Study Sheet Exam 1 Try to know: 1) definitions; 2) empirical findings, when relevant 3) relevance to theories weve talked about

in class (e.g,. evolution) 4) relevance to happiness, health integrate and relate to other things Jen Definition: happiness found in respect, reverence, respect, appreciation, honoring of others and social harmony; feeling reverential and appreciative of humanity; seeing band bringing good in other people, reverence, respect, appreciation, honoring of others. o The jen ratio The Good brought out in others/The bad brought out in others

Theoretical: central to confucionist ethics, among many of analects of Confucius; Confucius establishes character of oneself and others o A person of jen, Confucius observes, wishing to establish his own character, also establishes the character of others. A person of jen brings the good things of others to completion and does not bring the bad things of others to completion.

o -

Relevance to happiness: related to the idea that happiness involves happiness of other people, collective, social aspect! Not just based on individual.

Very much more prominent in East Asian cultures - Happiness as o Contradictory emotion o Social engagement o Calmness o Roles
Eudamonia Eudamonia: Flourishing expression of core passions, strengths; pursuing what you are good at and passionate about Theoretical: Ancient Greek philosophical ideas. Self-inspection, you find your place in the world, your values and interest flourish in the world. Aristotle: the highest human good requiring rational activity and good character Eudamonia : idea of flourishing. Of finding through introspection your place in society and in the world and enacting your goal and your intention

Each individual flourishes in different ways

Virtue as the pathway to happiness.

Answers to why our emotional expressions look as they do 3 principles. Principle of Serviceable Habits - Definition: expressive behaviors are vestiges of more complete actions that led to rewarding outcomes in evolutionary history - Ex) disgust facial expression is a vestige of vomiting and signals our experience of revulsion when noxious substance enters the mouth or are at risk of doing so. - Facial expression as rich shorthand for communicating the possibility of more full-bodied actions. Principle of Antithesis - Definition: opposing states are associated with opposing expressions - Example: excited vs. disappointed dog (BTBG) disappointed dogs display drooping head, ears, and tail were opposite of what the dog would do when excited and happy - Example: signal of dominance : arms and heads akimbo exact opposite of signs of weakness and impotence, which is head down, shoulder constriction. Facial Action Coding System system developed by Ekman and Wallace - Definition: anatomically based method for identifying every facial muscle mvt. - Empirical: electrically stimulate facial muscles, and watched video tapes to study facial muscle mvt. In order to objectify - Significance: first objective measure of emotion; start of affective science; Commitment Problem Definition: 1) We have to give up short-term self-interest to maintain long-term relationship 2) We have to be able to identify who will be committed to us! a. Although not tit-for-tat, we want to invest in those who will engage in reciprocity! - Empirical: Ekman; facial muscles related to emotions like sympathy and cooperation that are related to social commitment are INVOLUNTARY - emotions expressed in facial expressions are reliable solutions! o What about the argument of having no consistent facial expression for compassion? o Also voice is a good indicator. Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System - Definition: part of the ANS that prepares our body for fight or flight response (stress). Increase heart rate, blood pressure, dilate pupils, decrease intestinal motility, etc. Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System - Definition: part of the ANS that prepares our body to rest and restore (balancing, counteractive force to sympathetic autonomic nervous system)

Decreases heart rate & blood pressure, facilitates blood flow by dilating certain arteries, increases blood flow to erectile tissue in the penis and clitoris, and moves digested food through the gastrointestinal tract. Constricts pupils, stimulates secretion of various fluids in the digestive, salivary and lachrymal gland (tears) Directed Facial Action Task - BTBG p. 44 - Definition: Ekmans study; participants were directed to hold their facial muscles in a particular fashion for ten seconds, and their ANS activity being recorded - Holding certain facial expression resulted in subjective experience of related emotion - Implication for happiness: Activating your happiness muscle can actually make you happy! - Empirical: facial expression matched ANS activity! Showed that ANS was not too slow to reflect the condition! o Ex) increased heart rate and finger temperature for anger facial expression, while fear involved lower temperature. (related to the expression of cold feat)linkages between facial expression and autonomic physiology are universal. o Older people (65+) weak ANS responses during DFA suggesting with age, people can more readily move in/out of different emotional states. More freedom in emotional control. - Theoretical: supports James theory that different emotions are associated with different bodily reverberations; emotions are embodied in the viscera Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness - Definition: the environment from which we evolved out of. Environment containing the triggersproblems and opportunitiesfor our adapted characteristics - Evolution of our Ultrasociality- ways we looked back into EEA o Observation of Hunter gatherers societies o Archeological remnants o Primate predecessors (de Waal, 1996) - Dimensions to our Ultrasociality Cromagnon anthropology o Care-taking offsprings born underdeveloped, and old members with wisdom also needing care-taking o Flattened Hierarchies lower strata members can form coalition, comment on the higher strata peoples actions. o Conflict and Reconciliation although lots of conflict, because theres advantages to social life, learned to reconcile. o Coordination lots of face-to face interactions. Lots of cooperation on hunting and such. o Fragile Monogamy males evolved to know who their offspring were and to provide resources and care to them Because we need to care for our offspring. Adaptation - Definition: precise, systematic ways of dealing with opportunities and problems in our evolutionary environment; we are collection of adaptation! Always in the context of our environment. - Examples of Adaptations: Efficient solutions to survival, reproduction related problems o Startle response Physical threat o Sweet preference Identify nutrition (sweeter foods are more nutricious

