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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Reading Group Probability in Graphs

Dialid Santiago

Lemma 2 Conclusion

February 9, 2012

Notation
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Let

be the triangular lattice with density p =

1 2

of open or black vertices.

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Notation
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

be the triangular lattice with density p = and be the hexagonal lattice.

Let

1 2

of open or black vertices.

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Notation
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

be the triangular lattice with density p = and be the hexagonal lattice.

Let

1 2

of open or black vertices.

Let D = be an open simply connected domain in a Jordan curve.

and assume that D is

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Notation
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

be the triangular lattice with density p = and be the hexagonal lattice.

Let Let T be the unit equilateral triangle.

1 2

of open or black vertices.

Let D = be an open simply connected domain in a Jordan curve.

and assume that D is

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Notation
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

be the triangular lattice with density p = and be the hexagonal lattice.

Let Let T be the unit equilateral triangle. We are interested on the site percolation on

1 2

of open or black vertices.

Let D = be an open simply connected domain in a Jordan curve.

and assume that D is

Lemma 2 Conclusion

D.

Notation
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

be the triangular lattice with density p = and be the hexagonal lattice.

Let Let T be the unit equilateral triangle. We are interested on the site percolation on In particular if d =
1 n

1 2

of open or black vertices.

Let D = be an open simply connected domain in a Jordan curve.

and assume that D is

Lemma 2 Conclusion

D.
1 n

and D = T we have

T.

Summary
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

We are interested on the event:

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Figure: The event {ac bx D}

Summary
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

We are interested on the event:

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Figure: The event {ac bx D}

More precisely in

[ac bx D]

as

(1)

Summary
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

We are interested on the event:

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Figure: The event {ac bx D}

More precisely in

[ac bx D]

as

(1)

Cardys formula tells us the value of the limit.

Summary
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

As we saw last time there exists a conformal map from D to T the unit equilateral triangle with vertices A = 0, A = 1 A 2 = e
i 3

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Figure: The conformal map is a bijection from D to the interior of T, and extends uniquely to the boudaries.

Summary
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

As we saw last time there exists a conformal map from D to T the unit equilateral triangle with vertices A = 0, A = 1 A 2 = e
i 3

Moreover such can be extended to the boundary D in such a way that it becomes a homeomorphism.

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Figure: The conformal map is a bijection from D to the interior of T, and extends uniquely to the boudaries.

Cardys Formula
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Cardys Formula

Lemma 2 Conclusion

[ac bx D] |A

X|

0.

(2)

Summary
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Translating through

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Figure: Applying the map we get the event {A1 A 2 A X T}

Sumary
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Sumary
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Sumary
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

We dened the events Ejn (z) with j = 1, , 2 .

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Sumary
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

We dened the events Ejn (z) with j = 1, , 2 .

Lemma 2 Conclusion

and the functions Hjn (z) =

(E (z))
n j

j = 1, , 2 .

Sumary
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

We dened the events Ejn (z) with j = 1, , 2 .

Lemma 2 Conclusion

and the functions Hjn (z) =

(E (z))
n j

j = 1, , 2 .

It was proved that these functions are uniformly H lder on V( n ). o

Sumary
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

We dened the events Ejn (z) with j = 1, , 2 .

Lemma 2 Conclusion

and the functions Hjn (z) =

(E (z))
n j

j = 1, , 2 .

It was proved that these functions are uniformly H lder on V( n ). o

n Figure: An illustration of the event E 2 .

Sumary
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

The proof was completed under the assumption of the analyticity of the functions G1 G2 = = H1 + H + H 2 H1 + H + 2 H 2

Lemma 2 Conclusion

A previous result
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 1 We have that

Lemma 2 Conclusion

[E (z )\E (z)]
n 1 1 n 1

= =

[E [E

n n (z2 )\E (z)] n n 2 (z3 )\E 2 (z)]

Exploration Process
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Denition

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Exploration Process
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Denition Suppose that all vertices just outside the arc A1 A 2 of

are black.

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Exploration Process
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Denition Suppose that all vertices just outside the arc A1 A 2 of all vertices just outside the arc A A 2 are white.

are black.

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Exploration Process
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Denition Suppose that all vertices just outside the arc A1 A 2 of all vertices just outside the arc A A 2 are white.

are black.

Lemma 2 Conclusion

The exploration path is dened to be the unique path n on the edges of the dual graph, beginning immediately above A 2 and descending to A1 A 2 such that.

Exploration Process
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Denition Suppose that all vertices just outside the arc A1 A 2 of all vertices just outside the arc A A 2 are white.

are black.

