DEFINITION

Kinematics: Systematic study of motion using distance, speed, time and acceleration is called kinematics Distance: It is the length of path (scalar quantity) Speed: It Is the time rate of change of distance Displacement: It is the change in position of a particle from initial position to final position

X1

X1

Position: It is the location of a particle with respect to reference point (origin)

X1

X2

Particle: It is the point object with infinitesimal size. Scalar: The scalar quantity has magnitude (numerical value) but no direction Example: mass, time, distance (length), temperature.

Vector: A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction Example: velocity , acceleration ( , displacement . Velocity:

It is the rate of change of displacement It is time rate of change of displacement

Average velocity: Ratio of change in displacement (

) to change in time (

) is called average velocity

Displacement (m)

Time (sec) Instantaneous Velocity: Limiting value of the ratio

as time

approaches zero is called instantaneous velocity

Acceleration: It is the time rate of change of velocity

Average Acceleration: Ratio of change in velocity ( ) to change in time (

Instantaneous Acceleration: Limiting value of the ratio

as the time (

approaches zero

Graph

a = slope of V-t graph

The acceleration of freely falling bodies is constant i.e.

KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
For accelerated motion

Second Equation of Motion

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Motion with constant acceleration-Calculation of distance travelled in a given time

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QUIZ: What is the density of earth? Solution: Mass of earth:

Radius of Earth:

Volume of Earth:

Density:

OR

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GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION

Graph between position and time Position

X7 X6 X5

Xx1 X4
X3 X2 X1

Time -t For freely falling body When the ball is thrown upward, the height increases with time to a maximum and then decreases to zero Slope (V) is the time rate of change of height ( )

Distance (Y-axis) Vs Time (X-axis)

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5

At top: Slope (V) = 0 At the end of curve Slope steep downward and represents the maximum downward velocity At the start of curve Slope steep upward and represents maximum upward velocity

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Graph between Velocity and time Velocity ms-1 25 20 15 10 05 0 0 2 4 6 8 time

The acceleration of freely falling body is constant Constant acceleration g=9.8m.s-2 It means that acceleration is not changing

Acceleration m.sec2

25
20 15 10 05 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (sec)

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Example-1:
The speed of sound in air is about 1100ft/sec. if the lightning strikes 1-mile from you and produces thunder, how long will it take for the sound to reach you?

Solution:

Example-2:
If a falling object increases its velocity from 40m/sec to 60m/sec in 2 seconds then? a. What is the acceleration? b. What is the average velocity during the interval? c. How far will it travel during the time?

Solution:
a).

b).

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c). Distance travelled (s)? ( )( )

Example-3:
a. Convert 20ft to inches b. Convert 20ft to meter c. Convert 1 mile to meter

Solution:
a. ( )

b. ( )

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c.

THE CAUSE OF MOTION

DO YOU KNOW? Isaac Newton (1942-1727) formulated three basic laws of mechanics These laws explain the behavior of moving object Einsteins theory of light explains the behavior of objects moving with velocities near speed of light MAX Planks Quantum theory is used for the description of the motion microscopic particles of atom and nuclei.

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Newtons Laws
NEWTONS FIRST LAW OF MOTION: An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless some net external force acts upon it. Newtons first law of motion is also called Law of Inertia REST: An object is at rest if it does not change its position with respect to surroundings MOTION: An object is in a state of motion, if it changes its position with respect to surroundings

Quiz:
At rest or motion, who can tell?

Newtons Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net external force exerted upon it and inversely proportional to its mass

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Force (F): It is an agency which tends to change the state of motion or rest of an object Mass (m): Mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter in it and is a measure of its inertia It does not change, in a state of motion It is a scalar quantity Inertia: It is a resistance to change the state of rest ot sate of motion. Larger the mass, greater the inertia Smaller the mass, smaller the inertia

Example:
If a man exerts a force of 100 Newton on a crate of mass 5kilogram, initially at rest, in the absence of friction, Find (a) acceleration (b) speed and distance after 3 seconds.