o Jealousy Mate guarding (making sure people dont take your reproductive
partner. Tool that ensures our partners are faithful to us and will help us pass on our genes) o Pregnancy sickness Fetus vulnerability. Less likely to ingest toxic substances o Neotony Fetus attachment o Babys similarity to dad solves the problem of Paternal uncertainty - Compassion as adaptation. o Our ability to work with each other makes us better survive o Compassion evolved out of the natural selection process that increased survival rate of babies whose mothers were more sensitive to their needs and emotions. Sympathy breakthrough - Moment when surge of sympathy allows one to break free from ones given role and rules, overwhelmed by the humanity of the humans - Empirical: Nazis Gas chamber tenant found a little girl alive in the gas chamber, helped her recover. - 75% of soldiers refuse to shoot at enemy during WW2 - The example that Keltner gave in class: George Orwell hated fascist, but when he saw one walk by in a really distastrous state, realized that this is not just a fascist, but an actual human! - Calls into question whether humans are inherently barbaric or compassionate o Lots of evidence, through evolution, we are compassionate Tit-for-tat - P. 68 BTBG - 3 principles underlying this o Principle of cost-benefit reversal Shift of our mind to take pleasure in others well-being We have been designed to care about things other than the gratification of desire and the maximizing of self-interest (oxytocin and regions of the nervous system related to these emotions promote TRUST and LONGTERM devotion. Compassionate acts promote trust and devotion. o Principle of reliable identification We must be able to correctly identify people whom we can form mutually cooperative, likeable relationship. Reciprocal relationship. o Principle of contagious cooperation Having one cooperative person makes the environment a bit more cooperative and vice versa. Empirical: when someone moves from uncooperative work place to a more cooperative one, that person becomes more cooperative. - Human beings dont operate in tit-for-tat way. We wouldnt engage in altruistic, prosocial behavior - Relevance to happiness: human happiness cannot really happen in a pure tit-for-tat environment. Need sympathy, compassion, something beyond tit-for-tat. Doing goods even for people who have not done any goods to you. Vastness - Definition: anything that is experienced as being much larger than the self or the selfs typical frame of reference

o Can be physical or acoustic, or social o Can be awe-inspiring.

Key to the feeling of awe. Feeling that theres something bigger than you and that you are connected to that. - Recognition of your limited self modesty involved! Feeling of being tiny, insignificant Accommodation - Awe - is triggered by experiences with that which is BEYOND OUR CONTROL AND UNDERSTANDING ---- that which is vast and requires accommodation; o You have to accommodate your beliefs around it to accept a new experience o Empirical: Keltners daughters had to accommodate how big people can get when seeing 7.2 guy. Vagus Nerve - Definition: part of the PNS and runs through heart, lungs, face, etc. o Unique to mammals o Helps non-verbal communication (facial muscles, body orientation) o Coordinates breathing and heart rate o Connects to oxytocin network (related to caregiving behavior and breast feeding) - Empirical: higher vagus nerve activity is associated with greater happiness, positive emotions, more resilience to bereavement, more sympathetic, prosocial tendencies, and easy temperament. - Empirical: picture of ppl of low to high vulnerability higher the vagal nerve activation predicts higher compassion and lower pride. - People with manic symptoms, who show pathologically execessive compassion also show excessive vagal nerve activity Reverence - Definition: capacity for awe that accompanies sense of commonality and unity; a feeling of respect and gratitude for the things that are given; emotion also related to gratitude and devotion. o Awe: respectful fear and profound reverence in the presence of something greater than the self, something beyond control and understanding. - Theoretical: related to Confucian explanation deep sense of modesty, limitations of the self; Greek philosophy prerequisites of an enduring human nature - Evolutionary: first evolved in collective actions; we often need to subordinate selfinterest in the service of the collective; source of religion, art, sport, and political mvt. Elevation - Definition: a warm, uplifting emotion that people experience when they see unexpected acts of human goodness, kindness, courage, or compassion; makes ppl want to help others and become better people themselves; opposite of disgust. - Empirical: participants write about elevation experiences (manifestation of humanitys higher value) and their emotional, motivational responses warm feelings in chests, motivation to be good, changed views about humanity, love, desire for affiliation - Evolutionary: individual benefits (energy) + social benefits (its power to spread good deeds improves entire community; raise levels of compassion, love, and harmony) - Example: most commonly cited elevation seeing someone else give help or aid person who was poor or sick seeing unexpected act of goodness. Set point -