Lemma 2 Conclusion

The exploration path is dened to be the unique path n on the edges of the dual graph, beginning immediately above A 2 and descending to A1 A 2 such that. As we traverse n from top to bottom the vertex immediately to our left (respectively, right), looking along the path from A 2 , is white (respectively, black).

Exploration Process
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Exploration Process
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 1
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Event (1)-(3)
n n Notice that the event E1 (z1 ) \ E1 (z) occurs iff there exist disjoint paths l1 , l2 and l3 of n such that

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 1
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Event (1)-(3)
n n Notice that the event E1 (z1 ) \ E1 (z) occurs iff there exist disjoint paths l1 , l2 and l3 of n such that

Lemma 2 Conclusion

l1 is white and joins s1 to A A 2

Proof of Lemma 1
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Event (1)-(3)
n n Notice that the event E1 (z1 ) \ E1 (z) occurs iff there exist disjoint paths l1 , l2 and l3 of n such that

Lemma 2 Conclusion

1 2

l1 is white and joins s1 to A A 2 l2 is black and joins s2 to A1 A 2

Proof of Lemma 1
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Event (1)-(3)
n n Notice that the event E1 (z1 ) \ E1 (z) occurs iff there exist disjoint paths l1 , l2 and l3 of n such that

Lemma 2 Conclusion

1 2 3

l1 is white and joins s1 to A A 2 l2 is black and joins s2 to A1 A 2 l3 is black and joins s3 to A1 A

Proof of Lemma 1
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 1
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 1
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Remarks

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 1
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Remarks Now just notice that on this event the exploration path n passes through z and arrives at z along the edge < z3 , z >

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 1
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Remarks Now just notice that on this event the exploration path n passes through z and arrives at z along the edge < z3 , z > Furthermore, up to the time at which it hits z it lies in the region of l1 and l2 .

Lemma 2 Conclusion

between

Proof of Lemma 1
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Figure: The exploration path n passes through z and arrives at z along the edge < z3 , z > .

Proof of Lemma 1
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Under last considerations

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1
Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 1
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Under last considerations

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1
Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

The states of vertices of

n lying below l1 l2 are independent Bernoulli variables.

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 1
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Under last considerations

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1
Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

The states of vertices of n lying below l1 l2 are independent Bernoulli variables. Thus the conditional probability if a black path l3 satisfying the condition (3) is the same as that of a white path.

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 1
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Under last considerations

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1
Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

The states of vertices of n lying below l1 l2 are independent Bernoulli variables. Thus the conditional probability if a black path l3 satisfying the condition (3) is the same as that of a white path. We make the measure preserving change, and then we interchange the colours white and black to conclude that the event
n n E1 (z1 )\E1 (z)

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 1
Reading Group

Under last considerations

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1
Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

The states of vertices of n lying below l1 l2 are independent Bernoulli variables. Thus the conditional probability if a black path l3 satisfying the condition (3) is the same as that of a white path. We make the measure preserving change, and then we interchange the colours white and black to conclude that the event
n n E1 (z1 )\E1 (z)

Lemma 2 Conclusion

has the same probability as the event that there exists disjoint paths l1 , l2 and l3 of n such that

Proof of Lemma 1
Reading Group

Under last considerations

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1
Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

The states of vertices of n lying below l1 l2 are independent Bernoulli variables. Thus the conditional probability if a black path l3 satisfying the condition (3) is the same as that of a white path. We make the measure preserving change, and then we interchange the colours white and black to conclude that the event
n n E1 (z1 )\E1 (z)

Lemma 2 Conclusion

has the same probability as the event that there exists disjoint paths l1 , l2 and l3 of n such that

l1 is black (before white) and joins s1 to A A 2

Proof of Lemma 1
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Under last considerations

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1
Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

The states of vertices of n lying below l1 l2 are independent Bernoulli variables. Thus the conditional probability if a black path l3 satisfying the condition (3) is the same as that of a white path. We make the measure preserving change, and then we interchange the colours white and black to conclude that the event
n n E1 (z1 )\E1 (z)

Lemma 2 Conclusion

has the same probability as the event that there exists disjoint paths l1 , l2 and l3 of n such that

1 2

l1 is black (before white) and joins s1 to A A 2 l2 is white (before black) and joins s2 to A1 A 2

Proof of Lemma 1
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Under last considerations

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1
Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

The states of vertices of n lying below l1 l2 are independent Bernoulli variables. Thus the conditional probability if a black path l3 satisfying the condition (3) is the same as that of a white path. We make the measure preserving change, and then we interchange the colours white and black to conclude that the event
n n E1 (z1 )\E1 (z)