Solution:

a)

b)

( ) Mohammad Akhtar Kamran Page 5

F=100N

Newtons third Law of Motion When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts an equal but oppositely directed reaction force on the first body For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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Its the Law! F12 = - F21

Example:
If a 2Kg mass is acted upon by a force of 10N what is the acceleration? If it is initially at rest, what will be its velocity after 3seconds?

Solution:
a.

b.

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CIRCULAR MOTION:
Motion of a particle along circle is called circular motion r

Examples:
A stone whirled around by a string A satellite in orbit around earth

In circular motion direction of velocity changes continuously but (size) magnitude of velocity (speed) remains same

Centripetal acceleration:
In circular motion acceleration is produced due to change in direction because of centripetal force called centripetal acceleration Centripetal acceleration is directed along radius towards center of circle

V= Velocity of particle moving along circle r = Radius of circle

Centripetal Force:
Force required to keep an object moving in a circle is called centripetal force ( ) This force is directed inward toward center of circle It acts in a direction perpendicular to the velocity towards center of circle

Centripetal force is proportional to the square of velocity and inversely proportional to the radius of circle Mohammad Akhtar Kamran Page 1

Example:
Centripetal force keeps a car on a circular track Centripetal force keeps the earth to move around the sun In the absence of centripetal force, an object leaves the circular path and travel in the straight line according to Newtons law

Centripetal force in term of angular velocity

Centrifugal force (center fleeing force)

Force required to keep an object moving, away from center of circle is called centrifugal force. This force is equal and opposite of centripetal force

Clinical Application of Circular Motion:

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Laboratory centrifuge separate material according to their densities. Heavier particle in centrifuge will move to the outside. Less force will be required to keep them moving in a circle as radius is larger. It is used in separating material of different densities. It can be used to measure densities Ultracentrifuges are important tools in microbiology research, its speed It is used to separate different type of proteins from cellular material

Forces as Vectors
Forces (F=ma) is a vector quantity and has both magnitude (numerical value) and direction There are several forces acting in different directions on a single object Net external force is the sum of all the forces acting on an object i.e. The vector sum of two 50pound forces directed in opposite direction is zero. ( )

When two forces act at right angles, the resultant forces can be obtained by using Pythagorean Theorem

Hypoteneous

Perpendicular

Base

1 4 Page 3

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The diagonal of a rectangle gives the direction of resultant force. The angle ( ) can be measured by protractor.

Knee flexion abduction force vector diagram

Resultant Force
1 2 3 4

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The force of gravity

The earth attracts all objects towards its center due to gravity

Newtons law of gravitation:

It states that every object attracts every other object with the gravitational force, which is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them ***REPAIRED***

R= distance between centers of masses G= proportionality constant=

11 2 2

Stone

F on stone

F on earth

Earth

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MOON

Earth Earth

Weight:
The weight of an object is defined as the force of gravity acting upon it

Weight Density
It is the weight per unit volume ( )

Specific Gravity:
Ratio of density of material to density of water ( )

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Example-1: What is the weight of 10kilogram object? Solution:

m = 10Kg g = 9.8N/Kg W = mg W= 10Kg 9.8N/Kg = 98N

Example-2: If a person has a mass of 5slug, What is his weight? Solution

m = 5slug g = 32 Pound/slug IN = mg W = 5slug 32 Pound/slug = 160 Pounds

Example-3 Volume of a 100 gram block of aluminum is 37cm3. What is the density of
aluminum block?

Solution

Clinical Application of Gravity

Due to the downward pull of gravity, all objects tends to move to the lowest possible position Gravity drainage is used to remove fluid from the lungs The gravitational force provides the pressure for administration of intravenous fluid, transfusion and so on The force of gravity has an effect upon the circulation of fluid Because of gravitational Pull, the pressure in the blood vessels of legs and feet is higher than that in head and neck and people have edema of the feet and legs due to standing for long time The gravity effect can be seen in the veins of arms and hands if the arms are left hanging for long period The improve gravity drainage, post-operative patient are often placed in special position. Brain surgery may be performed in sitting position to lessen the danger of hemorrhage. The head may be elevated after surgery for drainage of blood from the brain.

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