is the average current of the rectier diode. In the

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B. C. Hyeon (S07) received the B.S. degree from Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea, in 2004, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 2006 and 2011, respectively. Since 2011, he has been with the Advanced Research Group, Visual Display Division, Samsung Electronics. His research interests are dcdc converters, power factor correction, digital power conversion, and contactless charging systems.

B. H. Cho (M89SM95F11) received the B.S. and M.E. degrees in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg. Prior to his research at Virginia Tech, he worked for two years as a Technical Staff Member in the Power Conversion Electronics Department, TRW Defense and Space System Group. From 1982 to 1995, he was a Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Virginia Tech. In 1995, he joined the School of Electrical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, where he is currently a Professor. His main research interests include power electronics, modeling, analysis, and control of spacecraft power processing equipment, power systems for space stations and space platforms, and distributed power systems. Prof. Cho is a member of Tau Beta Pi. He was the recipient of a 1989 Presidential Young Investigator Award from the National Science Foundation.