Lemma 2 Conclusion

has the same probability as the event that there exists disjoint paths l1 , l2 and l3 of n such that

1 2 3

l1 is black (before white) and joins s1 to A A 2 l2 is white (before black) and joins s2 to A1 A 2 l3 is black and joins s3 to A1 A

Proof of Lemma 1
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Under last considerations

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1
Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

The states of vertices of n lying below l1 l2 are independent Bernoulli variables. Thus the conditional probability if a black path l3 satisfying the condition (3) is the same as that of a white path. We make the measure preserving change, and then we interchange the colours white and black to conclude that the event
n n E1 (z1 )\E1 (z)

Lemma 2 Conclusion

has the same probability as the event that there exists disjoint paths l1 , l2 and l3 of n such that

1 2 3

l1 is black (before white) and joins s1 to A A 2 l2 is white (before black) and joins s2 to A1 A 2 l3 is black and joins s3 to A1 A
n n E (z2 )\E (z),

That is precisely the event

Proof of Lemma 1
Reading Group

Under last considerations

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1
Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

The states of vertices of n lying below l1 l2 are independent Bernoulli variables. Thus the conditional probability if a black path l3 satisfying the condition (3) is the same as that of a white path. We make the measure preserving change, and then we interchange the colours white and black to conclude that the event
n n E1 (z1 )\E1 (z)

Lemma 2 Conclusion

has the same probability as the event that there exists disjoint paths l1 , l2 and l3 of n such that

1 2 3

l1 is black (before white) and joins s1 to A A 2 l2 is white (before black) and joins s2 to A1 A 2 l3 is black and joins s3 to A1 A
n n E (z2 )\E (z),

That is precisely the event and the lemma is proved.

Moreras Theorem
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Morera If f : R is continuous on the open region R, and fdz = 0,

Lemma 2 Conclusion

(3)

for all closed curves in R, then f is analytic.

Lemma 2
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Let be an equilateral triangle contained in the interior of T with sides parallel to those of T. Then
n H1 (z)dz

Lemma 2 Conclusion

n H (z) dz + O(n ) n H 2 (z) dz + O(n ), 2

where is given in Lemma 5.48.

Proof of Lemma 2
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Let be an equilateral triangle contained in the interior of T with sides parallel to those of T.

Proof of Lemma 2
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Let be an equilateral triangle contained in the interior of T with sides parallel to those of T. Let n be the subgraph of

lying with .

Proof of Lemma 2
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Figure: An illustration.

Proof of Lemma 2
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Dene the set Dn as Dn = { downward pointing faces of

},
n

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 2
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Dene the set Dn as Dn = { downward pointing faces of and let be a vector such that:

},
n

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 2
Reading Group

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Dene the set Dn as Dn = { downward pointing faces of and let be a vector such that:

},
n

Lemma 2 Conclusion

If z is the centre of a facet of Dn , then z + is the centre of a neighboring face.

Proof of Lemma 2
Reading Group

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Dene the set Dn as Dn = { downward pointing faces of and let be a vector such that:

},
n

Lemma 2 Conclusion

If z is the centre of a facet of Dn , then z + is the centre of a neighboring face. That is, {i, i, i 2 }/n 3

Proof of Lemma 2
Reading Group

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Dene the set Dn as Dn = { downward pointing faces of and let be a vector such that:

},
n

Lemma 2 Conclusion

If z is the centre of a facet of Dn , then z + is the centre of a neighboring face. That is, {i, i, i 2 }/n 3 Consider hn (z, ) = j

(E

n 2 (z

n + )/E 2 (z))

Proof of Lemma 2
Reading Group

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Dene the set Dn as Dn = { downward pointing faces of and let be a vector such that:

},
n

Lemma 2 Conclusion

If z is the centre of a facet of Dn , then z + is the centre of a neighboring face. That is, {i, i, i 2 }/n 3 Consider hn (z, ) = j

(E
= =

n 2 (z

n + )/E 2 (z))

At this point we can invoke Lemma 1.

n n H1 (z + ) H1 (z)

hn (z, ) hn (z + , ).

hn (z, ) hn (z + , ) 1 1

Proof of Lemma 2
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Now
n n H (z + ) H (z) = hn (z, ) hn (z + , ),

and so there is a cancellation in

n I = zDn n n [H1 (z + ) H1 (z)] n n [H (z + ) H (z)]