Definition: innate potential for happiness. Constitutes 50% of general happiness level of an individual Empirical: temporal stability in happiness levels throughout life Empirical: twin studies monozygotic twins higher concordance but almost no dizygotic concordance Empirical: people revert to their own set-point levels of happiness after big events like winning lottery o Myers, Diener; lottery winners no happier than controls or paraplegics

40% solution

About 40% of your happiness is plastic. It can be cultivated through intentional behavior and thoughts (50% set points, 10% circumstances) - People can become happier by writing gratitude diary, expressing gratitude, cultivating optimism, avoiding OVERTHINKING and social comparison, etc. Hedonic adaptation - Definition: the idea that you get accustomed to the pleasure in life and take it for granted; you grow accustomed to the privileges you have and they become a part of your ordinary existence; fading of changes in levels of happiness and reverting back to the set-point as we ADAPT to the new circumstances like marriage, wealth, chronic illness. o In love, can be avoided by constant reminder of feeling of gratitude. - Relation to happiness: this may prevent us from feeling gratitude for certain things, when gratitude is an emotion that often leads to greater cooperation and social relationships, and thus brings greater happiness - Empirical example: lottery winners no happier than controls or paraplegics - Empirical example: Sonias book : laser eye surgery initial boost in happiness faded as time went by.
Materialism - Definition: pursuit of goals revolving around material values like money - Empirical: money doesnt predict happiness; happiness matters more in poor countries, but not so much in wealthy ones. Although the wealth increased in US happiness level didnt. - Empirical: lottery winners not happier than controls or paraplegics - Empirical: college freshmen with materialistic goals turn out to be less happy.

Gratitude - Definition: feeling of reverence, appreciation, and wonder for what is given to you. Wanting to do something in return. Motivating feeling to give. Implies humility. - Gratitude diary led to more optimistic attitudes after 10 weeks. Also fewer symptoms of physical illness.

Strengthens social ties & recriprocate goodness Empirical: expression of gratitude induces GENEROSITY (thanked children come back to elderly home 80% normal return rate 58%; writing thank you on check leads to 11% higher tip.) Empirical: correlated with and promotes productivity, happiness, health Empirical: count 5 blessings once a weekcompared to control, and those who counted every day and felt obligated, were more optimistic and healthier. Empirical: gratitude as part of 40% solution; gratitude journal or direct expression lower blood pressure in adults and improve peer relations and test scores in children. Theoretical: Adam Smith calls it social glue of economic culture; allows individuals to cooperate in market when they can cheat for their self interest. 3 ideas of gratitude o Baraometer to measure generosity and altruism o Motivation for altruism and generosity o

Best possible self - HoH p. 103-106, 108 - First ever systematic intervention of optimism - For 4 days, 20 mintues writing a narrative description of their best possible future selves mental exercise in which you visualize the best possible future for yourself in multiple domains of life. more likely to show immediate increase in positive moods, be happier several weeks later, motivating effect. Gaining insight to ones goals and needs - Activity involves what you consider most important, deeply held goals, and picturing that they will be achieved. - Lets you see what you can do TODAY to achieve that dream and through WRITING, you are structuralizing, organizing your thoughts, not just fantasizing. More coherent Social comparison - Definition: comparing with other ppl in terms of aspects like traits, ability, circumstances o Upward comparison can lead to motivation or inferiority, distress, low selfesteem o Downward comparison can lead to gratitude or guilt, fear - Empirical: happy ppl engage less in social comparisons; take pleasure in others successes and feel compassionate for misfortunes. - Empirical : in an experiment where subjects were to solve anagrams in direct, visible COMPETITION with another person, (confederate of the study) higher happiness level correlated with feeling good regardless of the confederates performance; lower happiness correlated with anxiety and frustration and dependence on the confederates performance (more social comparison) Overthinking (ruminations) - Definition: thinking too much, needlessly, passively, endlessly, and excessively pondering the meanings, causes, and consequences of your character, your feelings, and your problems - Overthinking about how people may perceive you, even about things that you are grateful for, can make you less happy.

