LABORATORY ACTIVITY No.

1
Group 4C

Cajucom, Alric Delos Reyes, Julius Bryan G. Insigne, Willard C. Moshe, Ralph B. Piczon, Florie B. Saac, Kent Richard

TITLE: EFFECT of DOUBLE WATER LOADING on DIURESIS

ABSTRACT:
The kidneys are essential in urinary system and serve homeostatic functions such as maintenance of acid-base balance. They serve the body as a natural filter of the blood and removes wastes through producing urine. An experiment is being conducted to illustrate the normal action of the kidneys in diuresis during different activities (1) Water diuresis, (2) saline diuresis,(3) effect of exercise on water diuresis and (4) effect of double water diuresis. The said activities have four different subjects and all subjects were asked to empty his bladder (starting time), drink 1 liter of water and collect the urine every after 20 minutes for 120 minutes. However,for activity 2, the water contained 0.15mol NaCl and for activity 3, the subject is asked to jog (5 minutes) immediately after collecting the sample urine. Unlike the first three activities, activity 4 (of which our group is tasked to perform), the subject is asked to drink further 1 liter of water after 40 minutes. It is evident in this experiment that every individual (as represented by the four subjects), varied excreted urine (urine volume) per given time even with the time interval of urine. This experiment also reveals the physicochemical properties of the urine.

INTRODUCTION:
The kidneys, organs with several functions, serve essential regulatory roles in most animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are essential in urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid-base balance, and regulation of blood pressure. The kidneys also are responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids. Each kidney excretes urine into a ureter, a paired structure that empties into the urinary bladder. (Chaurasia, 1995). The aim of this activity is to illustrate the normal action of the kidneys in diuresis during different activities (our group is assigned to perform the effect of double water loading on diuresis).

MATERIALS and METHODS:

The subject (male) of our experiment is asked to empty his bladder and collect the urine using the beaker (sample 1point 0, starting time) and made him drink 1 liter of water right after urinating. After every 20 minutes for 120 minutes we collected urine samples. Then, we asked him to drink further 1 liter of water after collecting sample 3 (after 40 minutes). The data recorded from the experiment were the subjects urination time, the urines volume, pH, color, and turbidity.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

Table 1.0 Results of measurements in Double Water Loading on Diuresis Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Urination 28 8 10 11 13 16 13
time (s) Urine volume (ml)

250

41

104

138

150

162

143

pH Table 1.0a

Double Water Loading

Before Color Turbidi ty

Golden yellow Clear

After
Light yellow clear

Figure 1.0

As shown in table 1.0, double water loading on diuresis has no effect on urines pH. Before the subject drank water, his urines pH is 6, and it stayed the same after he drank 2 liters of water. Figure 1.0 reveals the relationship between urination time and urination volume. It is noticeable in this figure that as the urine volume increases, so did the urination time. Note that in table 1.0, the shortest urination time is 8 seconds wherein the subject also had the smallest urine volume. In other words, the longer a person urinates, the more amount of urine that person could excrete. FOR ACTIVITIES 1,2 & 3: Sample 6 7 Sample 7 3

Table 1.1 Results of measurements in Water Diuresis Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample 1 2 3 4 5 Urination 13 4 6 12 7
time (s)

Urine volume (ml)

100

10

59

200

81

20

10

pH

Table 1.1 Shows increasing urination time and urine volume after initial sample, then both measurements decreasing from sample 4 to the last sample. pH is the same for all samples. Figure 1.1

Table 1.2 Results of measurements in Saline Diuresis Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample 1 2 3 4 5 Urination 15 3 9 19 15
time (s) Urine volume (ml)

Sample 6 10 48

Sample 7 10 25

125

10

24

87

110

pH Figure 1.2

Table 1.3 Results of measurements in Effect of Exercise on Water Diuresis Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Urination 20 10 11 14 16 8 8
time (s) Urine volume (ml)

220

10

90

180

100

15

15

pH

Figure 1.3

Table 1.4
Water Diuresis Saline Diuresis Effect of Exercise on Water Diuresis

Befo re Color Turbidi ty

Yellow orange Clear

After
Light yellow Clear

Befo re
Yellow orange Clear

After
Light yellow Clear

Befo re
Golden yellow Clear

After
Light yellow clear

Table 1.0a and table 1.4 show that the color of urine samples taken from the subjects all ranged from yellow orange to light yellow. As newer samples were taken, the color gradually turned lighter. All urine samples were clear, offering no conclusive effect of the different activities performed with respect to turbidity. The pH levels of the urine samples ranged from 5 to 7. On the experiment with saline diuresis (table 1.1) and water dieresis coupled with exercise (table 1.2), pH values started with 7 and gradually decreased. On the water diuresis and double water loading experiments, all the pH values were 6. One of the main functions of the kidneys is the removal from the body of waste products such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine. However, the kidneys role is not merely excretion. They are also regulatory organs, controlling the volume and the composition of the body fluids and maintaining the correct osmolality, ion concentrations, and acid-base status of the body. (Blakemore, Jennet 2001) This explains why most of the subjects gave increasing amounts of urine and urine color becoming lighter. It can also be argued that as more saline and blood were being regulated (Tables 1.2 and 1.3), the more acidic the urine becomes. Diuresis is the increased secretion of urine by the kidneys. This normally follows the drinking of more fluid than the body requires. (Oxford 2008) References: Colin Blakemore, Shelia Jennet: The Oxford Companion to the Body, 2001 A Dictionary of Nursing 2008, Oxford University Press 2008. Chaurasia, 1995 (include book title)