Lemma 2 Conclusion

zDn

of all terms except those of the form

for certain z lying in faces of n that abut n . But there are just O(n) such z and therefore the H lder condition of Hjn (z) implies that o
n |I | O(n1 )

hn (z , )

(4)

Proof of Lemma 2
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Consider the sum

1 n n n (Ii + Ii + 2 Ii 2 ), n where Ijn is an abbreviation for the I . j Jn =

n 3

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 2
Reading Group

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Consider the sum

1 n n n (Ii + Ii + 2 Ii 2 ), n where Ijn is an abbreviation for the I . j Jn =

n 3

Lemma 2 Conclusion

The terms of the form Hjn (z) do not contribute to J n , since each is multiplied by (1 + + 2 ) = 0. n

Proof of Lemma 2
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Consider the sum

1 n n n (Ii + Ii + 2 Ii 2 ), n where Ijn is an abbreviation for the I . j Jn =

n 3

Lemma 2 Conclusion

The terms of the form Hjn (z) do not contribute to J n , since each is multiplied by (1 + + 2 ) = 0. n The remaining terms of the form Hjn (z + ), Hjn (z + ) mostly disappear also, as we said before.

Proof of Lemma 2
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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Consider the sum

1 n n n (Ii + Ii + 2 Ii 2 ), n where Ijn is an abbreviation for the I . j Jn =

n 3

Lemma 2 Conclusion

The terms of the form Hjn (z) do not contribute to J n , since each is multiplied by (1 + + 2 ) = 0. n The remaining terms of the form Hjn (z + ), Hjn (z + ) mostly disappear also, as we said before. At the end we are left only with terms Hjn (z ) for certain z at the centre of upwards-pointing faces of n abutting n .

Proof of Lemma 2
Reading Group

If z is at the bottom, but not the corner, of n , then its contribution will be
Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1
Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

1 1 n n n n [( + 2 )H1 (z ) (1 + )H (z )] = [H1 (z ) H (z )/ ]. n n

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 2
Reading Group

If z is at the bottom, but not the corner, of n , then its contribution will be
Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1
Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

1 1 n n n n [( + 2 )H1 (z ) (1 + )H (z )] = [H1 (z ) H (z )/ ]. n n When z is at the right edge of n , we obtain 1 n n n n [( + 2 )H1 (z ) (1 + )H (z )] = [H1 (z ) H (z )/ ]. n n

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 2
Reading Group

If z is at the bottom, but not the corner, of n , then its contribution will be
Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1
Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

1 1 n n n n [( + 2 )H1 (z ) (1 + )H (z )] = [H1 (z ) H (z )/ ]. n n When z is at the right edge of n , we obtain 1 n n n n [( + 2 )H1 (z ) (1 + )H (z )] = [H1 (z ) H (z )/ ]. n n Finally when z is at the left edge of n , we obtain 1 2 n n n n [( + 2 )H1 (z ) (1 + )H (z )] = [H1 (z ) H (z )/ ]. n n

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 2
Reading Group

If z is at the bottom, but not the corner, of n , then its contribution will be
Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1
Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

1 1 n n n n [( + 2 )H1 (z ) (1 + )H (z )] = [H1 (z ) H (z )/ ]. n n When z is at the right edge of n , we obtain 1 n n n n [( + 2 )H1 (z ) (1 + )H (z )] = [H1 (z ) H (z )/ ]. n n Finally when z is at the left edge of n , we obtain 1 2 n n n n [( + 2 )H1 (z ) (1 + )H (z )] = [H1 (z ) H (z )/ ]. n n Therefore
n n [H1 (z) H (z)/ ]dz = J n + O(n ) = O(n ),

Lemma 2 Conclusion

(5)

by (4), where the rst O(n ) term covers the fact that the z in this equations is a continuous rather than a discrete variable.

Proof of Lemma 2
Reading Group

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Hence
n n [H1 (z) H (z)/ ]dz = O(n ),

as we wanted.

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Proof of Lemma 2
Reading Group

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Hence
n n [H1 (z) H (z)/ ]dz = O(n ),

as we wanted. By a similar argument we can prove

n n [H1 (z) H 2 (z)/ 2 ]dz = O(n ).

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Some Final Remarks

Reading Group

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Conclusion

This concludes the proof of Cardys formula when the domain D is an equilateral triangle.

Some Final Remarks

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Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Conclusion

This concludes the proof of Cardys formula when the domain D is an equilateral triangle. The proof for general D is essentially the same, on noting that a conformal image of a harmonic function is harmonic.

Reading Group

Notation Cardys Formula Lemma 1

Exploration Path Proof of Lemma 1

Lemma 2 Conclusion

Thank you!