Empirical studies result: Sustains or worsens happiness, fosters negatively biased thinking, impairs a persons ability to solve borlems, saps motivation, interferes with concentration and initiative.

Moderation - Aristotles idea of happiness (Nichomachean ethics). Balance of human emotions bring about happiness. - You can achieve happiness by using the right emotion, right amount, at the right time. All emotions have their functionality and purpose. Greater Good (Utilitarianism) - Mills idea. The happiness is found in actions or things that bring happiness to greatest number of people. - Empirical: Holland having very high happy rating may be related to its great public good system. - Theoretical: related to Thomas Jeffersons Declaration of Independence ; pursuit of happiness as one of inalienable rights Sexual Selection - Definition: one of the selection pressures that predict ones ability to attract the opposite sex in order to increases reproduction; based on the idea that your gene continues only when you reproduce o Intrasexual: ranking competition among individuals of the same sax. o Intersexual: competition to attract opposite sex mates. Example: beauty for females, resource for males - Example: one of evolutionary benefits of compassion is sexual selection o Although there is difference in what women and men look for in their future spouse, they both want compassion! Affective Forecasting - Definition: prediction of future levels of happiness and satisfaction that often turn out to be inaccurate o Things are not as bad as you think! People are not good in predicting how happy or sad they will be under a certain condition. - Holds for both positive and negative - One thinks that they will die if they break up with their loved ones, but actually after 3 months, they are back to their normal level. - Theoretical: related to psychological immune system. We tend to ignore our psychological resilience against different events. Consolation behaviors in primates - Consolation: friendly or reassuring behavior by a bystander toward a victim of aggression - Empirical: chimps: cessation of distress behavior after being groomed (act of consolation) by a bystander - Theoretically related to how need to be attentive to others emotion is embedded in our evolutionary lineage; reflects empathy that evolved served natural selection in that we need to be sensitive to our offsprings needs (mammalian parental care) and our species depended upon cooperation (hunter-gatherer society) Empathy- mirroring or understanding of others emotion.

Evolved out of the evolutionary advtg of parental care and also role in cooperation (our needs to pay close attention to the activities and goals of others to cooperate effectively) Imitative species: rudiments of empathy o Animal empathy : chimp coming down from the roof, not when urged to do so or attracted by food, but when his owner is crying Monkey not willing to feed himself at the cost of the others torture. Subliminally presented smiles (Ohman & Dimberg, 1994) Anderson et al., 2003: Roommates Emotions converge over the course of the year Imitation gives rise to our embodied experience of others mental states Behavioral synchrony predicts better Empathy in .. Teacher/student relationships, MD/patient relationships, romantic relationships, friendships

Mimicry- Imitation of others emotion, behavior - Mimicking allows one to understand others feelings better. - We are genetically inclined to be emapathetic because of this mimicking tendency in us o Presence of mirror neurons indicate that when we see people, we have tehdency to mimick which allows our own physical experience of what is given in front of our eyes. Compassion- : Concern to enhance the welfare of another who suffers or is in need - Master emotion for a good life. - Compassion rose as a priority after long year of violence. Part of many tradition where it says you first need to care for people who are needy. also central to Buddhism o Cultural, historically, conclusion: we need compassion to live a good life. - Common denominator in very different cultures. - Compassion deficit in US: solitary confinement in prison, high levels of uninsured people, ill treatment of elderly. - High skepticism against compassion. - Offers evolutionary benefits in survival of offspring. - But must be aware of exploitation by others. So must have certain characteristics o Reliable identification in order to form mutually beneficial relationship. o Contagiousness compassion spreads to create greater cooperative networks and help compassion stay in social groups. Empirical evidence exists. Beneficial for individual and greater community. o Alteration of cost and benefit analysis change how we calculate things. i.e) Feeling rewarded for being generous to others Vocal burst - Vocalization of emotion o Conveys a lot of information.

Cross cultural? o Reliable ones: compassion (its in the voice!), disgust o Unreliable one for love. o i.e) sigh or awww for compassion.

Circle of Care - distinct social circle where you define as your group. Range in which you see as a part of us. Circle of reciprocity and empathy. - What enables feeling of empathy an ability to treat other peoples interests as comparable to ones own. - By default we apply it only to a very narrow circle of friends and family. But over history, it has expanded to our community, country, races, etc. Periaqueductal gray
Experience of compassion activates Periaqueductal Gray o o o In other mammals triggers nurturing behavior Responsive to oxytocin interventions In humans In response to baby faces, when enacting kindness towards elderly But also activated when in response to ingroup harm, pain regulation

Heroism (TCI 2887-300) - definition: individuals commitment to a noble purpose and the willingness to accept the consequences of fighting for that purpose. o different from altruism; altruism selfless acts that assist others; heroism involves potential for deeper personal sacrifice. o Military heroism as well as social heroism, which involves costs in . loss of financial stability, loss of credibility, arrest, torture, in cases, death (i.e)Socrates willingness to die for his values)! - 4 dimensions o Quest preservation of life, ideal, etc. o Actual or anticipated sacrifice or risk o Can be active or passive o Can be a one-time thing or over a long time, persistent - Empirical: Socrates dying for his values, Japanese official signing numerous visas for Jews to escape Nazi at the risk of getting fired. - Theorietical: o banality of heroism: we are all potential heroes waiting for a moment in life to perform a heroic deed (situation leads us to be heroic! We have

heroic potential in us! In contrast to the notion of few heroic elect. Heroism in the range of possibility for everyone!
Blood revenge - Definition: vengeful actions often accompanying murder and injury o Inclination for blood revenge has been universal in all cultures. - Evolutionary: prevent aggressors from harming again, punish free-riders - Example function of revenge present in many animal societies - BUT! In relation to happiness, apology as a way to mediate wrong doing.. through reconciliation process, we develop remarkable capacity to forgive Forgiveness - Very old response rooted in our evolutionary past. Mammalian behavior - Helps us handle conflict, which is prevalent in human interaction i.e) sibling conflict, hyenas, sand sharks - Conflict is followed by reconciliation behavior (submissive gestures then the other wood show grooming response) - Universal in societies. - 4 pieces o Accepting the transgression o decline punitive tendency o decline in avoidance o increase in compassion toward partner. considering what mindset and circumstances would the transgressor have suffered to be led to act that way. o VERY EFFICIENT. Couples happier after 9 weeks Reconciliation - Definition: reducing resentment and coming to harmony after conflict - Empirical: Chimpanzees contradict dispersal hypothesis; after conflict, they engage in more interaction rather than walking away. - Evolutionary implication: social harmony is linked to survival - Can only be achieved through true forgiveness induced by true confession.

Apology - Definition: expression of guilt and regret by the aggressor party that generates forgivenss and reconciliation when effective o Effective apology addressing Who offended the person, who was the object and what was the action? - Requires: acknowledgement of offense (commonly defective) explanation expression of remorse, shame and humility reparation. - _____ Awe - Brings us together as a community, helps us get outside of our basic needs and wants of the moment, egos, transcending them. Deeper energy running through us. Common feeling of togetherness. Feeling of elevation, feeling inspired to do something good. Induced by something that transcends the natural experience - Something vast and vague. - Theoretical: Early on spiritual & religious. After Edmund Burke, awe was secularized. patterns of light, animals, aesthetic experience, - But not from smelling

Elevation: uplifted feeling. Empirical: John Muir doing great things for the environment because of feelings of awe that nature inspired in him.
Experience of awe : modesty/small self 1)unity or 2) collective humanity respect/reverence

Evolutionarily rooted in the emotional dynamics of collective action early homonids felt surges of physical power and connection to their kith and kins. Perception of synchronization with others leading to perception of greater forces coordination, unifying common purpose. Motivated people to describe oneself in terms of greater, collective categories; experience of awe about finding your place in the larger scheme of things.

Sacred - Experience o Related to: transcendent purpose; small-self; sense of design things fit together; common substance/humanity; self-located in broader pattern/force - Associated with greater vagus nuerve activity Spirituality and health - spirituality: experiences of awe connecting you to higher order processes o theoretical: unlike religion in the fact that religion is more related to ritual or a set of belief; religion is the formal ritualistic side of the experience of the sacred. o Can be with nature, mundane things like ice cream, etc. - Empirical: spiritually oriented people are happier, volunteer more, more altruistic, less depression, more likely to live longer o Reasons can related to social/community aspect (encourage greater cooperation) and therapeutic aspect of spirituality. Beauty - Although does not correlate with happiness, closely related to the experience of awe. People are often awe-struck by aesthetic features. - Empirical: increased cosmetic surgery yet most only happy with postsurgery result for only short period of time. Happiness boost not likely to endure (also related to hedonic adaptation) - Empirical; beautiful people not happier than ordinary looking people. Study shown. - Coming to believe that you are beautiful is another story. Happy ppl tend to think they are more attractive (as they are optimistic in any other realm of life) - Awe-related beauty o Harmony, balance, proportionality, prototypicality o Color experience, o Moral beauty